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ANNUAL REPORTS

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OP THE

¥AE DEPAKTMENT

FOR THE

FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1902.

VOLUME I.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR

AND

REPORTS OF BUREAU CHIEFS.

"WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1903.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE ANNUAL ' REPORTS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT

FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1902.

Volume I. — Report of the Secretary of War and Reports of Bureau Chiefs,

as follows:

Adjutant-General.

Inspector-General.

Judge- Advocate-General.

Quartermaster-General.

Commissary-General.

Surgeon-General.

Paymaster-General.

Chief Signal Officer.

Chief of Record and Pension Office.

Chief of Bureau of Insular Affairs.

Volumes II- VI. — Report of CJiief of Engineers.

Volume VH. — Reports of the Chief of Ordnance and Board of Ordnance and

Fortification.

Volume VIII. — Miscellaneous Reports, as follows:

Commissioners of National Military Parks:

Chickamauga and Chattanooga.

Gettysburg.

Shiloh.

Vicksburg.
United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y.:

Board of Visitors.

Superintendent.
Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia:

Board of Commissioners.

Inspection of.
Inspection of National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers.

IV ARRANGEMENT OF REPORTS OF WAR DEPARTMENT.

Volume IX. — Reports of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army

and Department Commanders, as follows:
Chief of Artillery.
Department of California.
Department of the Colorado.
Department of the Columbia.
Department of Dakota.
Department of the East.
Department of the Lakes.
Department of the Missouri.
Department of Texas.
Department of Cuba.
General Service and Staff College.
Cavalry and Field Artillery School.
Artillery School.
School of Submarine Defense.
Division of the Philippines:

Department of North Philippines.

Department of South Philippines.

Department of the Visayas.

Volume X, Parts 1 and 2. — Report of the Philippine Commission.
Volume XI. — Acts of the Philippine Commission.

CONTENTS.

Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi

Page.

the Secretary of War 1-281

theAdjutant-General 283- 366

thtflnspector-General 367-492

the Judge- Advocate-General 493-500

the Quartermaster-General 501-526

the Commissary-General 527-557

the Surgeon-General 559-641

the Paymaster-General 643-659

the Chief Signal Officer 661-728

the Chief of the Record and Pension Office 729-738

the Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs 739-762

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

REPORT

THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

War Department,
Washington, D. C, December i, 1902.
To the President:

I have the honor to submit the following report of operations of
this Department for the past year:

On November 27, 1901, the date of the last annual report of the
Secretary of War, the Army of the United States, according to the
latest reports which had been received from the field, consisted of
3,253 officers and 76,084 enlisted men. In addition there were 4,336
men in the hospital corps; 172 volunteer surgeons appointed for duty
in the Philippines under the provisions of section 18 of the act of
February 2, 1901; 4,973 native scouts under the command of 98
officers in the Philippines, and 25 officers and 815 men of the Porto
Rico Provisional Regiment of Infantry.

REDUCTION OF THE ENLISTED STRENGTH OF THE ARM?.

The continued improvement of conditions in the Philippines made
possible a further reduction in the enlisted strength of the Army,
which, by order dated Ma}' 31, 1902, was fixed as follows:

Caval ry 1 4, 040

Artillery:

Coast 13, 734

Field 3,680

Noncommissioned staff and bands 328

17, 742

Infantry 29,880

Engineer battalions and band 1, 282

Additional strength for troops stationed at the General Service and Staff Col-
lege, School of Application, and Legation Guard, Pekin, China 770

Enlisted men, staff departments, etc 2, 783

Total Army 66,497

WAR 1902— VOL 1 1 1

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

To meet the requirements of the act of June 28, 1902, for the sup-
port of the Military Academy, and of the act of June 30, 1902,
making appropriations for the support of the Army, slight modifica-
tions of the enlisted strength were made under date of July 1, 1902,
making the total enlisted strength of the Army 66,711.

On October 15, 1902, the regular establishment consisted, according
to the latest reports which had been received, of 3,586 officers and
66,003 enlisted men, a total of 69,589. In addition, there were 3,598
men of the Hospital Corps, but under the provisions of the act of
March 1, 1887, not included as part of the enlisted force of the Army.
There were also in the service 182 volunteer medical officers, appointed
under section 18 of the act of February 2, 1901, all of whom are under
orders for honorable discharge on account of their services being no
longer required; 4,978 Philippine scouts, enlisted from the natives,
under command of 100 officers, and 29 officers and 840 enlisted men
of the Porto Rico Provisional Regiment.

The distribution of the Army October 15, 1902, was as follows:

Country.

United States

Philippine Islands

Cuba

Porto Rico

Hawaiian Islands .

China

Alaska

Total

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

Hospital
Corps.

Total.

2,476

44,163

1,868

48,507

1,039

19,800

1,594

22,433

819

884

228

276

198

222

131

188

664

727

3,586

66,003

3,598

78,187

(In addition there were the officers and men of the Porto Rico Provisional Regiment and of the
Philippine Scouts and the volunteer surgeons under orders for discharge, as above stated.)

Since the ending of the insurrection and the complete establishment
of civil government in the Philippines, it has been possible to make a
still further reduction of the Army, and on October 24, 1902, an order
was made reducing the enlisted strength to 59,866, the minimum
provided by the act of February 2, 1901 (excepting as to the
organizations stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Fort Riley, and Pekin),
as follows:

Cavalry 12,240

Artillery:

Coast 13,734

Field 3,680

Noncommissioned staff and bands 328

17, 742

BEPOBT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 3

Infantrv 24,480

Engineer battalions and band 1, 282

Additional strength for troops stationed at the General Service and Staff

College, School of Application, and Legation Guard, Pekin, China 1, 245

Enlisted men, staff departments, etc 2, 877

Total 59,866

The necessary instructions have been given prescribing the method
of effecting the reduction required by the order of October 24, 1902,
so that it will have been completely accomplished in the most econom-
ical way before the end of the current fiscal year, and in the main
accomplished during the next thirty days.

The effect of carrying out this order will be to bring the American
troops stationed in the Philippines down to an enlisted strength
of 13,480.

The distribution will be as follows:

In Philippines 13,480

Coast Artillery in United States, Cuba, and Hawaii 13, 298

Field Artillery in United States 3,320

Nine bands and sergeante-major 300

Cavalry in United States (including bands, regimental and squadron non-
commissioned staff) 8, 540

Infantry in United States (including bands, regimental and battalion non-
commissioned staff) 16, 645

Infantry in Pekin 150

Infantry in Alaska (excluding 234, who will have to be left there until after

navigation opens next summer) 390

Engineers in United States (including band) 866

Staff departments 2,877

Total 59,866

The exception of the organizations stationed at Fort Leavenworth
and Fort Riley from the reduction to the minimum strength is made
for purposes of instruction, so that at the general service and staff col-
lege and the school of application for cavalry and light artillery, stu-
dent officers may become familiar with the handling of troops at full
war strength.

With the execution of this order the Regular Army will have been
reduced to the minimum of enlisted strength which, in the judgment
of Congress, a wise policy requires us to maintain as insurance against
future attack.

The estimates prepared for submission to Congress at the present
session call for appropriations on that basis.

4 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAB.

The only armed forces which will then remain to be maintained on
account of the islands ceded by Spain under the Treaty of Paris will
be the Porto Rico Provisional Regiment and the Philippine Scouts.

PORTO RICO REGIMENT.

The act of February 2, 1901, provides that the Porto Rico Regiment
shall be continued in service until further directed by Congress. I
recommend that the discontinuance of that regiment be now directed,
and that at the same time the right of enlistment in the Regular Army
be extended to citizens of Porto Rico. There is no longer occasion
for maintaining a special and peculiar force in the island, at the expense
of the United States, outside of the coast-defense fortifications. Under
the prosperous conditions which have followed the very liberal treat-
ment of the island by the United States, the insular government is well
able to support a police force adequate to preserve internal peace and
order, and there is no more reason for maintaining a special United
States force in addition to the Regular Army to protect Porto Rico
against external attack than there is to maintain such a force to pro-
tect any part of our territory on the Atlantic coast. The people of
Porto Rico should, however, have an opportunity to share in the gen-
eral defense of the Government to which they owe allegiance and of
the institutions which they enjoy.

PHILIPPINE SCOUTS.

The Philippine Scouts should be continued. They enable us to
reduce the force of American troops in the Philippines more rapidly
than we could without them, and their knowledge of the country,
language and the ways of the people, make them especially valuable
in hunting down ladrones, which for a good while to come will be an
urgent business. The relations between this body of scouts, main-
tained at the expense of the United States, and the insular constab-
ulary, maintained at the expense of the Philippine government, will
have to be worked out hereafter when we have had longer experience
of the working of the two forces under peaceful conditions, and know
better what revenues can be relied upon by the insular government
under like conditions. Both forces are now useful agents in maintain-
ing order. Whether that shall be ultimately accomplished through one
force or the other, or both, can hardly as yet be profitably discussed.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 5

VOLUNTEER SURGEONS.

The reduction of the Army has been accompanied by an order for
the discharge of all the volunteer surgeons authorized by the act of
February 2, 1901, and a large reduction of the Hospital Corps. The
prevalence of cholera in the Philippines, however, has made it neces-
sary to retain a number of contract surgeons and Hospital Corps
men, with whose services we can dispense ultimately.

ENLISTMENTS.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, there were 124,542
applications for enlistment in the Army, not including the Hospital
Corps and Philippine Scouts. Of these, 37,461, or about 30 per cent,
were accepted and 87,081, or about 70 per cent, were rejected. Of
the number accepted, 32,249 were natives of the United States, 4,726
were of foreign birth, and 486 were born in Porto Rico; 34,677 were
white, 2,284 colored, 14 Indians, and 486 Porto Ricans (color not
specified). The reenlistments numbered 11,435 and the new enlist-
ments 26,026. Excluding reenlistments, the percentage of native born
among the newly enlisted men was 89.5. Of the applicants rejected,
1,622 were rejected as aliens and 3,828 as illiterates.

MORTALITY AND HEALTH.

The health of the Army has shown a continued improvement. The
deaths from all causes during the calendar year 1901 amounted to
13.94 per thousand of mean strength as against 22.74 per thousand of
mean strength during the calendar year 1900. This large reduction of
death rate was in a great measure due to improved conditions in the
Philippines, where the rate was reduced to 17.96 per thousand in the
year 1901 as against 29.42 per thousand in the year 1900. The death
rate from all causes during the year 1901 in the United States was 6.90
per thousand; in Porto Rico, 7.81; in Cuba, 5.29, and in the Pacific
islands and China, 17.96. The rates of admission to sick report for
disease and injury and the rate of discharge for disability during the
calendar year 1901 agree with the reduced mortality rate in being
considerably less than the corresponding rates for the year 1900.

A further improvement of health in the Philippines may be
anticipated from the cessation of guerrilla warfare with the exposure
incident to it, and from the concentration of the troops remaining

6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

in the islands in a smaller number of posts selected and constructed
with special reference to sanitary conditions. This work of con-
struction is being pressed forward as rapidly as possible with the
appropriations made by Congress at the last session.

Full returns have not been received covering the period of epi-
demic cholera in the Philippines, but telegraphic reports indicate
that the Army has suffered but little.

MILITARY OPERATIONS.

The principal military events of the past year have been the end of
the military occupation of Cuba and the end of the insurrection in the
Philippines.

CUBA.

In conformity to the Cuban constitution and electoral law, transla-
tions of which were annexed to my report of last year, elections were
held by the Cuban people on the 31st of December, 1901, and by the
electoral college on the 24th of February, 1902, when a president,
vice-president, senate and house of representatives were chosen.
On the 24th of March, 1902, the following instructions were given to
the military governor:

Brigadier-General Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba, Havana, Cuba,

Sir: You are authorized to provide for the inauguration, on the 20th of May next,
of the government elected by the people of Cuba; and upon the establishment of said
government to leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to ite people,
pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress entitled "An act making appropria-
tion for the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902," approved March 2, 1901.

Upon the transfer of government and control to the President and Congress so
elected, you will advise them that such transfer is upon the express understanding
and condition that the new government does thereupon, and by the acceptance
thereof, pursuant to the provisions of the appendix to the constitution of Cuba
adopted by the constitutional convention on the 12th of June, 1901, assume and
undertake all and several the obligations assumed by the United States with respect
to Cuba by the treaty between the United States of America and Her Majesty the
Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris on the 10th day of December, 1898. It is the
purpose of the United States Government, forthwith upon the inauguration of the
new government of Cuba, to terminate the occupancy of the island by the United
States and to withdraw from that island the military forces now in occupancy
thereof; but for the preservation and care of the coast defenses of the island, and to
avoid leaving the island entirely defenseless against external attack, you may leave
in the coast fortifications such small number of artillerymen as may be necessary,
for such reasonable time, as may be required to enable the new government to
organize and substitute therefor an adequate military force of its own; by which
time it is anticipated that the naval stations referred to in the statute and in the

REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 7

appendix to the constitution above cited, will have been agreed upon, and the said
artillerymen may be transferred thereto.

You will convene the Congress elected by the people of Cuba in joint session
at such reasonable time before the 20th of May as shall be necessary therefor, for
the purpose of performing the duties of counting and rectifying the electoral vote
for President and Vice-President under the fifty-eighth article of the Cuban consti-
tution. At the same time you will publish and certify to the people of Cuba the
instrument adopted as the constitution of Cuba by the constitutional convention on
the 21st day of February, 1901, together with the appendix added thereto and
forming a part thereof, adopted by the said convention on the 12th day of June,
1901. It is the understanding of the Government of the United States that the
government of the island will pass to the new President and Congress of Cuba as a
going concern, all the laws promulgated by the government of occupation contin-
uing in force and effect, and all the judicial and subordinate executive and admin-
istrative officers continuing in the lawful discharge of their present functions until
changed by the constitutional officers of the new government. At the same moment
the responsibility of the United States for the collection and expenditure of reve-
nues, and for the proper performance of duty by the officers and employees of the
insular government will end, and, the responsibility of the new government of
Cuba therefor will commence.

In order to avoid any embarrassment to the new president which might arise
from his assuming executive responsibility with subordinates whom he does not
know, or in whom he has not confidence, and to avoid any occasion for sweeping
changes in the civil-service personnel immediately after the inauguration of the new
government, approval is given to the course which you have already proposed of
consulting the president-elect, and substituting before the 20th of May, wherever he
shall so desire, for the persons now holding official positions, such persons as he
may designate. This method will make it necessary that the new president and
yourself should appoint representatives to count and certify the cash and cash bal-
ances, and the securities for deposits, transferred to the new government. The con-
sent of the owner of the securities for deposits to the transfer thereof you will of
course obtain.

The vouchers and accounts in the office of the Auditor and elsewhere relating
to the receipt and disbursement of moneys during the government of occupation
must necessarily remain within the control and available for the use of this
Department Access to these papers will, however, undoubtedly be important
to the officers of the new Government in the conduct of their business subsequent
to the 20th of May. You will accordingly appoint an agent to take possession of
these papers, and retain them at such place in the island of Cuba as may be agreed
upon with the new Government until they can be removed to the United States
without detriment to tfce current business of the new Government

I desire that you communicate the contents of this letter to Mr. Palma, the
President-elect, and ascertain whether the course above described accords with
his views and wishes.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

kSecreumj of Wat.

10 BEPOBT OF THE 8ECBETABY OF WAR.

administration; and to the department commanders, Gen. James H.
Wilson and Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; to the lamented Gen. William Ludlow,
whose arduous labors in the government and sanitation of Havana
made his untimely death not the least of his country's sacrifices for
Cuba; to Brig. Gen. Joseph P. Sanger, commander at Matanzas and
later director of the census; and to Maj. Gen. (then Col.) Adna R.
Chaffee, chief of staff, and Col. W. V. Richards and Col. H. L. Scott,
adjutants-general of the department.

Especial credit is due also to the Medical Department of the Army,
and particularly to Maj. Walter Reed and Maj. William C. Gorgas
for their extraordinary service in ridding the island of yellow fever,
described in my last report; and to Dr. Jefferson R. Kean and Dr.
James Carroll for their share in that work.

The brilliant character of this scientific achievement, its inestimable
value to mankind, the saving of thousands of lives, and the deliverance
of the Atlantic seacoast from constant apprehension, demand special
recognition from the Government of the United States.

Dr. Reed is the ranking major in the Medical Department, and
within a few months will, by operation of law, become lieutenant-
colonel. I ask that the President be authorized to appoint him assist-
ant surgeon-general with the rank of colonel, and to appoint Major
Gorgas deputy surgeon-general with the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
and that the respective numbers in those grades in the Medical Depart-
ment be increased accordingly during the period for which they hold
those offices.

The name of Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, contract surgeon, who volun-
tarily permitted himself to be inoculated with the yellow fever germ,
in order to furnish a necessary experimental test in the course.of the
investigation, and who died of the disease, should be written in the
list of the martyrs who have died in the cause of humanity. As a
slight memorial of his heroism a battery in the coast defense fortifi-
cation at Fort Howard, Baltimore, Md., has been named ''Battery
Lazear."

Under the clause of the foregoing instructions relating to the care
of the coast defenses in Cuba, four companies of Coast Artillery have
been left in the fortifications of Habana, two companies at Cienfuegos,
and two companies at Santiago, pending the location of naval stations,
to which they may be transferred, and the instruction of Cuban artil-

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 11

lerists to take their place. The Cuban artillery force has been organ-
ized and is receiving regular instruction from our artillery officers.

1 append hereto, marked "Appendix B," a statement showing the
amount and sources of all revenue collected in Cuba between the sur-
render of Santiago on July 14, 1898, and the end of the military
government on the 20th of May, 1902, and showing the disposition
of the funds so collected. A complete and detailed statement of the
audited accounts by items covering the entire sum has been prepared
and will be transmitted to Congress at the opening of the session.

THE PHILIPPINES.

At the time of my last report Malvar, in the provinces of Batangas
and Tayabas, in the island of Luzon, and Lukban, in the island of
Samar, were the only insurgent leaders of importance who still main-
tained guerrilla warfare. We hoped that these leaders with their
followers would yield to the example and advice of the great body
of the Philippine people who had become friendly to the United
States, and would voluntarily lay down their arms. It soon became
evident, however, that this would not be the case. Malvar grew
stronger, rather than weaker, under the effect of a conciliatory and
peaceful policy, and the fierce natives of Samar were excited to
greater hostile activity by a successful surprise at Balangiga in Sep-
tember, by which the people of the town, who had given every
appearance of friendliness and were treated as friends, set upon a
company of the Ninth Infantry while at breakfast and murdered
most of them.

Active campaigns were accordingly inaugurated in both regions;
and these resulted in the surrender of Malvar on the 16th of April,
and in the capture of Lukban and the surrender of Guevara, his suc-
cessor, on the 27th of April. Gen. Frederick D. Grant reports that
the surrenders in Samar included every gun known to exist in the
island, except two; and Gen. J. F. Bell, who conducted operations
against Malvar, in Batangas, reports that during the campaign we
secured 3,561 guns, 625 revolvers, with many thousand bolos, rounds
of ammunition, etc., and detected, captured, or forced to surrender
some eight or ten thousand persons actively engaged in one capacity
or another in the insurrection. These surrenders put an end to the
guerrilla warfare in the Philippines, which had been waged with great

6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Full returns have not been received covering the period of epi-
demic cholera in the Philippines, but telegraphic reports indicate
that the Army has suffered but little.

MILITARY OPERATIONS.

The principal military events of the past year have been the end of
the military occupation of Cuba and the end of the insurrection in the
Philippines.

CUBA.

Brigadier-General Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba, Havana, Cuba.

Sir: You are authorized to provide for the inauguration, on the 20th of May next,
of the government elected by the people of Cuba; and upon the establishment of said
government to leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people,
pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress entitled "An act making appropria-
tion for the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902," approved March 2, 1901.

Upon the transfer of government and control to the President and Congress so
elected, you will advise them that such transfer is upon the express understanding
and condition that the new government does thereupon, and by the acceptance
thereof, pursuant to the provisions of the appendix to the constitution of Cuba
adopted by the constitutional convention on the 12th of June, 1901, assume and
undertake ail and several the obligations assumed by the United States with respect
to Cuba by the treaty between the United States of America and Her Majesty the
Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris on the 10th day of December, 1898. It is the
purpose of the United States Government, forthwith upon the inauguration of the
new government of Cuba, to terminate the occupancy of the island by the United
States and to withdraw from that island the military forces now in occupancy
thereof; but for the preservation and care of the coast defenses of the island, and to
avoid leaving the island entirely defenseless against external attack, you may leave
in the coast fortifications such small number of artillerymen as may be necessary,
for such reasonable time, as may be required to enable the new government to
organize and substitute therefor an adequate military force of its own; by which
time it is anticipated that the naval stations referred to in the statute and in the

BEPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 7

appendix to the constitution above cited, will have been agreed upon, and the said
artillerymen may be transferred thereto.

The vouchers and accounts in the office of the Auditor and elsewhere relating
to the receipt and disbursement of moneys during the government of occupation
must necessarily remain within the control and available for the use of this
Department. Access to these papers will, however, undoubtedly be important
to the officers of the new Government in the conduct of their business subsequent
to the 20th of May. You will accordingly appoint an agent to take possession of
these papers, and retain them at such place in the island of Cuba as may be agreed
upon with the new Government until they can be removed to the United States
without detriment to tfce current business of the new Government.

I desire that you communicate the contents of this letter to Mr. Palma, the
President-elect, and ascertain whether the course above described accords with
his views and wishes.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

8 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR.

These instructions, being communicated to the President-elect, Mr.
Palma, received his approval, and they were completely executed on
the 20th of May, 1902. The specific instructions which followed
and the various public acts, which, taken together, accomplished the
termination of military government and the inauguration of the
new Republic, are shown in the series of papers annexed hereto as
"Appendix A."

The whole governmental situation in Cuba was quite unprece-
dented, with its curious device of a suspended sovereignty given up
by Spain, but not in terms vested in anybody else, and if vested
remaining dormant, while a practical working government of mili-
tary occupation in time of peace, deriving its authority from the
sovereignty of another country, claimed temporary allegiance, made
and enforced laws, and developed a political organization of the
Cuban people to take and exercise the suspended or dormant sover-
eignty. It was important that in inaugurating the new government
there should be no break in the continuity of legal obligation, of
rights of property and contract, of jurisdiction, or of administrative
action. It would not do to wait for the new government to pass
laws or to create offices and appoint administrative officers and vest
them with powers, for the instant that the new government was
created the intervening government ceased, and the period of waiting
would be a period of anarchy.

It was necessary, therefore, to take such steps that the new gov-
ernment should be created as a going concern, every officer of which
should be able to go on with his part of the business of governing
under the new sovereignty without waiting for any new authority.
That everything necessary to this end should be done, and that it
should be done according to a consistent and maintainable legal
theory, caused the Department a good deal of solicitude. It is grat-
ifying to report that it was done, and that the government which,
until noon of May 20th, was proceeding under the authority of the
President of the United States, went on in the afternoon of that day
and has ever since continued under the sovereignty which had been
abandoned by Spain in April, 1899, without any more break or
confusion than accompanies the inauguration of a new President in
the United States. This could not have been done without the most
perfect good understanding, mutual confidence, and sympathetic

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 9

cooperation on the part of our officers, who were about to retire, and
the newly-elected officers of Cuba, who were about to take the reins
of government. Our troops withdrew from Cuba in the afternoon of
the 20th of May, amid universal expressions of gratitude, esteem, and
affection. The public feeling was well illustrated by the following

telegram from President Palma:

Havana, May £i, 1902,
Elihu Root,

Secretary of War, Washington:

I am deeply moved by your heartfelt message of congratulation on the inaugura-
tion of the Republic of Cuba, to the birth of which the people and the Government
of the United States have contributed with their blood and treasure. Rest assured
that the Cuban people can never forget the debt of gratitude they owe to the great
Republic, with which we will always cultivate the closest relations of friendship and
for the prosperity of which we pray to the Almighty.

T. Estrada Palma.

I venture to express the hope that this strong and well-deserved
friendship of Cuba may be permanent and may never be alienated by
our treatment of the smaller and weaker power, and that the people
of the United States may never lose their deep interest in the welfare
of the new Republic which they have called into being with so much
labor and sacrifice. I know of no chapter in American history more
satisfactory than that which will record the conduct of the military
government of Cuba. The credit for it is due, first of all, to Brig.
Gen. Leonard Wood, the commander of the department of Santiago
until December, 1899, and thenceforth military governor of the
island. Credit is due also to Brig. Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, who had
charge of the collection of customs revenues; Maj. E. St. John Greble
and Maj. and Surg. Jefferson R. Kean, successively heads of the
department of charities; Lieut. Matthew E. Hanna, superintendent
of public schools; Lieut. E. C. Brooks and Mr. J. D. Terrill,
successively auditors of Cuba; and to the Cuban gentlemen who, as
heads of the various state departments, constituted the cabinet of the
military governor: Messrs. Diego Tamayo, secretary of state and
government; Leopoldo Cancio, secretary of finance; Jose Varela,
secretary of justice; Jose R. Villalon, secretary of public works;
Enrique Jose Varona, secretary of public instruction; and Perfecto
Lacoste, secretary of agriculture. Credit is also due to Maj. Gen.
John R. Brooke, the first military governor, and the member« of his

10 BEPOBT OF THE 8ECBETABY OF WAR.

The name of Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, contract surgeon, who volun-
tarily permitted himself to be inoculated with the yellow fever germ,
in order to furnish a necessary experimental test in the course .of the
investigation, and who died of the disease, should be written in the
list of the martyrs who have died in the cause of humanity. As a
slight memorial of his heroism a battery in the coast defense fortifi-
cation at Fort Howard, Baltimore, Md., has been named ''Battery
Lazear."

Under the clause of the foregoing instructions relating to the care
of the coast defenses in Cuba, four companies of Coast Artillery have
been left in the fortifications of Habana, two companies at Cienf uegos,
and two companies at Santiago, pending the location of naval stations,
to which they may be transferred, and the instruction of Cuban artil-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 11

lerists to take their place. The Cuban artillery force has been organ-
ized and is receiving regular instruction from our artillery officers.

1 append hereto, marked "Appendix B," a statement showing the
amount and sources of all revenue collected in Cuba between the sur-
render of Santiago on July 14, 1898, and the end of the military
government on the 20th of May, 1902, and showing the disposition
of the funds so collected. A complete and detailed statement of the
audited accounts by items covering the entire sura has been prepared
and will be transmitted to Congress at the opening of the session.

THE PHILIPPINES.

12 BEPOBT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

ferocity ever since the destruction of Aguinaldo's government in the
latter part of 1899, and had been accompanied by constant treachery,
assassination, cruelty, and disregard of the laws of war.

The way was now clear to complete the establishment of civil govern-
ment, and by energetic action and hearty cooperation on the part of
both the civil and military authorities in the Philippines this was
accomplished coincidently with the enactment by Congress of the
Philippine government bill of July 1, 1902.

On the 4th of July, 1902, the remainder of the military government
was ended by the following order:

War Department, Washington, July 4, 1909,

The insurrection against the sovereign authority of the United States in the Philip-
pine Archipelago having ended, and provincial civil governmente having been estab-
lished throughout the entire territory of the archipelago not inhabited by Moro
tribes, under the instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission, dated
April 7, 1900, now ratified and confirmed by the act of Congress approved July 1,
1902, entitled "An act temporarily to provide for the administration of affairs of civil
government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," the general com-
manding the Division of the Philippines is hereby relieved from the further perform-
ance of the duties of military governor, and the office of military governor in said
archipelago is terminated. The general commanding the Division of the Philippines,
and all military officers in authority therein, will continue to observe the direction
contained in the aforesaid instructions of the President, that the military forces in
the Division of the Philippines shall be at all times subject, under the orders of the
military commander, to the call of the civil authorities for the maintenance of law
and order and the enforcement of their authority.

By the President:

Klihu Root, Secretary of War..

On the same day the President issued a proclamation of peace and
amnesty, a copy of which is annexed as "Appendix C."

The dual process by which the military power had steadily acquired
control over the various provinces of the archipelago, and at the same
time had been superseded progressively by civil administration, was
then finished, and a complete system of civil government, built up
under the authority of the President, was in operation, ready to go
on under the authority of Congress.

I described in my last report the important bearing which the con-
tinuous offer and bestowal of civil rights and local self-government as
the result of pacification had upon the attitude of the people toward
the insurrection. It is evident that the insurrection has been brought

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 13

to an end both by making a war distressing and hopeless on the one
hand, and by making peace attractive, through immediate and present
demonstration of the sincerity of our purpose to give to the people
just and free government, on the other. This result could not have
been accomplished except by genuine and hearty cooperation of both
the military and civil authorities acting together under the general
direction of the War Department. The good temper and mutual con-
sideration and helpfulness, and subordination of personal to public
interests, displayed by General MacArthur and General Chaffee on
the one hand, and by Governor Taft, Vice-Governor Wright, and the
Civil Commission on the other, frequently under circumstances of
great delicacy and difficulty, are worthy of high praise. Some of
their subordinates, through incomplete knowledge and from widely
differing points of view, have sometimes expressed discordant opin-
ions, but both soldiers and civilians, with very few exceptions, have
rendered loyal and devoted support to the prescribed policy.

There was at one time in the public press and on the floor of
Congress much criticism of the conduct of the Array in the
Philippines, as being cruel and inhuman. All wars are cruel. This
conflict consisted chiefly of guerrilla warfare. It lasted for some three
years and a half, and extended over thousands of miles of territory.
Over 120,000 men were engaged upon our side, and much greater
numbers upon the other, and we were fighting against enemies who
totally disregarded the laws of civilized warfare, and who were guilty
of the most atrocious treachery and inhuman cruelty. It was
impossible that some individuals should not be found upon our side
who were unnecessarily and unjustifiably cruel. Such instances,
however, after five months of searching investigation by a committee
of the Senate, who took some three thousand printed pages of
testimony, appear to have been comparatively few, and they were in
violation of strict orders obedience to which characterized the conduct
of the Army as a whole.

The two observers who, as the heads of the civil government in the
Philippines, had the best opportunities for information, and at the
same time were naturally free from any military bias, have given
what 1 believe to be a true statement of the character of our military
operations.

14 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Vice-Governor Luke E. Wright says, in a letter written on the 20th
of July last:

General Chaffee, as a matter of course, had no patience with any acts of oppression
or cruelty, and whenever his attention has been called to them has at once taken
proper steps. The howl against the Army has been made mainly for political pur-
poses, and the cruelties practiced have been largely exaggerated. Of course, numer-
ous instances of this character have occurred. There never was and never will be
a war of which the same may not be said, but taken as a whole, and when the char-
acter of the warfare here is considered, I think the officers and men of the Amer-
ican Army have been forbearing and humane in their dealings with the natives, and
the attempt to create a contrary impression is not only unjust to them, but it seems
to me unpatriotic as well.

Governor Taft, in his testimony under oath before the Philippine
Committee of the Senate on the 4th of February last, said:

After a good deal of study about the matter, and, although I have never been
prejudiced in favor of the military branch, for when the civil and military branches
are exercising concurrent jurisdiction there is some inevitable friction, I desire to
say that it is my deliberate judgment that there never was a war conducted,
whether against inferior races or not, in which there was more compassion and
more restraint and more generosity, assuming that there was war at all, than there
have been in the Philippine Islands.

SUMMARY OF SERVICE IN CUBA AND THE PHILIPPINES.

The conduct and service of the Army, both in Cuba and in the
Philippines, were summed up in the following order:

War Department, Washington, July 4, 1902.
To the Army of the United States:

The President upon this anniversary of national independence wishes to express
to the officers and enlisted men of the United States Army his deep appreciation of
the service they have rendered to the country in the great and difficult undertak-
ings which they have brought to a successful conclusion during the past year.

He thanks the officers and the enlisted men who have been maintaining order and
carrying on the military government in Cuba, because they have faithfully given
effect to the humane purposes of the American people. They have with sincere
kindness helped the Cuban people to take all the successive steps necessary to the
establishment of their own constitutional government. During the time required
for that process they have governed Cuba wisely, regarding justice and respecting
individual liberty; have honestly collected and expended for the best interests of the
Cuban people the revenues, amounting to over $60,000,000; have carried out practical
and thorough sanitary measures, greatly improving the health and lowering the
death rate of the island. By patient, scientific research they have ascertained
the causes of yellow fever, and by good administration have put an end to that

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAB. 15

most dreadful disease, which has long destroyed the lives and hindered the
commercial prosperity of the Cubans. They have expedited justice and secured
protection for the rights of the innocent, while they have cleansed the prisons
and established sound discipline and healthful conditions for the punishment of
the guilty. They have reestablished and renovated and put upon a substantial
basis adequate hospitals and asylums for the care of the unfortunate. They have
established a general system of free common schools throughout the island, in which
over 200,000 children are in actual attendance. They have constructed great and
necessary public works. They have gradually trained the Cubans themselves in all
branches of administration, so that the new government upon assuming power has
begun its work with an experienced force of Cuban civil service employees competent
to execute its orders. They have borne themselves with dignity and self-control,
so that nearly four years of military occupation have passed unmarred by injury or
insult to man or woman. They have transferred the government of Cuba to the
Cuban people amid universal expressions of friendship and good will, and have left
a record of ordered justice and liberty, of rapid improvement in material and moral
conditions, and progress in the art of government which reflects great credit upon
the people of the United States.

The President thanks the officers and enlisted men of the army in the Philippines
both regulars and volunteers, for the courage and fortitude, the 'indomitable spirit
and loyal devotion with which they have put down and ended the great insurrection
which has raged throughout the archipelago against the lawful sovereignty and just
authority of the United States. The task was peculiarly difficult and trying. They
were required at first to overcome organized resistance of superior numbers, well
equipped with modern arms of precision, intrenched in an unknown country of
mountain defiles, jungles, and swamps, apparently capable of interminable defense.
When this resistance had been overcome they were required to crush out a general
system of guerrilla warfare conducted among a people speaking unknown tongues,
from whom it was almost impossible to obtain the information necessary for success-
ful pursuit or to guard against surprise and ambush.

The enemies by whom they were surrounded were regardless of all obligations of
good faith and of all the limitations which humanity has imposed upon civilized
warfare. Bound themselves by the laws of war, our soldiers were called upon to
meet every device of unscrupulous treachery and to contemplate without reprisal the
infliction of barbarous cruelties upon their comrades and friendly natives. They
were instructed, while punishing armed resistance, to conciliate the friendship of the
peaceful, yet had to do with a population among whom it was impossible to dis-
tinguish friend from foe, and who in countless instances used a false appearance of
friendship for ambush and assassination. They were obliged to deal with problems
of communication and transportation in a country without roads and frequently
made impassable by torrential rains. They were weakened by tropical heat and
tropical disease. Widely scattered over a great archipelago, extending a thousand
miles from north to south, the gravest responsibilities, involving the life or death of
their commands, frequently devolved upon young and inexperienced officers beyond
the reach of specific orders or advice.

16 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

Under all these adverse circumstances the Army of the Philippines has accom-
plished its task rapidly and completely. In more than two thousand combats, great
and small, within three years, it has exhibited unvarying courage and resolution.
Utilizing the lessons of the Indian wars, it has relentlessly followed the guerrilla
bands to their fastnesses in mountain and jungle and crushed them. It has put an
end to the vast system of intimidation and secret assassination by which the peace-
ful natives were prevented from taking a genuine part in government under Ameri-
can authority. It has captured or forced to surrender substantially all the leaders
of the insurrection. It has submitted to no discouragement and halted at no obsta-
cle. Its officers have shown high qualities of command, and its men have shown
devotion and discipline. Its splendid virile energy has been accompanied by self-
control, patience, and magnanimity. With surprisingly few individual exceptions,
its course has been characterized by humanity and kindness to the prisoner and the
noncombatant. With admirable good temper, sympathy, and loyalty to American
ideals its commanding generals have joined with the civilian agents of the Govern-
ment in healing the wounds of war and assuring to the people of the Philippines the
blessings of peace and prosperity. Individual liberty, protection of personal rights,
civil order, public instruction, and religious freedom have followed its footsteps. It
has added honor to the flag which it defended, and has justified increased confidence
in the future of the American people, whose soldiers do not shrink from labor or
death, yet love liberty and peace.

The President feels that he expresses the sentiments of all the loyal people of the
United States in doing honor to the whole Army which has joined in the perform-
ance and shares in the credit of these honorable services.

This General Order will be read aloud at parade in every military post on the 4th
day of July, 1902, or on the first day after it shall have been received.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.
THE CONTROL OF THE MOR08.

The establishment of civil government in the Philippines still left a
function for the Army to perform in the control of the Moros in the
Sulu Archipelago, Southern Mindanao, and the southern part of Pala-
wan very similar to that which it has long performed in relation to
the Indian tribes in the Western part of the United States. It was
only through an extended series of decisions by the Supreme Court of
the United States, dealing with specific questions as they arose in the
early years of the last centui^, that the precise legal relations between
the Federal Government, the State and Territorial governments, and
the Indian tribes of North America were determined.

The court said in the case of The Cherokee Nation v. The State of
Georgia (5 Peters, 1):

The Indians are acknowledged to have an unquestionable and heretofore an
unquestioned right to the lands they occupy until that right shall be extinguished

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY 3F WAR. 17

by a voluntary cession to the Government. It may well be doubted whether those
tribes which reside within the acknowledged boundaries of the United States can
with strict accuracy be denominated foreign nations. They may more correctly,
perhaps, be denominated domestic dependent nations. They occupy territory to
which we assert a title, independent of their will, which must take effect in point of
„ possession when their right of possession ceases; meanwhile they are in a state of
pupilage. Their relations to the United States resemble that of a ward to his guard-
ian. They look to our Government for protection; rely upon its kindness and its
power; appeal to it for relief to their wants, and address the President as their
great father. #

A similar process of judicial decision will probably be called for by
the numerous questions certain to arise from our relations to the Moro
tribes; but in the meantime the close general analogy to the relations
of the North American Indians indicates a duty, for the present at
least, of limited supervision and control operating upon the tribal
governments of the Moros, rather than an attempt to substitute an
American or Philippine government acting directly upon the individ-
ual Moros. In the performance of this duty we find ourselves exer-
cising powers and following methods plainly contemplated by the
Constitution, and sanctioned by the judicial decisions and established
usage of the entire existence of the Government of the United States.

The instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission of
April 7, 1900, contained the following direction based upon the fore-
going view:

In dealing with the uncivilized tribes of the islands the Commission should adopt
the same course followed by Congress in permitting the tribes of our North American
Indians to maintain their tribal organization and government, and under which
many of those tribes are now living in peace and contentment, surrounded by a civil-
ization to which they are unable or unwilling to conform. Such tribal governments
should, however, be subjected to wise and firm regulation, and without undue or
petty interference constant and active effort should be exercised to prevent barbarous
practices and introduce civilized customs.

The same instructions provide that the military forces in the Phil-
ippines shall be at all times subject, under the orders of the military
commander, to the call of the civil authorities for the maintenance of
law and order and the enforcement of their authority.

These instructions were approved and adopted by Congress in the
Philippine government act of July 1, 1902, and they will continue to
guide the civil and military authorities in the Philippines in their
dealings with the Moros. The questions to be worked out in that
process are altogether apart from the general questions of government
war 1902— vol 1 2

18 REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

in the Philippines, and such measures of force as are necessary to con-
trol the various Moro tribes have no more relation to the recent
Philippine insurrection than our troubles with the Sioux or the
Apaches had to do with the suppression of the Southern rebellion.

The Moros of the Sulu Archipelago and Palawan, and those living
upon, or in immediate communication with, the seacoast in Mindanao,
have been as a rule friendly and well behaved. Some of the MaJanao
Moros who inhabit the borders of Lake Lanao, in the interior of Min-
danao, resented attempts made by Americans to examine the interior
of the country, and in the spring of this year entered upon a regular
system of attacking our men when found alone or in small parties, and
stealing our horses and mules. Several of our men were murdered,
and in April a demand was made for the return of the property and
the surrender of the murderers. This demand was met by defiance,
and after long continued and repeated efforts to secure redress and a
discontinuance of the practice by peaceable means, an expedition was
organized under Col. (now Brig. Gen.) Frank D. Baldwin, which on
the 2d and 3d of May attacked and captured the strongholds of the
Sultan of Bayang and the dato of Binadayan on Lake Lanao, with a
loss of 7 killed and 44 wounded. A part of the Twenty-seventh
Infantry and the Twenty-fifth Mountain Battery were engaged. It
was a brilliant affair, and the conduct of officers and men merited the
high praise conveyed in the following dispatch from the President:

Washington, D. C, May 5, 190$.
Chaffee, Manila:

Accept for the army under your command, and express to General Davis and
Colonel Baldwin especially, my congratulations and thanks for the splendid courage
and fidelity which have again carried our flag to victory. Your fellow-countrymen
at home will ever reverence the memory of the fallen, and be faithful to the sur-
vivors who have themselves been faithful unto death for their country's sake.

Theodore Roosevelt.

After this lesson many of the lake dattos came in and established
friendly relations. Some of them, however, remained recalcitrant,
and continued the practice of annoyance and attack. General Chaffee
reported on the 6th of September that since the 2d of May our troops
had been attacked twelve times, with a loss of 4 killed and 12 wounded.
On the 28th of September another well-conducted expedition under
Qapt. John J, Pershing, of the Fifteenth Cuv&lry, composed of a bat-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 19

talion of the Seventh Infantry, a troop of the Fifteenth Cavalry, and
two platoons of the Twenty-fifth Field Artillery, inflicted severe pun-
ishment upon the Maciu Moros, capturing many of their fortified
places, killing 1 of their sultans and 40 or 50 of their fighting men,
with a loss of 2 Americans wounded.

Some further punishment may yet be necessary, but the present
indications since this last experience seem to be peaceful.

The numbers of the Lake Lanao Moros are estimated variously from
100,000 to 400,000. The smaller number is probably nearer the fact.
No attempts appear to have been made by Spain to exercise any con-
trol over them between the middle of the seventeenth century and the
year 1890. Some unsuccessful efforts were made by small forces in
the years 1890 and 1891; and in 1898, before the war between Spain
and the United States, extensive preparations had been made by the
Spanish forces in the Philippines for the subjugation of the lake tribes.

Farther in the interior of Midanao are numerous heathen tribes still
more savage and lower in the scale of civilization than the Moros. In
1897 the Spanish governor of Mindanao estimated the numbers of six-
teen of these tribes at an aggregate of 262,000. From time immemo-
rial the Moros have been in the habit of raiding their villages and
carrying away captives into slavery, and a considerable slave trade
appears to have been carried on between the southwest coast of Min-
danao and ports in the Sulu Archipelago. It is only by asserting and
establishing our right of control over the Moro tribes that we can put
a stop to this nefarious business; and if there were no other reason,
that alone would make it impossible for us to follow the example of
Spain and leave the Moros of the interior to themselves.

Now that the insurrection has been disposed of we shall be able to turn
our attention, not merely to the slave trade, but to the already existing
slavery among the Moros. We can not immediately free the slaves by
a single act, first, because it would require a war of extermination in
which a large part of the slaves would probably be found fighting
against us; and, second, because a large part of them would have
nowhere to go and no way to live if deprived of the protection and sup-
port of their present masters. I believe, however, that we can main-
tain a process of gradual and steady reduction, resulting ultimately in
the extinction of the practice of slavery. Some of the results of our
efforts i|i th&t direction are stated in my last report. The process will

20 BEPOBT OF THE 8ECRETABY OF WAB.

be slow, and will require patience and good judgment, but 1 believe
the result will be worth the trouble. The task of improving the Moros
is by no means hopeless. Gen. George W* Davis, who commanded in
Mindanao, and now commands the Division of the Philippines, says
of them:

Whatever may be the number of Moros, whether a few, or many hundred thousands,
all, and many times more than all, of these people will be needed as agricultural and
mechanical laborers and helpers in the cultivation of the soil and the utilization of
its productions for the benefit of themselves and mankind. They are able to produce
rice, sugar cane, coffee, corn, cattle, beautiful woven fabrics, and thrusting and cutting
weapons; they manufacture bronze cannon and gunpowder, and give surprising
proofs of their ingenuity and industry. Their Moro boats are fashioned and rigged
and sailed with the utmost skill, and are admired by all strangers. A race of men
who are capable of doing all this and who possess many manly qualities, should be
kept alive and not shot down in war. They should be aided and encouraged and
taught how to improve their own natural and social condition, and benefit us at the
same time. Mohammedans in Turkey and India and Java have proved to be indus-
trious and useful members of the communities. Mohammedan Malays in Sarawak,
a British Protectorate in Borneo, perform all the skilled and unskilled labor of that
prosperous colony, and are as plainly showing their adaptability for the higher dutii^
and occupations as did the Japanese. The Moros have certainly equal or greater
capacity for usefulness.

The report from which this quotation is taken is among those trans-
mitted herewith, and I commend it to special attention. It exhibits
the breadth of view and sound judgment which uniformly characterise
that officer's work.

THE DISPOSITION TO BE MADE OF THE ARMY IN PEACE.

The restoration of the normal conditions of peace, and the return
of the greater part of the Army to the United States, have made it
possible to resume with increased activity the work of preparing for
future wars.

The increase of the Array from 25,000 to a minimum of 60,000 has,
of course, made necessary a great increase in barracks, quarters, hos-
pitals, and all the constructions which go to make up an Army post.
The accommodations which had been provided before the war with
Spain are now quite inadequate, and require to be more than doubled.
The work of construction has been pressed vigorously by the Quarter.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 21

master's Department to the extent allowed by the appropriations made
by Congress for this purpose.

The policy followed has been rather to increase the size of the posts
in which the Army is to be quartered than to increase the number.
Two considerations have determined that policy: First, economy of
administration, and second, and most important, efficiency of officers
and men. The tendency of life in small one or two company posts is
narrowing and dwarfing, and such posts can be justified only by
necessity. On the other hand, the comparison and emulation
between officers and organizations grouped in a large post, the
advantages of systematic study and practice in the schools which can
be maintained at such posts, the advantage of being under the imme-
diate direction and influence of officers of high rank who can not be
scattered among the small posts, but can be collected in the large ones;
the practical benefit derived from handling considerable bodies of
troops so that company officers may be learning to handle regiments,
and regimental officers to handle brigades, and so on — all these con-
siderations, point to the large post as furnishing the conditions of
increasing efficiency on the part of both officers and men.

The only argument which has been made against this view is that
the scattering of the Army in a great number of small posts would
popularize it, and that there ought to be an equitable distribution of
the troops among all the different States. I think these propositions
may be dismissed with the confident assertion that the Army will be
popular and satisfactory to all the States in proportion as it is effi-
cient and economical.

Another line of policy followed by the Department is, so far as
practicable, to get the Army posts out of the cities and large towns,
and establish them upon larger tracts of cheaper land in the neighbor-
hood of the same cities and towns, so that the men inav have the bene-
fit of country air instead of city air. and more room for training and
exercise; the neighborhood of the barracks may be under military
control; the rum shops and brothels may be pushed farther away from
the men; and at the same time the advantages of convenient inspection,
transportation and supply, and a reasonable degree of educational and
and social privileges, may be retained.

In order to secure a definite plan for the distribution of troops and
the construction work necessary to provide for their maintenance, a

22 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

board was convened in Washington in November last, composed of all
the general officers of the Army in the United States, under the fol-
lowing directions:

By direction of the Secretary of War, a board of officers is hereby appointed to
meet in Washington, D. C, on the 25th day of November, 1901, to consider and
report upon the location and distribution of the military posts required for the
proper accommodation, instruction, and training of the Army as organized under
the act of February 2, 1901, not including coast fortifications. The board will make
recommendations in detail as to which of the existing posts should be retained or
abandoned, and of those retained which, if any, should be enlarged and to what
extent, and the location, size, and character of such new posts as may be necessary,
having due regard in all its recommendations to the proper distribution of the dif-
ferent arms of the service based upon strategic, sanitary, and economical considera-
tions.

The board will also formulate and submit a project for the location, examinations
and surveys to be made for the permanent camp grounds provided for by section 35
of the act of February 2, 1901.

This board performed its duties during the months of November,
December, January, and February, and its report and recommenda-
tions were transmitted to Congress on the 19th of May, and are printed
as House Doc. No. 618, Fifty -seventh Congress, first session.

Much delay and difficulty in providing barracks and quarters for
the coast-defense artillery has arisen from the policy followed in
making appropriations during the earlier years of work upon our
coast defenses. With what we can now see to have been unwise
economy, the appropriations were in a great number of cases so
limited as to permit the purchase of only enough land for the fortifi-
cations themselves, leaving the land necessaiy for barracks, quarters,
hospitals, storehouses, and administrative purposes to be acquired in
the future. As a natural result, as soon as the Government was com-
mitted to an extensive fortification the prices of all the additional land
which it needed in the neighborhood were put up immensely, and in
order to provide for troops to man the fortifications, the Government
has been obliged, after long negotiations, to pay many times as much
as the land could have been bought for originally, or to take condem-
nation proceedings with usually the same result.

To prevent a continuance of this practice an order was made on
April 9, 1901, requiring all papers presented to the Secretary of War
for approval of the purchase of land connected with the seacoast for-

BEPOBT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

tifications, to be accompanied by a certificate of the Chief of Artillery,
that the proposal presented included all the land which would be
required for all purposes of the defense at that point. It is to be
hoped that future appropriations for such purposes will be so
arranged as to permit a continuance of this policy.

SEAGOAST DEFENSES.

Additional guns have been mounted in the coast-defense fortifica-
tions during the year as follows: Eight 12-inch, three 8-inch, twenty
rapid-fire, thirty-four 12-inch mortars, making a total now mounted
of eighty 12-inch, one hundred and twelve 10-inch, eighty-nine 8-inch,
one hundred and eight rapid-fire guns, and two hundred and ninety-
seven mortars.

There have also been completed and issued, ready to mount, addi-
tional guns, as follows: Two 12-inch, three 10-inch, seventy-four
rapid-fire, and fifteen mortars, making a total now mounted or ready
to mount of eighty-two 12-inch, one hundred and fifteen 10-inch,
eighty-nine 8-inch, one hundred and eighty-two rapid-fire, and three
hundred and twelve mortars.

The status of emplacements for which funds have been provided by
Congress was as follows at the close of the fiscal year 1902:

12-inch.

10-inch.

8-inch.

Rapid-
fire.

12-inch
mortars.

Guns mounted

112

a 89
5
2

&108

0 229

146

297

Ready for armament

Under construction

Total

105

130

483

376

a Nineteen of these, which had been mounted temporarily, have since been dismounted.

ft One temporarily.

« Including seventy 6-pounders not requiring permanent emplacements.

In compliance with the direction of the fortifications act of June 6,
1902, a board was constituted in July last, composed of one engineer
officer, one ordnance officer, three artillery officers, one naval officer,
and one civilian mechanical engineer of high standing, to make a
thorough test of disappearing gun carriages. Such tests were made
by the board in accordance with the statute. The report of the
board was unanimous in favor of the disappearing carriage, and the
Board of Ordnance and Fortification has concurred in that approval.

24 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

This is the third competent board which has tested and approved the
disappearing carriage, and the third time that the Board of Ordnance
and Fortification, with widely differing membership on each occasion,
has approved it as a type.

When the general plan of coast-defense fortification was adopted by
the Endicott board in 1886, the only means then invented for pro-
tecting the high-power coast-defense gun and its crew was the steel
or chilled cast-iron turret, which would have cost between $1,000,000
and $1,100,000 for each pair of 12-inch guns mounted. The first
attempt to escape from this enormous expense by a mechanical device
which would protect the gun and gunners during the period of load-
ing and expose the gun only at the time of firing was the gun lift,
upon which we now have two 12-inch guns mounted at Sandy Hook.
It cost about $525,000, exclusive of the guns, and each of the guns
mounted upon it can be fired once in eight minutes and a half.
Within a few rods of this gun lift at Sandy Hook we have two 12-inch
guns mounted on modern disappearing carriages, at a cost of
$150,000 for the carriages, emplacements and protection of both guns,
and each of these guns can be fired ten times in eight minutes and a
half.

Satisfactory progress has been made in the installation of search-
lights, in developing systems of fire control and direction, and in the
application of electricity to the handling of heavy guns and projectiles
and ammunition.

The nitrocellulose smokeless powder developed by the Ordnance
Department continues to prove satisfactory. Four private firms are
engaged in its manufacture, and a considerable reserve has been
accumulated.

The test of the Gathmann torpedo gun under the requirement of
the fortifications act of March 1, 1901, resulted in an unfavorable
report, in which the Board of Ordnance and Fortification has con-
curred. The statute required the Gathmann gun to be fired in com-
petition with an army 12-inch service rifle, and the firing of the latter
weapon exhibited extraordinary progress made by the Ordnance
Department toward the perfection of high explosives for the bursting
charge of armor-piercing shells, and in the development of fuses
for such shells. The ordnance shells from the 12-inch service rifle
passed entirely through a 12-inch harveyized steel plate and exploded

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 25

on the farther side of the plate. The ability thus demonstrated to
send a shell through a ship's armor 12 inches in thickness and
detonate the shell within the ship is of course of great defensive
value.

It has been the fashion of late to decry mortars as weapons of
coast defense, and Congress has recently refrained from appropri-
ations for their further construction. Extensive and thorough tests
of mortar firing made last spring at Fort Preble, Portland Harbor,
have, however, demonstrated the great accuracy of mortars, and
have also shown that their accuracy can be relied upon through a
much wider range, both far and near, than was formerly supposed.
1 think confidence in them should be resumed, and appropriations
for their construction and emplacement continued in accordance with
the original plan of defense.

Most valuable experience and suggestion and great practical benefit
have been received by all branches of the service concerned in coast
defense, from a series of joint maneuvers participated in by the Army
and the Navy on the New England coast during September. This
movement was undertaken on the suggestion of the Chief of Artillery,
and took the form of simulated attacks by the Navy upon the defenses
at the eastern end of Long Island Sound, at New London, at the
entrance of Narragansett Bay, and at New Bedford. They were car-
ried out with the most admirable spirit and efficiency by both branches
of the service. The Army was much gratified by the effective partic-
ipation with them of the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery and two
companies of Connecticut Heavy Artillery; and with the Navy the
naval reserves of New York. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massa-
chusetts took part. The Thirteenth New York Heavy Artillery was
most desirous to take part, but was prevented by a lack of State
appropriations. An actual attempt to use tools is the best way to
learn whether they are in good order and are complete, and it is also
the best way to learn how to use them. The advantage gained in this
way by the Engineer, Ordnance, Signal, and Artillery Corps of the
Army, and I doubt not also by the officers of the Navy, more than
justifies the undertaking and indicates the wisdom of annual repetitions
of the exercise at different points upon the coast.

1 append hereto a memorandum by the Chief of Artiller}r, marked
"Appendix D," and a memorandum by General MacArthur, marked

26 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

"Appendix E," especially devoted to the general effect of the work
upon the efficiency of the Army.

Observers of our coast-defense work sometimes speak of it as
defective because it is incomplete. It is indeed incomplete. It is
only about half finished. It is a work which requires time and has
been begun but recently. Before the war with Spain it proceeded
in a very leisurely way. Since the beginning of that war it has been
pressed forward with great activity. The work was commenced in
1888; but for the eight years which followed prior to 1896 the total
appropriations for the construction of fortifications amounted to but
$3,521,000, or an average of $440,000 a year, while for the last seven
years, beginning with 1896, the appropriations have amounted to
$22,236,000, or an average of $3,176,000 a year, an annual increase
of more than sevenfold. The appropriations for the construction of
guns and carriages for seacoast defense for the eight years prior to
1896 were but $8,100,000 (not including the unsuccessful dynamite
gun), an average annual rate of $1,012,000, while the appropriations
for the same purposes for the last seven years were $24,193,000, or
an annual average of $3,456,000, an annual increase of more than
threefold. Out of the $58,000,000 expended for both classes of work,
over $46,000,000 have been appropriated in the last seven years.

The Endicott board plan of coast defense contemplated the expendi-
ture of over $100,000,000. Before 1896 we were progressing at a
rate which would have required seventy years to complete the defenses
according to the plan. Since 1896 we have been progressing at a rate
which will finish the defeases according to the plan in fifteen years.
With a half -finished work so recent and so rapidly pressed it follows
necessarily that a formative process is constantly going on, mistakes
are being made and corrected, new experiments are being made, new
things are being learned, and many difficult problems remain still
unsolved.

It follows also that neither the officers nor the men of the artillery
have as yet had much opportunity to become proficient in the use of
the new weapons, and there is great need for practical instruction and
training in their use.

Another reason why there is special urgency for the training of
the artillery is the great preponderance of new and inexperienced
officers and men. Before the Spanish -American war we had but five
regiments of artillery. We now have a corps which is equivalent to

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 27

thirteen regiments, two regiments being added in 1899 and the
equivalent of six regiments in 1901. Of course the majority of the
officers and the great majority of the men are new. Every lieutenant
in the Artillery Corps has come in since the act of February 2, 1901.

The facts which I have now stated make the kind of exercise fur-
nished by the joint Army and Navy maneuvers of last September of
the utmost importance. I urge that appropriations to be made by
Congress shall be such as to provide for a continuance of the same
practice, and to provide for the most liberal allowances of ammunition
and projectiles for general target practice with full service charges in
which the entire coast artillery can take part. It is a gratifying fact
that the Chief of Engineers, Chief of Ordnance, Chief Signal Officer,
and Chief of Artillery are working together in hearty cooperation
and sympathy to accomplish the desired results, and that their corps
are generally working with them, inspired by the same spirit. The
time of mutual fault-finding appears haooily to have been succeeded
by a time of mutual helpfulness.

The progress of events and changes in ordnance and ship construc-
tion, since the Endicott Board of 1886 determined upon the plan of
coast defense along the lines of which we are now working, have
made it necessary to consider the defense of many points not consid-
ered by that board. Porto Rico, Culebra, naval and coaling stations
in Cuba, and possibly the Danish Islands — all in a region made
specially important by the probable construction of the Isthmian
Canal — Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines, and possibly the Lake
ports and the St. Lawrence River, should be considered with ref-
erence to the construction of defensive works in the same way that
the Endicott Board considered our Atlantic and Pacific coasts. I
concur in the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers that a similar
board should be created for that purpose by Congress, constituted,
like the Endicott Board, of the Secretary of War, the Chiefs of
Engineers, Ordnance, and Artillery, one high ranking officer of each
of those branches of the service, two naval officers of high rank, and
two civilians expert in the subject of our foreign commercial relations.

FIELD ARTILLERY.

The series of tests and competitive trials which have been con-
ducted for two years past under the direction of the Board of
Ordnance and Fortification for the selection of new models of field

28 REPORT OF ME SECRETARY OF WAS.

gun and carriage have been concluded, and arrangements have been
made for the construction of new guns and carriages to the extent
of the appropriations now available. The new gun will have a cali-
ber of 3 inches, and will fire a projectile weighing 15 pounds, with
an initial velocity of 1,700 feet per second. It will be of the long
recoil type, and will use fixed ammunition. It is capable of firing
about six times as rapidly as the field guns which we now use, so
that one of the new guns will be able to throw as many shells at
an enemy as a whole 6-gun battery of the present type. This
great increase in the effectiveness of field artillery is of special
value to the United States, because we are always weak in artillery
in proportion to our infantry. A well -organized army calls for a
due proportion between artillery and infantry. When we go to war
we can raise a volunteer infantry with great rapidity, but we can
not increase our artillery proportionately. An increase in the rel-
ative effectiveness of field artillery tends to do away with the result-
ing disproportion, and makes it possible for us to raise a much
larger well-balanced army than we could otherwise.

SMALL ARMS.

The Ordnance Department has produced a rifle which it considers
an improvement upon the present service, rifle. It is clearly superior
to the present rifle in some respects. It is a bolt gun, caliber .30,
having a clip magazine under the chamber instead of at the side, and
therefore better balanced than the present gun. It continues the
220-grain bullet, but increases the charge of powder from 37.6 grains
to 43.3 grains. It gives an initial velocity of 2,300 feet per second as
against 2,000 of the present rifle, a striking energy at 1,000 yards of
447.9 foot-pounds as against 396.2 for the present rifle. It has a
flatter trajectory and weighs about a pound less. I have authorized
the construction of 5,000 for issue and practical trial in the service.

The enlargement of the capacity of the Springfield Armory for the
manufacture of rifles and the addition at the Rock Island Arsenal of
a plant for that purpose are approaching completion. The total pro-
ducing capacity of the two establishments will then be 650 arms per
day of eight hours, and in an emergency they would be capable of
producing 1,500 per day.

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 29

SERVICE UNIFORMS.

The great range of the modern rifle, which enables a soldier to
kill his adversary with great accuracy at a distance of several miles,
if he can distinguish him from the surrounding landscape, has led
to a curious reversal of military desires in the matter of dress.
Instead of devising things to wear which will make the soldier fright-
ful and awe-inspiring to his enemy, the whole military world is
looking for clothing which will make its wearers as inconspicuous as
possible. For several years we have been conducting extensive
experiments to determine the visibility of different colors and
materials under different circumstances and at different distances;
and in March last a board of officers was convened to consider the
subject of uniforms, and the results of these experiments were
submitted to it. The result is the selection, for service uniforms, of
an olive-drab, which is found to be, under average conditions, the least
visible color at considerable distances, and which, after long-
continued trials, the Quartermaster's Department has succeeded in
making a fast color for woolen material to meet the requirements of
cold climates, as well as for the cotton khaki used in the Tropics.
This will be worn in place of the khaki of the present color, and it
will be available for both hot and cold climates, the material being
varied to suit the climate.

The traditional blue uniform will be retained as dress uniform
tor both officers and men.

The Board at the same time recommended a number of minor
changes in uniforms, the good sense of which has long been apparent:
notably, replacing the heavy and uncomfortable helmet for foot and
mounted troops by suitable dress and service caps to be worn except
where the campaign hat is prescribed, and the substitution of dull
bronze for bright buttons and other articles liable to catch and reflect
the light, aqd the use of clouded scabbards and russet leather belts.

The report of the Board has been approved, and the new articles of
clothing will be introduced as rapidly as due economy in the dispo-
sition of the present stock on hand permits.

MILITARY EDUCATION.

An examination of the sources from which are drawn the officers of
the Army, as now constituted under the act of February 2, 1901, show$

30 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

how important it is to go on with the military education of officers in
some such general and systematic way as was outlined in my last
report. Of the 2,900 officers of the line of the Army, 1818 have been
appointed since the beginning of the war with Spain. Of these 1818
but 276 were supplied by the West Point Academy; the remaining
1,542 have come— 414 from the ranks, 512 from civil life, and 616
from the volunteers of the war with Spain and in the Philippines.

The volunteers and the enlisted men have of course acquired useful
experience, and they were all selected on the ground of their military
conduct and intelligence. Yet it is generally true of the whole 1542,
constituting more than one-half of all the officers of the line, that they
have had no systematic military education. They constitute nearly
the entire body of first and second lieutenants. After some years,
when their seniors have passed off the stage, they will have to supply
our generals and colonels and chief staff officers charged with the
instruction, discipline, and command of our forces. Unless the theory
of military education under which we have maintained the Academy
at West Point for a century is all a mistake, it is very important to
give to this class of young officers, now that they are in the Army,
some degree of the educational advantages which the West Point men
get before they are commissioned. The same will be true of future
accessions to the force of officers, for the West Point Academy, even
with the recent enlargements, can not be expected to fill more than
about two-thirds of the annual vacancies which will occur in the ordi-
nary course of life.

The development of the general scheme of systematic instruction,
provided for by the order of November 27, 1901, annexed to my last
report, has made satisfactory progress during the year. As soon as
the officers selected for the first War College Board could be with-
drawn from the other duties in which they were engaged, that board
was constituted by the detail of Maj. Gen. S. B. M. Young, Brig. Gen.
William H. Carter, Brig. Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, Maj: Henry A.
Greene, and Maj. William D. Beach. The plans for the buildings
of the new War College and the new Engineers' School, to be
erected on the old Washington Barracks Reservation, under author-
ity of the act of June 30, 1902, have been prepared and approved.
The building of the necessary sea walls and the filling in of the low
ground forming part of both sites were commenced by the Engineer

BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAB. 31

Department immediately after the passage of the act, and the con-
struction of the buildings will begin presently under the direction of
the Corps of Engineers.

In the meantime, the Engineers' School has occupied the old Wash-
ington Barracks buildings, and the War College Board has secured a
house for temporary use near the War Department. The board has
addressed itself especially to reinstating and regulating military
instruction in the military schools and colleges. of the country, which
may serve as a source for future appointments of second lieutenants
from civil life; to the establishment of systematic instruction of offi-
cers in the Army posts, and to organizing the General Service and Staff
College at Fort Leavenworth on the foundation of the Infantry and
Cavalry School which existed there before the war with Spain.
Seventy -seven officers have been detailed as instructors at the mili-
tary schools and colleges. Ninety -seven officers have been detailed as
students at the General Service and Staff College, and are now in attend-
ance at that institution. Thirty officers are in attendance as students
at the Artillery School at Fortress Monroe, ten at the School of Sub-
marine Defense at Fort Totten, and eleven at the Engineers' School at
Washington Barracks. The enlargement of accommodations and facil-
ities at these institutions, now in various stages of progress, will
make it possible to materially enlarge these numbers.

Undoubtedly the military schools and colleges to which details of
officers as instructors are made will be found to differ widely in their
thoroughness and efficiency, and the maintenance of thorough in-
spection and supervision by the War College Board will be essential.
It is the purpose of the Department to discontinue details to institi-
tions which, upon such inspection, are found not to come up to the
requisite standard, and to give to the graduates of the thorough and
efficient institutions a preference in recommendations for appointment
as second lieutenants in the Regular Army. The same observation
will doubtless apply to the post schools, which will vary according to
the capacity and zeal of the commanding officer. The same sys-
tematic inspection by the War College Board is designed to hold com-
manding officers to the same degree of responsibility for an efficient
school as for a well-disciplined force.

Annexed hereto is an order by the Secretary of War, dated July 22,
1902, addressed to the officers of the Army, relating to their duties in
the matter of military education, marked ''Appendix F;" and an order

32 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

•

prepared by the War College Board, dated August 1, 1902, prescrib-
ing regulations and the course of instruction in the General Service
and Staff College, marked "Appendix G;" and an order prepared by
the War College Board, dated August 9, 1902, prescribing regulations
for the details to and military instruction to be given by military
schools and colleges, marked *4 Appendix H;" and an order prepared
by the War College Board, dated September 22, 1902, prescribing
regulations and the course of instruction to be followed in the post
schools of the Army, marked u Appendix I." An examination of
these prescribed courses will indicate the practical character of the
instruction required and the wide range of subjects with which a well-
equipped officer must become familiar.

The excellent work done by the Medical Department in the Army
Medical School in this city should not pass unnoticed. The school
takes the young surgeon, who has already graduated from some
regular medical college, and has passed his examination and re-
ceived a commission in the Medical Corps, and instructs him to adapt
his knowledge to the special requirements of military service in
surgery, medicine, and hygiene. The general hospital on the Wash-
ington Barracks reservation which this school has been using for pur-
poses of special instruction will no longer be available after the con-
struction of the engineers' school at that place. It is very desirable
that new and adequate accommodations be provided for the continu-
ance of the hospital at some other point in or near the city, and for
the continuance and enlargement of this most important branch of
instruction.

The Military Academy at West Point on the 11th of June, 1902,
celebrated with appropriate ceremonies the completion of a hundred
years of honorable and useful service. The advance of the world in
military science, the increasing complexity of the machinery and
material used in warfare, and the difficulty of the problems involved
in transporting, supplying, and handling the great armies of modern
times, make such an institution even more necessary to the country
now than when it was founded by the fathers of the Republic a
hundred years ago.

The efficiency of the institution and the high standard of honor and
devotion to duty which have characterized its graduates justify the
continuance of public confidence. The wise liberality of Congress
has enabled the institution to begin its second century with the well-
founded hope of larger and long-continued usefulness. The present

BEPOET OF THE 8ECRETAEY OF WAR. 33

academic year has opened with 471 cadets on the rolls of the Academy,
' the largest number ever belonging to it at one time. Under the new
regulations relating to admissions, examinations of candidates were
held on the 1st of May in this year, at sixteen army posts throughout
the country, selected with a view to reducing to a minimum the
expenses of candidates in attending. Under the authority of the act
of March ^ 2, 1901, the examinations were made to conform to the
courses of study ordinarily covered in the high schools and academies
of the country by boys of the average age of appointees to the Acad-
emy. Sixty-two cadets were admitted upon certificates from educa-
tional institutions in which they had prepared, following the course
which has been generally adopted by the colleges and universities of
this country.

The curriculum has been modified somewhat, reducing the time
expended in pure mathematics and increasing the attention to Spanish,
English, and military hygiene; decreasing the theoretical course in
philosophy and increasing the time given to chemistry and electricity.
The increase of practical instruction has been continued, and a new
practice, which I hope will be long continued, has been inaugurated
by taking the first class to the battlefield of Gettysburg, where for
several days in April they studied the lessons of that great conflict
upon the field.

The discipline has been good and the practice of hazing appears to
have been abandoned. But one case in which it was attempted, and
that in a mild form, was brought to the attention of the authorities of
the Academy during the year. The offending cadet was tried by court-
martial, and being found guilty was dismissed, pursuant to law.

The provision of the Military Academy act of June 28, 1902,
authorizing the enlargement and improvement of the plant at West
Point upon a plan involving a total expenditure of $5,500,000, has
caused much solicitude by the Department and by the officers of the
Academy, lest in rearranging and rebuilding a result might be reached
out of harmony with the historic traditions of the institution and the
beauties of the site, with its mountains and plain and river. After
much consideration the following method of working out the plan has
been adopted: A board composed of officers of the Academy was con-
vened to prepare in detail a statement of the practical requirements
of the institution which were to be met by the enlargement and
rearrangement.

war 1902— vol 1 3

34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Upon the coming in of that report, ten of the leading architects
of the country were invited to submit in competitiori general pre-
liminary plans showing the proposed arrangement of buildings and
treatment of the ground to meet the various requirements of the Acad-
emy, based upon the data thus furnished, together with an indication
of the architectural treatment of the separate buildings. From the
plans thus submitted one will be selected, and the author of' that plan
will be expected to develop it into the complete plan authorized by the
statute. Thereafter, as the statute requires, the work will proceed
with the assistance of a consulting architect, who will naturally be
either the successful competitor or some one connected with his
establishment.

THE MILITIA SYSTEM.

Early in the last session a bill was prepared by the War Depart-
ment, embodying the views expressed in my last report, upon the
treatment of the National Guard of the several States by the Federal
Government, the relation of the Guard to the militia and volunteer
systems, and preparation in advance for the organization of volunteers
in time of war. This bill was submitted to the chairman of the Com-
mittee on Military Affairs of the Senate, the chairman of the Com-
mittee on Militia of the House, and to a convention of officers of the
national guard organizations which met in Washington in January,
1902. The convention appointed a special committee to consider and
report upon the proposed bill, and after some modifications it was
reported favorably to the convention, which after thorough discussion
adopted a resolution approving the measure and requesting its enact-
ment by Congress. The bill thus approved was introduced in the
Senate by Mr. Hawley, and in the House by Mr. Dick, who rendered
invaluable service in the framing and advocacy of the measure. The
House Committee on Militia considered it with great care, and with
extensive and improving additions returned it to the House with a
unanimous report in its favor, and it was passed by the House. It
is now pending before the Committee on Military Affairs of the
Senate (H. R. 15345, Fifty -seventh Congress, first session).

I earnestly urge that this measure be made a law. It is really
absurd that a nation which maintains but a small Regular Army and
depends upon unprofessional citizen soldiery for its defense should
run along as we have done for one hundred and ten years under a
militia law which never worked satisfactorily in the beginning, and

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 35

whicn was perfectly obsolete before any man now fit for military duty
was born. * The result is that we have practically no militia system,
notwithstanding the fact that the Constitution makes it the duty of the
Federal Congress " to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining
the militia," and "for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of
the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." The National
Guard organizations of the several States have grown up in default of
any national system and to meet local requirements. Their relations
to the Federal Government have never been defined or settled. The
confusion, controversy, and bad feeling arising from this uncertain
status were painfully apparent at the beginning of the war with Spain;
and it must always be the same until Congress shall exercise its con-
stitutional power over the subject. Repeated efforts have been made
U5 accomplish this result. Two years after the passage of the present
law of 1792, President Washington addressed Congress on the subject
in these words:

The devising and establishing ol a wen-regulated militia would be a genuine source
of legislative honor and a perfect title to public gratitude. I therefore entertain a
hope that the present session will not pass without carrying to its full energy the
power of organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and thus providing, in the
anguage of the Constitution, for calling them forth to execute the laws of the Union,
suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.

President Jefferson, eleven years later, in 1805, said:

I can not, then, but earnestly recommend to your early consideration the expe-
diency of so modifying our militia system as, by a separation of the more active part
from that which is less so, we may draw from it, when necessary, an efficient corps
for real and active service, etc.

And in 1808 he said:

For a people who are free, and who mean to remain so, a well-organized and-
armed militia is their best security. It is therefore incumbent. on us at every
meeting to revise the condition of the militia, and to ask ourselves if it is prepared to
repel a powerful enemy at every point of our territories exposed to invasion. Some
of the States have paid a laudable attention to this subject; but every degree of neg-
lect is to be found among: others. Congress alone has power to produce a uniform
state of preparation in this great organ of defense. The interest which they so deeply
feel in their own and their country's security will present this as among the most
important objects of their deliberation.

President Madison said in 1816:

An efficient militia is authorized and contemplated by the Constitution and required
by the spirit and safety of free government. The present organization of our militia
is universally regarded as less efficient than it ought to be made, and no organization

38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Fifth. Such further volunteers as it may be necessary to call forth
from the States, according" to their respective quotas, and commanded
by regimental officers appointed by the governors of the States.

A conservative estimate of the number which would be included in
the first four classes of troops, who have already had military service
and will be available for immediate action, is from 250,000 to 300,000.

The number of the fifth class — volunteers who may or may not
have had previous service — has no limit, except the possibilities of
transportation and supply.

The capacity of the National Guard organizations in general to serve
effectively as organizations, either militia or volunteer, in the national
army in case of war depends very largely upon the aid which they
receive from the National Government. The Guard is now armed
with a variety of weapons of different kinds and calibers, including
two different calibers of the obsolete Springfield rifle, the Lee, the
Remington-Lee, the Winchester, and the Krag-JOrgensen. In several
instances different National Guard organizations of the same State are
armed with different weapons of different calibers. Among all the
115,000 National Guardsmen of the different States and Territories
only about 4,000 have the modern service rifle of the United States
Army. With the exception of these 4,000 rifles the arms of the
Guard would be practically worthless in time of war, not merely
because they are inferior but because the Guard would have to look to
the United States Government for their ammunition, and the Govern-
ment will have no ammunition for the kind of rifles they carry : they
would have to look to the Government to replace the arms lost or
broken in service, and the Government will be unable to supply the
same kind. The militia and the volunteer National Guard organiza-
tions in general would, therefore, be obliged to throw away their
present arms at the beginning of a war and get reequipped with
weapons the use of which they had never learned.

THE MILITIA AND COAST DEFENSE.

One of the most valuable services which can be rendered to the
country by its militia, and the one which can be made the easiest and
most natural for it to render, is to supplement the regular force in
manning the coast defenses in time of war. Our present regular
force is none too large to take care of the guns and the machinery of
the fortifications in time of peace. It will be quite insufficient in war.

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 37

that the General Government shall furnish to the Guard the same arms
which it furnishes to the Regular Army, and for the voluntary partici-
pation by the Guard with the Regular Army in maneuvers and field
exercises for brief periods in each year. The bill also contains pro-
visions making the National Guard organizations which choose volun-
tarily to go beyond the limitations of militia service in effect a First
Volunteer Reserve, and further provisions for the enrollment of a
Second Volunteer Reserve not exceeding 100,000, to be composed of
trained men who have served in the National Guard or in the Regular
Army or the volunteer armies of the United States. These would
constitute the first volunteer regiments after the National Guard Vol-
unteers under any call by Congress. It also provides for ascertaining
by practical tests, in advance of a call for volunteers, the fitness of
members of the National Guard, graduates of the military schools and
colleges, and other citizens with military training, to hold volunteer
commissions, thus constituting an eligible list from which in case of a
call for volunteers the officers of the Second Reserve must be taken,
and the officers of the. general body of volunteers may be taken.
With the system provided for by the bill carried into effect we should
be able while maintaining a standing army of but 60,000 men to put a
force of at least 250,000 well-trained men into the field instantly upon
a declaration of war, and the cost would be less than to maintain but
a few additional regiments of regular troops.

The military force of the United States would then be as follows:

First. The Regular Army, capable of enlargement by the President,
when he sees war coming, to 100,000.

Second. Such of the organized militia (already trained as a national
guard, and just as valuable, when used in the manner hereinafter indi-
cated, as any other troops) as the President shall see fit to call into
the service of the United States for not exceeding nine months, to
repel invasion.

Third. A First Volunteer Reserve, composed of such companies,
troops, and regiments of the organized militia already trained as a
national guard as volunteer by organizations with all their officers
and men.

Fourth. A Second Volunteer Reserve, composed of men previously
enrolled and having previous military training in the National Guard,
the Regular Army or the Volunteer Army, and commanded by officers
whose fitness has been previously ascertained by practical tests under
the provisions of the militia act.

38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Fifth. Such further volunteers as it may be necessary to call forth
from the States, according to their respective quotas, and commanded
by regimental officers appointed by the governors of the States.

The number of the fifth class — volunteers who may or may not
have had previous service — has no limit, except the possibilities of
transportation and supply.

The capacity of the National Guard organizations in general to serve
effectively as organizations, either militia or volunteer, in the national
army in case of war depends very largely upon the aid which they
receive from the National Government. The Guard is now armed
with a variety of weapons of different kinds and calibers, including
two different calibers of the obsolete Springfield rifle, the Lee, the
Remington-Lee, the Winchester, and the Krag-Jorgensen. In several
instances different National Guard organizations of the same State are
armed with different weapons of different calibers. Among all the
115,000 National Guardsmen of the different States and Territories
only about 4,000 have the modern service rifle of the United States
Army. With the exception of these 4,000 rifles the arms of the
Guard would be practically worthless in time of war, not merely
because they are inferior but because the Guard would have to look to
the United States Government for their ammunition, and the Govern-
ment will have no ammunition for the kind of rifles they carry : they
would have to look to the Government to replace the arms lost or
broken in service, and the Government will be unable to supply the
same kind. The militia and the volunteer National Guard organiza-
tions in general would, therefore, be obliged to throw away their
present arms at the beginning of a war and get reequipped with
weapons the use of which they had never learned.

THE MILITIA AND COAST DEFENSE.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 39

The number of artillerymen for which Congress was asked to provide
in the act of February 2, 1901, was intentionally made small in view
of the manifest practicability of supplementing it by a well-trained
militia force, available in case of threatened attack. Manning the
coast fortifications is constitutional militia work, for it is always to
repel invasion. It can be undertaken by citizens living in the
neighborhood of the fortifications with less disturbance and sacrifice
than any other military duty, because it does not take them far away
from their homes and their business.

The handling of the modern high-power and rapid-tire guns and the
complicated machinery by which they are worked requires, it is true,
special training, but there is no trouble in securing a reasonable degree
of that for heavy artillery mjlitia organizations. For the past three
years I have been following closely the work of the First Massachu-
setts Heavy Artillery, which has been admitted each year to one or
another of the defenses on that coast for practice. The officers at all
the fortifications speak in high terms of the intelligence and readiness
with which they have acquired facility in doing the work. Many of
them are mechanics and take naturally to the machinery of defense.
On the other hand, the members of the regiment evidently take great
and sustained interest and satisfaction in the performance of their
duties. The same is true of the Connecticut artillery organization
which took part in the recent seacoast maneuvers, and of the Thirteenth
New York Heavy Artillery, and I doubt not of other organizations
with which I am less familiar.

If the militia bill above described becomes a law, an effort should be
made to procure the organization of a National Guard force of heavy
artillerymen in the neighborhood of each coast-defense fortification,
with the understanding that whenever the President finds occasion to
call out militia to repel invasion that organization will be called into
that fortification. In the meantime an immediate and special relation
should be established between the militia organization and the for-
tification for the purpose of practice and instruction. They should
oe made as familiar as possible with the use of the guns and methods
of defense at that particular point. In many cases it will be practi-
cable to give them facilities for meeting and keeping their equipment
on the military reservation, which would make unnecessary any out-
side armory for their use. Such an organization could readily perform
all its duties to the State serving as infantry, but it could at the same

40 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

time be distinctly known and constantly prepared for service as the
militia reserve of the fortification with which it sustains the relations
described.

Another very important function to be performed by militia, and
having the same characteristic of not requiring militiamen to render
any service except for the defense of their homes, is the service to be
rendered by infantry in the defense of our coast fortifications against
attack in reverse by land. That is a subject which ought to receive
early and earnest attention on the part of the Federal Government.
It is of great importance that an adequate force should be ready to
perform that service, should be ready to take their places without con-
fusion, and that there should be a perfect understanding as to where
the force is to come from, where they are to be posted, and how they
are to be supplied and maintained.

The National Guard contains two widely different elements. One is
composed of men who wish to perform their duty to the State and as
members of the militia, but do not wish, or do not feel at liberty, to
leave their families or their business interests and become soldiers for
all purposes, liable to be sent away for distant military operations.
The other element wish to go wherever there is adventure and a chance
to fight. The amount of strictly local military work of the highest
importance to be done in case of war is so great that the whole
National Guard force, of the seacoast States at all events, can be made
just as useful as if they all became volunteers for all purposes. In
order to accomplish this, however, there should be a careful prear-
rangement as to the distribution of duties.

FORT RILEY MANEUVERS AND CAMP SITES.

A good example of what can be done in the way of joint maneuvers
and exercise by regulars and militia, to the great advantage of both,
in preparation for general military service, has been furnished by the
concentration and exercise of troops at Fort Riley in the latter part of
September. Three regiments of regular infantry, two regiments of
infantrv of the National Guard of Kansas, a battalion of Colorado
infantry, a regiment of regular cavalry, five batteries of regular field
artillery, two batteries of Kansas field artillery, a battalion of regular
engineers, and detachments of the regular Signal Corps and Hospital
Corps were concentrated at that point and engaged for from five days
to two weeks in practicing field operations, involving work from the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 41

simplest outpost and patrol duties up to and including maneuvers by
brigade and division.

A large number of National Guard officers, besides those command-
ing troops in the maneuvers, and representing twenty different States
and two Territories, were present. A large number of National Guard
troops of other States would have been present had there been any
appropriations to pay their expenses. Both the officers of the Guard
and of the Regular Army unite in the opinion that both branches of
the service received great benefit; and the good understanding and
friendly feeling established between the two classes of officers who
were present at the maneuvers are most gratifying. Jealousy, super-
ciliousness, or a suspicion of it, and bad feeling- between regular and
volunteer officers have been some of the most fruitful causes of dissen-
sion and hindrance to general military efficiency in this country. The
best way to put an end to this is to bring the officers together and
get them to know each other and work with each other with a common
purpose.

General Bates, the commander of the Department of the Missouri,

says in his report:

The value of such concentrations and maneuverings can not be overestimated,
either to the regular forces or to the National Guard, as it gives to both an oppor-
tunity for observing the appearance and formation of a division under various
conditions, and affords to officers of the several arms of the service a chance for
seeing the evolutions and capabilities of the other arms, and enables them to
enlarge their circle of military acquaintanceship, which can rarely be done without
absorbing new ideas upon military subjects. During the exercises under discussion
young officers had constantly impressed upon them the value of studying the
terrain, with a view to protecting their commands by the accidents of the ground,
and of seizing advantageous positions. The lessons learned in this connection at
Fort Riley may be the means of saving many lives in future hostilities. The
power of modern weapons was well illustrated and accentuated by each opponent
maneuvering for position.

The report quoted from is annexed hereto, marked "Appendix K."
At the end of the encampment the officers representing Maryland,
Texas, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Dakota, Michigan,
Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Ohio, Indiana, Georgia, Illinois, Cali-
fornia, Florida, New York, Virginia, and Oklahoma met and passed
resolutions expressing their opinion as to the benefit of what had been
done.

A copy of the resolutions, signed by the respective officers, is
annexed hereto marked "Appendix L."

42 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

It is to be hoped that before another autumn the passage of the
militia bill will enable the War Department to facilitate the attend-
ance of greater numbers of National Guard troops for a repetition of
these maneuvers on a larger scale.

Section 35 of the act of February 2, 1901, directed the Secretary of
War to cause preliminary examinations and surveys to be made for
the purpose of selecting four sites with a view to the establishment
of permanent camp grounds for instruction of troops of the Regular
Army and National Guard. In compliance with this direction such pre-
liminary examinations and surveys have been made at places selected
by the board of general officers upon military posts and camp sites
already mentioned in this report; and on the 19th of May, 1902, the
reports of the examinations and surveys were transmitted to Congress.
(House Doc. No. 618, Fifty-seventh Congress, first session). The
sites selected by the board were at Fort Riley, Kans., where the
present reservation consists of about 20,000 acres; one in the vicinity
of Chickamauga Park, Ga., where a not very expensive addition to the
present park grounds now owned by the Government would suffice;
one in the Conewago Valley in Lebanon, Dauphin, and Lancaster
counties, Pa. ; and one on the Nacimiento Ranch, in Monterey and San
Luis Obispo counties, Cal.

Reports of examinations and estimates of the cost of several other
sites in Indiana, Kentucky, New Mexico, Texas, and Wisconsin were
also transmitted for the consideration of Congress. It is to be hoped
that Congress will proceed to carry out the design of the act of Feb-
ruary 2, 1901, by authorizing the purchase of a sufficient number of
sites in different parts of the country to make it possible to give to
the National Guard of all the States, and to the regular troops sta-
tioned in each section, the benefits of annual maneuvers similar to
those which have been inaugurated at Fort Riley.

GENERAL STAFF.

The most important thing to be done now for the Regular Army is
the creation of a general staff. I beg to call attention to the remarks
made upon this subject under the head of "Improvement of Army
organization" in the report for 1899 and under the head of "General
staff" in the report for 1901. Since the report for 1899 was made
many of the important measures then recommended for the greater
efficiency of the Army have been accomplished or are in course of

lent under authority conferred by legislation. Our mili-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 43

tary system is, however, still exceedingly defective at the top. We
have a personnel unsurpassed anywhere, and a population ready to
respond to calls for the increase of the personnel in case of need, up
to the full limit at which it is possible to transport and subsist an army.
We have wealth and a present willingness to expend it reasonably for
the procurement of supplies and material of war as plentiful and as
good as can be found in any country. We have the different branches
of the military service well organized, each within itself, for the per-
formance of its duties. Our administrative staff and supply depart-
ments, as a rule, have at their heads good and competent men,
faithful to their duties, each attending assiduously to the business of
his department.

But when wre come to the coordination and direction of all these
means and agencies of warfare, so that all parts of the machine shall
work true together, we are weak. Our system makes no adequate
provision for the directing brain which every army must have, to work
successfully. Common experience has shown that this can not be fur-
nished by any single man without assistants, and that it requires a
body of officers working together under the direction of a chief and
entirely separate from and independent of the administrative staff of an
army (such as the adjutants, quartermasters, commissaries, etc., each
of whom is engrossed in the duties of his own special department).
This body of officers, in distinction from the administrative staff,
has come to be called a general staff. There has been much misunder-
standing as to the nature and duties of a general staff. Brig. Gen.
Theodore Schwan, in his work on the organization of the German
army, describes it as follows:

In Prussia, at least, the term has been exclusively and distinctively applied, since
about 1789, to a body of officers to whom, as assistants to the commander in chief
and of his subordinate generals, is confided such work as is directly connected with
the designing and execution of military operations. That in Germany, as elsewhere,
chiefs of special arms, heads of supply departments, judge-advocates, etc., form an
important branch of the higher commands, goes without saying, but they are not
included in the term "general staff." Clause witz's dictum that the general staff is
intended to convert the ideas of the commanding general into orders, not only by
communicating the former to the troops, but rather by working out all matters of
detail, and thus relieving the general from a vast amount of unnecessary labor, is
not a sufficient definition of general staff duties, according to Von Schellendorf
(upon this question certainly the better authority), as it fails to notice the
important obligation of the general staff officer of constantly watching over the
effectiveness of the troops, which would be impaired by a lack of attention to their

44 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

material welfare. Out of this obligation grows, he says, the further duty of
furnishing to the heads of the supply departments and other officers attached to
headquarters such explanations touching the general military situation, or the effect
of a sudden change therein, as will enable them to carry out intelligently what is
expected of them. The general staff thus becomes a directing and explaining body,
and its chief, therefore, is in some respects the head of the whole staff. It follows
that of the two terms, staff and general staff, the Germans regard the former as the
more comprehensive one and as embracing the latter.

It is conceded on all hands that the almost phenomenal success that has attended
the German (Prussian) arms during the last thirty years is due in a large degree to
the corps of highly trained general staff officers which the German army possesses.

Neither oar political nor our military system makes it suitable that
we should have a general staff organized like the German general staff
or like the French general staff; but the common experience of man-
kind is that the things which those general staffs do, have to be done
in every well-managed and well-directed army, and they have to be
done by a body of men especially assigned to do them. We should
have such a body of men selected and organized in our own way
and in accordance with our own system to do those essential things.
The most intelligible way to describe such a body of men, however
selected and organized, is by calling it a general staff, because its
duties are staff duties and are general in their character.

The duties of such a body of officers can be illustrated by taking for
example an invasion of Cuba, such as we were all thinking about a
few years ago. It is easy for a President, or a general acting under
his direction, to order that 50,000 or 100,000 men proceed to Cuba
and capture Havana. To make an order which has any reasonable
chance of being executed he must do a great deal more than that. He
must determine how many men shall be sent and how they shall be
divided among the different arms of the service, and how they shall
be armed, and equipped, and to do that he must get all the informa-
tion possible about the defenses of the place to be captured and the
strength and character and armament of the forces to be met. He
must determine at what points and by what routes the place shall
be approached, and at what points his troops shall land in Cuba; and
for this purpose he must be informed about the various harbors of
the island and the depth of their channels; what classes of vessels
can enter them; what the facilities for landing are; how they are
defended; the character of the roads leading from them to the place
to be attacked; the character of the intervening country; how far it is
healthful or unhealthful; what the climate is liable to be at the season

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 45

of the proposed movement; the temper and sympathies of the inhabi-
tants; the quantity and kind of supplies that can be obtained from
the country; the extent to which transportation can be obtained, and
a great variety of other things which will go to determine whether it
is better to make the approach from one point or from another, and
to determine what it will be necessary for the Army to carry with it
in order to succeed in moving and living and fighting.

All this information it is the business of a general staff to procure
and present. It is probable that there would be in such case a number
of alternative plans, each having certain advantages and disadvantages,
and these should be worked out each by itself, with the reasons for
and against it, and presented to the President or general for his deter-
mination. This the general staff should do. This can not be done in
an hour. It requires that the staff shall have been at work for a long
time collecting the information and arranging it and getting it in form
to present. Then at home, where the preparation for the expedition
is to be made, the order must be based upon a knowledge of the men
and material available for its execution; how many men there are who
can be devoted to that purpose, from what points they are to be
drawn, what bodies of troops ought to be left or sent elsewhere, and
what bodies may be included in the proposed expedition; whether
there are ships enough to transport them; where they are to be
obtained; whether they are properly fitted up; what more should be
done to them; what are the available stocks of clothing, arms and
ammunition, and engineers' material, and horses and wagons, and all
the innumerable supplies and munitions necessary for a large expedi-
tion; how are the things to be supplied which are not ready, but which
are necessary, and how long time will be required to supply them.

All this and much more necessary information it is the business
of a general staff to supply. When that has been done the order is
made with all available knowledge of all the circumstances upon
which the movement depends for its success. It is then the business
of a general staff to see that every separate officer upon whose action
the success of the movement depends understands his share in it and
does not lag behind in the performance of that share; to see that
troops and ships and animals and supplies of arms and ammunition
and clothing and food, etc., from hundreds of sources, come together
at the right times and places. It is a laborious, complicated, and
difficult work, which requires a considerable number of men whose
special business it is and who are charged with no other duties.

46 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

It was the lack of such a body of men doing that kind of work
which led to the confusion attending the Santiago expedition in the
summer of 1898. The confusion at Tampa and elsewhere was the neces
sary result of having a large number of men, each of them doing his
own special work the best he could, but without any adequate force of
officers engaged in seeing that they pulled together according to
detailed plans made beforehand. Such a body of men doing general stafl
duty is just as necessary to prepare an army properly for war in time
of peace as it is in time of war. It is not an executive body; it is not
an administrative body; it acts only through the authority of others.
It makes intelligent command possible by procuring and arranging
information and working out plans in detail, and it makes intelligent
and effective execution of commands possible by keeping all the
separate agents advised of the parts they are to play in the general
scheme.

In creating a general staff I think we should change the desig-
nation of the officer whom we have called the Commanding General of
the Army to Chief of Staff, and at the same time enlarge his powers
by giving him the immediate direction of the supply departments,
which are now independent of the Commanding General of the Army
and report directly to the Secretary of War. The position of the
Commanding General of the Army is not created by statute. It
depends entirely upon executive order, and it could be abolished at
any time by the President and the position of Chief of Staff could
be created in its place. Legislative action, however, is desirable in
two directions. One is to provide for the performance of duties of
the president of the Board of Ordnance and Fortification and the
president of the Board of Commissioners of the Soldiers' Home,
both of which have been attached by statute to the position of the
Commanding General of the Army. The other line of legislative
action needed is to authorize the control of the Secretary of War
over the supply departments to be exercised through the Chief of
Staff. This probably could not be done except by Congress.

The change of title from " Commanding General of the Army" to
14 Chief of Staff" would be of little consequence were it not that
the titles denote and imply in the officers bearing them the exist-
ence of widely different kinds of authority. When an officer is
appointed to the position of "Commanding General of the Army" he
naturally expects to command, himself, with a high degree of inde-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 47

pendence, following his own ideas rather than the ideas of others.
We cannot ordinarily expect an officer placed in such a position
and thus endowed with what purports to be the right and title to
command, not to stand up for his right to really command and not
to regard any attempt to control his action or limit his power as
unjustifiable interference.

The title of Chief of Staff, on the other hand, denotes a duty to advise,
inform, and assist a superior officer who has command, and to represent
him, acting in his name and by his authority in carrying out his poli-
cies and securing the execution of his commands. The officer who
accepts the position assumes the highest obligation to be perfectly
loyaito his commander, to exclude all personal interest from his advice
and representation, and to try, in the most whole-hearted way, to help
him to right conclusions, and to successful execution of his policies
even though his conclusions may not agree with the advice given. For
the successful performance of his duties the chief of staff must have
the entire confidence of his commander. In proportion as he merits
that confidence, the chief of staff gradually comes to find his advice
usually accepted, and to really exercise the authority of his com-
mander, subject only to the most general directions, just as Von Moltke
exercised the authority of King William of Prussia as his chief of
staff.

Experience has shown that it is impossible for any officer to really
exercise in this country, in time of peace, the powers which appear
and are assumed to be conferred along with the title of " Command-
ing General of the Army." This follows from the constitution of our
Government. The Constitution requires the President to be the com-
mander of the Army, and a great variety of laws require the Secre-
tary of War, who directly represents the President, to supervise and
direct the expenditure of the vast sums of money appropriated annu-
ally by Congress for the support of the Army. As every important
movement requires the use of money, so long as the Secretary of
War performs this duty faithfully he must practically control the
operations of the Army in time of peace, and there can not be any
independent command of the Army, except that which the President,
himself exercises over the Secretary of War and everybody else in
the military establishment. It is because Congress has always looked
to the civilian Secretary at the head of the War Department to hold
the purse strings, that the laws require all the great departments

48 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

which build the fortifications and furnish the arms, supplies, and
munitions of war, and actually expend the money for those purposes,
such as the Engineer, Ordnance, Quartermaster's, and Subsistence
Departments, to act under the direction of the Secretary, and withhold
from the officer who is called "Commanding General of the Army"
all control over those departments.

This way of treating the expenditure of money is an expression of
the ingrained tendency of the American people to insist upon civilian
control of the military arm. Our fathers inherited that from England
and we have always held to it. It is not likely to be changed in sub-
stance. One result of the arrangement is that the officer who is called
"Commanding General of the Army" can not in time of peace really
exercise any substantial power at all unless he acts in conformity to
the policy and views of the Secretary of War, acting under the direc-
tion of the President; that is to say, he can not exercise any independ-
ent command; and this must always be so as long as the Secretary of
War performs the duties which are imposed upon him by law and
which are essential to the maintenance of civilian control over the mil-
itary establishment. It was the inability to exercise the power which
the title of "Commanding General of the Army" appears to carry with
it, but which does not really exist, that led General Scott to leave Wash-
ington and establish his headquarters in New York and General Sher-
man to remove to St. Louis, both of them abandoning the attempt to
do anything in connection with the administration of the Army in
Washington. And this difficulty has been the cause of almost constant
conflict and bitter feeling in the administration of the Army for the
past fifty years, to the very great injury of the service and very great
loss of efficiency.

It does not follow, however, that the principal and most trusted
general of the army can not exercise a great and commanding influ-
ence in the control of the army, and practically manage it in all mili-
tary matters. What does follow is that he can do this only by aban-
doning the idea of independent command and by assuming the position
and performing the functions which I have described as belonging to
a chief of staff. General Schofield did this with entire success and
rendered great service to the country by doing so. I quote his own
words in describing the course he followed:

Recent experience has served to confirm all the results of my life-long study and
large experience that the proper position for the senior officer of the Army on duty

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 49

at Washington is not that of commanding general, a position which is practically
impossible, but that of general in chief, which means in fact chief of staff to the
President. The title of general in chief was a permanent one during the entire
history of the country up to the time when General Grant became Lieutenant-General.
When I became the commanding general I addressed to the President a letter in
which I pointed out to him what had been the result of my study and experience,
and saying that the only way was to abandon entirely, which I did during my seven
years of service, all pretense of being the commanding general and to content myself
with acting as the chief of staff of the Army under the Secretary of War and the
President. The result was that perfect harmony prevailed during my time, and I
did exercise a legitimate influence in command of the Army, this because I did not
claim to exercise anything which the law did not give me.

Everybody is not as self- restrained and sensible as General Schofield,
and the best way to secure from others the same kind of good service
that he rendered, is to give the officer from whom it is expected a
designation which indicates what he is really to do.

TRANSPORT SERVICE.

The reduction of the force in the Philippines has made possible a
large reduction of the transport service on the Pacific. The regular
service between San Francisco and Manila has been reduced from
bimonthly to monthly sailings. Marked economies have been effected
in the conduct of the business in San Francisco. Several ships have
been sold, although after most extensive and painstaking advertising
very inadequate prices have been realized. Three ships, the Hancock,
Relief, and Lawton, have been turned over to the Navy Department,
which could make profitable use of them, and one, the Grant, has been
turned over to the Engineer Corps, which can save a hundred thousand
and odd dollars more than the ship could be sold for, by using her in
river and harbor work. I ask that authority be given for charging
the fair value of these ships to the naval and river and harbor appro-
priations, respectively, and crediting them to the appropriation for
transportation of the Army against which they now stand charged.

In October bids were invited from commercial lines for transporta-
tion of passengers and freight for the Army between San Francisco,
Portland, Seattle, and Tacoma and Manila, until June 30, 1903. A num-
ber of bids have been received, but the comparative advantage of oper-
ating under them has not yet been worked out, and no contract has been
awarded. As rapidly as it becomes apparent that the Government
business can be done more economically in any part, or as a whole, by
this method, it is the purpose of the Department to follow the same
war 1902— vol 1 4

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

course which has been followed upon the Atlantic in discontinuing the
use of Government transports, and to put the business in the hands of
commercial lines on the basis of open competition.

I am satisfied that it is practicable for private shippers to do all
ordinary business much cheaper than it is possible for the Govern-
ment to do it, under the limitations which rest upon Government
action, and that thev can afford to do the business for less than it costs
the Government and still make a profit. At the same time by follow-
ing this method the Government will be aiding to build up regular
commercial lines between the Pacific coast and Manila, which is much
to be desired.

PROMOTION OF INDIVIDUAL ECONOMY IN THE ARMY.

The act of May 15, 1872, under which the Government acts practi-
cally as a savings bank for enlisted men, has been very beneficial in its
operation. Under that law enlisted men may deposit their savings,
in sums not less than $5, with paymasters, and upon deposits of not
less than $50, remaining for a period of six months or longer, interest
is paid at the rate of 4 per cent per annum. Without some such pro-
vision, under the ordinary conditions of army life, the soldier would
have no means of investing or taking care of any savings from his
pay, and the tendency would be to spend the pay, whenever oppor-
tunity offered, up to the full limit.

Under this law deposits of enlisted men's savings for the past four
years and the amounts of principal and interest paid to enlisted men
against deposits on their leaving the service have been as follows:

Fiscal year ending June 30—

1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.

Total

Number of
separate
deposits.

37,842

91,461

111,004

80,883

Aggregate
amount of de-
posits.

Number
men paid

their
deposits on
discharge.

SI, 496, 762. 31
3,215,544.66
3,438,529.11
2,660,250.66

28,508

27,571

78,948

104,109

10,811,086.74

239,136

Principal paid.

Interest
paid.

$61,273.96
43,234.89
114,750.37
3,002,424.24 ! 147,441.81

$988,774.63
1,028,146.34
2,955,169.39

7,974,514.60

366,701.02

The amount of savings reported yby the Paymaster-General as
remaining in the Treasury to the credit of enlisted men on the 30th of
June, 1902, was $4,269,244.81. The effect of this arrangement has
been to promote economy, discourage useless aud profligate expendi-

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 51

ture, and to give the men who leave the service an accumulation upon
which to start in civil life.

I concur in the recommendation of the Adjutant-General that the
privilege of this statute should be extended to officers. They are sub-
ject to very much the same conditions, preventing them from readily
caring for or investing the small savings which the practice of economy
may reserve from their salaries, and the natural tendency of such
conditions is to prevent their economizing. When an officer has a
natural tendency to economy and accumulation he finds himself con-
fronted by a long-established policy of the Department, which
discourages any participation in business enterprises by the officers
of the Army, and which seems to be wise. If officers invest money
they naturally put it into enterprises in the neighborhood of their
stations, and they become involved in business affairs which are liable
to develop interests inconsistent with their official duties.

The conditions of military life are such that officers of the Army
have not the training or the knowledge of business affairs to make
them, as a rule, successful in their investments. Many most distress-
ing cases of demoralization of officers of good natural parts, and origi-
nally of bright promise, have come from their becoming involved in
debt through ill-advised business investments which have been unsuc-
cessful, or which have led to extravagance of living by reason of san-
guine expectations of profit never realized. It is of the highest impor-
tance that the officers of the Army should live within their means, and
whatever measures encourage economy tend toward that end, and pro-
mote good habits, attention to duty, efficiency, and good administration
of military affairs.

The frequent changes which are necessary for the officers of our
small Army and the very great distances which they are obliged to
travel, often make an order for a change of station work really
great hardship by requiring the officer to pay the cost of transporting
' his furniture above the limit allowed by law as a charge upon the
Treasury. The deterioration of the furniture by frequent removals is
also great. I think it desirable that the same course should be adopted
for officers of the Armv which is followed by the Navv as to its offi-
cers who occupy public quarters on shore, and that the Government
should supply the heavy furniture for officers' quarters.

The Government, buying the furniture in large quantities, could
get it at a very much smaller first cost than the officers can; the fur-

52 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

niture, remaining permanently in the same quarters, would depreciate
much less rapidly than when it is moved about from post to post, and
the cost of transportation, which is now paid partly by the Govern-
ment and partly by the officer, would be altogether saved. The sav-
ing to the officer would undoubtedly make it practicable for him to
pay a moderate rental to the Government for the use of the furniture
sufficient to constitute a renewal fund and perhaps to reimburse the
original expense. I annex hereto, marked "Appendix M," a memo-
randum addressed to the Quartermaster-General on the 16th of Octo-
ber, 1902, calling for information on this subject, and a memorandum
by that officer in reply, dated November 5, 1902. I hope that the
subject will receive the favorable consideration of Congress.

THE CANTEEN.

Referring to the operation of section 38 of the act of February 2,
1901, which prohibits the sale of beer and light wines in post
exchanges, I said in my last report that a great body of reports had
been received which indicated that the effect of the law was unfortu-
nate, but that I thought a sufficient time had not elapsed to give the
law a fair trial, and that the observation and report of its working
would be continued during the ensuing year.

A great number of additional reports have now been received, and
they confirm the impression produced by the earlier reports. I am
convinced that the general effect of prohibiting the use of beer and
light wines within the limited area of the army post is to lead the
enlisted men to go out of the post, to frequent vile resorts which cluster
in the neighborhood, to drink bad whisky to excess, and to associate
intimately with abandoned men and more abandoned women; and that
the operation of the law is to increase drunkenness, disease of the most
loathsome kind, insubordination and desertion, and moral and phjrsical
degeneration.

These reports are ready to be sent to Congress whenever that body
desires to consider the subject.

ALASKAN TELEGRAPH SY8TEM.

The Signal Corps has exhibited great activity, under circumstances
of great difficulty, in pressing forward the construction of the
system of military telegraph lines in the Territory of Alaska, under
the act of May 2tf, 1900. They have built and put in working order in
Alaska, within a period of twenty-four months, 1,121 miles of land

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 53

lines and submarine cables. When the exceedingly difficult physical
conditions within the Territory are considered, and the labor and
hardships which the officers and men of the corps encountered, are
appreciated, the construction of this telegraph system must be regarded
as an additional illustration of the tireless energy and indomitable
spirit which characterize this branch of our service. Efforts were
made to introduce wireless telegraphy in Alaska, and a contract was
made for the establishment of communication according to the Fes-
senden system between Nome and St. Michael. The work was to be
completed by the 1st of October, 1902, but the contract was not
performed.

I wish to call especial attention to the importance of a cable between
the northwestern coast of the State of Washington and the southern
point of our Alaskan territory, so as to connect the telegraph system
of the United States with the telegraph system in Alaska. The Gov-
ernment of the United States is maintaining troops in Alaska at
various points. It is responsible for the maintenance of order. Dis-
turbances are always liable to occur in new mining camps, and there
is always a possibility of their occurring along a frontier line. Our
only present means of communicating by telegraph with our officers,
or with anyone concerned in the government of Alaska, is over the
Canadian land lines.

MILITARY REPRESENTATIVES IN EUROPE.

In June last the War Department received, through the State
Department, from His Majesty the German Emperor, a courteous
invitation for Maj. Gen. Henry C. Corbin, Maj. Gen. S. B. M. Young,
and Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood to attend the autumn maneuvers of
the Prussian army as the guests of the German Emperor. The invi-
tation was accepted, and the officers named were directed to attend the
maneuvers. Acknowledgment is due for the great courtesy which
was showu them by the Emperor, and by all officers of the German
army whom they met. Similar acknowledgments are due to the
Governments of France and Great Britain, and to the officers of their
armies, for many courtesies shown to American officers and many
facilities afforded to them for acquiring useful information upon mili-
tary subjects.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

GENERAL WAR DEPARTMENT SERVICE.

•

The year has been characterized generally by faithful and painstak-
ing work by the different bureaus of the War Department and by the
civilian force of the Department. The Quartermaster's, Subsistence,
and Pay departments have dealt ably and successfully with the ditti
culties presented by rapidly changing conditions and constant move
ment of troops. The transportation of the Army has been accom-
plished with promptness and comfort, and the clothing and food
supplied have been of the best quality.

I wish especially to make acknowledgment of the devoted and able
services of the Assistant Secretary of War, Col. William Cary Sanger,
and of the Chief Clerk of the Department, Mr. John C. Scofield.

EXPENDITURES, APPROPRIATIONS, AND ESTIMATES.

The expenditures for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, the esti-
mates of appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, the
appropriations for the present fiscal year, and the estimates of appro-
priations required for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, are as
follows:

General object.

Expenditures

for the fiscal

year ended

June 30, 1902.

Estimates for

the fiscal year

ending June

30,1903.

81,638,266.00

237,307.26

32,000.00

57,000.00

15, 700. 00

Appropriations
for the fiscal
year ending

June 30, 1903.

Estimates for

the fiscal
year ending
June 30, 1904.

CIVIL ESTABLISHMENT.

Salaries, regular force

$1,300,949.57

559,138.08

24,458.13

43,304.19

14, 550. 00

$1,310,196.00

596,400.00

30,000.00

55,000.00

15,300.00

$1,859,126.00

Salaries, temporary force

Stationery, War Department

25,000.00

50,000.00

15,600.00

500.00

Contingent expenses, War Department.
Rent, War Department

Postage, War Department

1,000.00

Salaries and contingent expenses
under Superintendent Public Build-
ings and Grounds

66,208.56

67. 220. 00

67,320.00

70,670.00

■

Total civil establishment

2,009,608.53 j 2,047,493.26

2,074,216.00

2.020,896.00

MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT.

Pay, etc., of the Armv

26,209.17

36,137,867.90

6,421,391.73

245,379.06

106,492.80

92,640.00

33,725.225.78

11,934,916.25

399,200.00

92,140.00

32,700,796.41

11,000,000.00

399,200.00

45,500.00

29,672,364.87

7, 338, 955. HO

549. 000. 00

Subsistence of the Army

Signal service of the Army

Military telegraph and cable lines,

United States service schools

14, 997. 08

25,000.00

25,000.00
16,500.00

25.000.00

School of Submarine Defense, Fort
Totten, N. Y

18,000.00
15,000.00
25,000.00

Army War College

Engineer School, Washington, D. C . . . i

45,000.00

46,000.00

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Regular supplie

iil'l.ti.-lil.il rxy.Oli-t".. iJlluT-lrrljjil-lcl-'.l

i«TJorti»ent

Ilarriu'ks iinil quarter*

llnniK'li- iirii] i_| I III CIh.S-T-. I'ljrllpj'ilir

Islands

Army tnwmmMm

<"'i»vji lr>" -iind artillery horses...........

Clothing, etc

Olwtrm'tlOTl uml r.-l .nil" . -f iir>.[>illll....

Quarters for hoeplinl stewards

ahi»>litijj KJifckTJt--' jlthI muges

Military [»*(■ exchanges

Arm; ^-ill-till !iu-|jllu!a

Medical ami Hospital tlcpartincnt

Army Mi-'linil M ii-i.-i.mh anil Library ..

Ensrim-iT depot

Engineer depot, Wlllets Point, N.Y ...
Buildings, EngiTiL'tr Sell.*.-!. Wn-hiiii;-

Kin.'iii.iT ii|ulpment of troops

Ulvlliini u-.j.tulit- [,, L-ilitilK'i-r ■itli.'i.-r. .

tiriliimiiT. ordnance stores and. aup-
P«™

Kstimu[e> fu
rlldillfc' Jl'llli

K, COO, 000. 00

iminiprmlHms

6,000,000.00
150, 000. 00 !
1&,OI».00 i

Emcrgi-niy fund. War Depart

Mil! ttry Academy

Total military establish

Oun and mortar battc

Torpedoes for harbor i

Sites lor fortification

dafenses

1 repair, and plane

Sea walls and embankments

Armament ol lortiikntlnns

Board of Ordnance and Fortification .
Other fortifications appropriations . ..
KuiHini'-iiri'i if r- -i mi- I - n. Washington,

24,711.7-1
42,362.20

to, 500, a
2,800,01

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

General object

public works— continued.

River and harbor improvements under
the con tinuing-con tract system

River and harbor improvements under
the Mississippi River Commission ...

Ri ver and harbor improvements under
the Missouri River Commission

Improving rivers and harbors under
the Chief of Engineers

Total public works

MISCELLANEOUS.

National cemeteries, etc

8urveys, maps, etc

Artificial limbs and appliances
California Debris Commission .

Bringing home the remains of officers,
soldiers, and civil employees who die
abroad, and soldiers who die on
transports

Prevention of deposits, harbor of New
York

National Home for Disabled Volun-
teer Soldiers

Aid to State and Territorial homes

Miscellaneous items

Total miscellaneous
Grand total

Expenditures

for the fiscal

year ended

June 30, 1902.

113,802,860. 15

23,448,288.52

229,419.08

110,870.38

121,225.69

10,535.89

109,817.61

72,782.01

3,236,434.40

1,004,724.80

2,500.00

Estimates for Appropriations laminate* for
the fiscal year for the fiscal the fiscal

ending June
30,1903.

/ear ending | year ending
une 30, 1903. : June 30, 1904.

$5,489,377.50

2,695,000.00

315,200.00

$12,306,360.00 $16,570,339.33
2,200,000.00 2,000,006.00

20,113,100.00 18,058,839.94

49,914,383.40

46,682,701.94 j 40,175,613.03

4,898,309.76

108,798,433.62

313,814.05

205,100.00

516,000.00

15,000.00

90,000.00

70,260.00

3,434,294.00

950,000.00

4,055.10

5,598,523.15

157,409,836.26

298,814.00

155,100.00

516,000.00

15,000.00

90,000.00

70,260.00

3,894,669.00

950,000.00

7,000.00

5,996,843.00

146,937,395.77

265,380.00

180,100.00

154,000.00

15,000.00

45,000.00

120,260.00

4,039,458.00

950,000.00

87,218.10

6,806,411.10

125,989,435.42

RECAPITULATION.

General object.

Expenditures

for the fiscal

year ended

June 30, 1902.

Estimates for

the fiscal year

ending June 30,

1903.

Civil establishment $2, 009, 608. 63

Military establishment (support of the
Army and Military Academy ) 78, 442, 226. 81

Public works (including fortifications
and river and harbor improvements)

Miscellaneous

23,448,288.52
4,898,309.76

Grand total I 108,798,433.62

$2,047,493.26

99,849,436.45

49,914,383.40
5,598,523.15

157,409,836.26

Appropriations
for the fiscal
year ending
June 30, 1903.

$2,074,216.00

92,283,634.83

46,582,701.94
5,996,843.00

146,937,395.77

Estimates for

the fiscal year

ending June

80,1904.

$2,020,896.00

77,986,516.29

40,175,618.03
5,806,411.10

126,989,485.42

General object.

Net increase of esti-
mates for 1904 as
compared with esti-
mates for 1903.

Civil establishment.

Net decrease of esti-
mates for 1904 as
compared with esti-
mates for 1903.

Military establishment (support of
Army and Military Academy) .

the

Public works (including fortifications
and river and harbor improvements)

Miscellaneous

Grand total

Less increase

$207,887.95

207,887.95

$26,597.26

21,862,921.16

9,738,770.37

Net decrease of
estimates for 1904
as compared with

appropriations
for 1908.

$68, 82a 00

14,297,119.64

6,407,088.91
190,481.90

31,628,288.79

20,947,960.85

Net decrease of estimates for 1904
as compared with estimates
for 1903

207,887.96

31,420,400.84

REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

A comparative statement of the last four estimates submitted to
Congress for the support of the military establishment proper, and of
the appropriations and expenditures thereon, is as follows:

Submitted in December, 1899, for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1901

Submitted in December, 1900, for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1902

Submitted in December, 1901, for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1903

Submitted in December, 1902, for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1904

Estimates.

$128,170,583.54

113,568,319.39

99,849,436.45

77,986,515.29

Appr >priations.

$114,586,229.22

116,249,552.78

92,283,634.83

Expenditures.

$105,702,101.02

78,442,226.81

It will be observed that estimates have progressively decreased.
The estimate for 1901 was, in round numbers, $128,000,000; for 1902,
$113,000,000; for 1903, $99,000,000; for 1904, $77,000,000. Upon the
estimate for $128,000,000 for 1901, the appropriations were $114,000,000
and the expenditures $105,000,000; upon the estimate for $113,000,000
for 1902, the appropriations were $116,000,000 and the expenditures
$78,000,000.

The estimates presented this year for the support of the mili-
tary establishment proper, involving chiefly things consumed during
the year, are $14,000,000 less than last year's appropriations and
$21,000,000 less than last year's estimates. On the other hand, we
are asking Congress for considerable increases in appropriations for
investment in permanent plant, such as sites for fortifications and
seacoast defenses, gun and mortar batteries, armament of fortifica-
tions, arsenals, and military posts.

Expenditures from indefinite and permanent annual appropriations
and appropriations for war claims and relief acts are not included in
the above statement, but are shown in Appendix N to this report,
which is a complete and detailed statement of all appropriations under
the direction of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1902, showing the balances from appropriations of the preceding
fiscal year, the amounts appropriated under each title of appropria-
tion, the amounts drawn from the Treasury upon requisition, and the
unexpended balances June 30, 1902.

There were no expenditures from the appropriation for national
defense (War) during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, but repay-

58 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

merits to this fund were made from several bureaus by covering into
the Treasury the following amounts:

Ordnance Department 1346,805.61

Quartermaster's Department 464. 76

Paymaster's Department 473. 01

Total 347,743.38

and the present condition of this appropriation is shown in the fol-
lowing tabulated statement :

Condition of the special emergency appropriation for national defense {war) under the

War Department,

Amounts allot-
Allotments. ! ted to June

30, 1899.

9225,000.00
9, 081, 4%. 86
5,585,000.00
1,989,230.82

Office of Secretary of War

Ordnance Department

Engineer Department

Quartermaster's Department

Medical Department I 1,520,000.00

Pay Department :.' 255,000.00

Signal Service 238, 900. 00

Light-House Board 75, 000. 00

Total 18,969,627.68

Balances June
30,1902.

1931.08

1,160.406.36

12,393.07

2,029.34

46,028.31

2, 399. 26

1,224,187.37

As stated in the last annual report, it had been held by the Comp-
troller of the Treasury that the appropriation for national defense
lapsed on June 30, 1901, by reason of the limitation of the acts of
March 9, 1898 (30 Stats., 274), and June 5, 1899 (30 Stats., 781), and
that consequently the balances remaining to the credit of the several
bureaus of the War Department were no longer available for
expenditure.

Subsequent to this decision of the Comptroller, a provision was
inserted in the urgent deficiency act approved February 14, 1902,
with reference to the naval establishment, reappropriating the unex-
pended balance of the national defense appropriation, and making it
"available for expenditure in fulfillment of contracts heretofore made
and properly chargeable to said appropriation.'' Under date of April
25, 1902, the Comptroller decided that balances of this appropriation
remaining to the credit of the several bureaus of the War Department
are available for expenditure in fulfillment of contracts made by
the War Department before June 30, 1901, and properly chargeable
to said appropriation.

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 59

CIVIL GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES.

The Philippine government act of July 1, 1902, adopts and continues
with enlarged powers the system of government built up under the
President's instructions of April 7, 1900. The growth and character
of that government were described in my last annual report. 1 trans-
mit herewith all the statutes passed by the Philippine Commission
from and including act No. 264, passed October 14, 1901, to and includ-
ing act No. 424, passed July 1, 1902. These, together with the acts
previously transmitted to Congress, constitute the entire bodjr of leg-
islation by the Philippine Commission prior to the passage of the Phil-
ippine government act by Congress.

The enacting clause of all these laws is "By authority of the
President of the United States, be it enacted by the United States
Philippine Commission" Their authority as law rests: First, upon
the power vested in the Commission by the President in the exercise
of his war powers under the Constitution, in the instructions of April
7, 1900. Second, upon the sanction given to those instructions in that
part of the act of March 2, 1901, commonly known as the "Spooner
amendment," which provided:

All military, civil and judicial powers necessary to govern the Philippine Islands,
acquired from Spain by the treaties concluded at Paris on the tenth day of December,
1898, and at Washington on the seventh day of November, 1900, shall, until other-
wise provided by Congress, be vested in such person and persons and shall be exer-
cised in such manner as the President of the United States shall direct for the
establishment of civil government and for maintaining and protecting the inhabitants
of said islands in the free enjoyment of their liberty, ^property and religion.

And Third, upon the provision of the Philippine government act of
July 1, 1902.

That the action of the President of the United States in creating the Philippine
Commission and authorizing said Commission to exercise the powers of government
to the extent and in the manner and form and subject to the regulation and control
set forth in the instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission, dated
April 7, 1900, * * * is hereby approved, ratified, and confirmed.

The statutes passed by the Philippine Commission after the 1st of
July, 1902, will rest upon the authority conferred beforehand upon
the Commission by Congress in that act, and the enacting clause will
be: "By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Phil-
ippine Commission."

60 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

A report by the Philippine Commission has been mailed at Manila
and is in transit to Washington. Upon its arrival it will be trans-
mitted to Congress and with it will be sent copies of all acts passed
by the Commission since the 1st of July, 1902.

Sections 63, 64 and 65 of the act of July 1, 1902, authorize the
Commission to acquire title to lands of religious orders held in such
large tracts as to injuriously affect the peace and welfare of the peo-
ple of the islands, to issue bonds in payment for such land, to sell the
land, with a preference to actual settlers and occupants, and to apply
the proceeds to paying the principal and interest of the bonds. After
the bill containing these provisions had been reported favorably by
the committees of both Houses, but before the passage of the bill,
Governor Taft being about to return from Washington to his post at
Manila via the Suez Canal, was directed to stop at Rome for the pur-
pose stated in the following extract from his instructions:

In view, therefore, of the critical situation of this subject in the Philippines, and
of the apparent impossibility of disposing of the matter there by negotiation with
the friars themselves, the President does not feel at liberty to lose the opportunity
for effective action afforded by your presence in the West. He wishes you to take
the subject up tentatively with the ecclesiastical superiors who must ultimately
determine the friars' course of conduct, and endeavor to reach at least a basis of
negotiation along lines which will be satisfactory to them and to the Philippine
government, accompanied by a full understanding on both sides of the facts and of
the views and purposes of the parties to the negotiation, so that when Congress
shall have acted the business may proceed to a conclusion without delay.

These instructions were complied with and resulted in a very full
and satisfactory understanding as to the methods to be adopted for
disposing of the various questions arising out of the separation of
church and state in the Philippine Islands required by the change of
sovereignty. The papers establishing this basis of an understanding
are annexed hereto, marked " Appendix O." The negotiations are
now proceeding at Manila between Governor Taft and Monsignor
Guidi, the Papal delegate to the Philippines, in accordance with the
understanding reached at Rome. I have no doubt that, although
many of the questions involved are delicate and difficult, just conclu-
sions will be reached, satisfactorjr to both sides.

The trade of the islands has been greatly hampered during the past
year by the ravages of rinderpest, causing a mortality in some prov-
inces of over 90 per cent among the carabao, and a consequent short-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

age of food crops. Business in many sections has been seriously
interrupted by an epidemic of cholera, yet the imports for the fiscal
year 1902 were greater than in any previous year in the history of
the archipelago, and exports were exceeded in but two previous
years, 1870 and 1889. The total merchandise, exclusive of gold and
silver and Government supplies, imported during the fiscal year 1902
was $32,141,842, as against $30,279,406 for the fiscal year 1901 and
$20,601,436 for the fiscal year 1900, and the total value of merchan-
dise exported during the fiscal year 1902 was $23,927,679, as against
$23,214,948 for the fiscal year 1901 and $19,751,068 for the fiscal year
1900, an increase of 6 per cent in the value of imports for the fiscal
year 1902 over the fiscal year 1901 and of 56 per cent over the fiscal
year 1900, and an increase in the value of exports for the fiscal year
1902 over the fiscal year 1901 of 3 per cent and over the fiscal year
1900 of 21 per cent.

The imports for the fiscal year 1902 came from the following
countries:

United States $4,035,243

United Kingdom 5, 523, 161

Germany 2,356,548

France 1,524,523

China $4,300,959

Hongkong 1,820,109

British East Indies 2, 995, 192

French East Indies 3,244,329

Spain 2,388,542 Other countries 3,953,236

The exports for the same period went to the following countries:

United States $7,691,743

United Kingdom 8,282,979

Germany 75,626

France 955,828

Spain 868,528

China 462,946

Hongkong $3,183,482

Japan 925,767

British East Indies 670, 819

Australasia 437,840

Other countries 372, 121

The imports from the United States amounted to $4,035,243 in 1902
as against $2,855,685 in 1901 and $1,657,701 in 1900, or an increase
for the past year over 1900 of 143 per cent. The value of merchan-
dise exported to this country in 1902 was $7,691,743 as against
$2,572,021 in 1901 and $3,522,160 in 1900, showing an increase in
favor of the latest period over 1900 of 118 per cent.

The United States shows greater gains of imports for the fiscal year
1902 than any other country, except the French East Indies, which
shows a great increase in the quantity of rice exported to the islands

62 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

to make up for deficient crops. In exports the United States gained
more than any other country.

The showing made by the United States on the basis of direct ship-
ments to and from the islands discloses a marked increase during the
past few years; yet it does not take into account purchases made in
this country entered at the Philippine customs-houses free of duty
for use of the United States military departments or the insular gov
ernment or its subordinate branches. In these figures also this coun-
try is deprived of the proper credit for its imports into the islands
by shipments passing through Hongkong and eventually reported as
originating at that point. Although this applies also to European
countries to some extent, it has been found that only a small part of
their export credits is affected, for the reason that nearly all their
shipments come direct via Singapore; and the transshipment at that
port and at Hongkong and Saigon are rarely attended by the issue of
new shipping documents, under which the port of transshipment can
be taken as the port of origin.

As to the Philippine export trade to the United States, in which
this country has trebled its figures during the last two years, the
results stated represent more nearly the proper credit, but there
are numerous instances of shipments of hemp in large quantities,
intended for the United States, to Europe and Hongkong under docu-
ments in which these countries are given as the ports of final destina-
tion. This will appear from the fact that approximately $7,500,000
worth of hemp was exported from the Philippines to the United
Kingdom during the year 1902, while during the same period the
importations of this fiber into the United States from the United
Kingdom amounted to nearly $4,250,000, presumably included in
indirect shipments, credit for which should be given to this country.
If credit is given for these importations the United States is placed
far in advance as the leading market for Philippine products at the
present time.

The second section of the act of March 8, 1902, approving the
Philippine tariff law, provides that —

All articles, the growth and product of the Philippine Islands, admitted into the
ports of the United States free of duty under the provisions of this act, and coming
directly from said islands to the United States for use and consumption therein,
shall be hereafter exempt from any export duties imposed in the Philippine
Islands.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 63

Under this provision it has been ruled that, to be entitled to the
benefit of this exemption from export duty in the Philippines, articles
must come from the Philippines to the United States in the same bot-
tom, aind that articles exported from Manila to Hongkong or London
and there reshipped to the United States, even though under a through
bill of lading, are not entitled to the statutory benefit of exemption
from export tax. Under this provision it is probable that the next
hemp crop, so far as it is required for consumption in the United
States, will come direct to our ports instead of going by Hongkong or
London. In that case the business will be open for American com-
mercial lines, if they see fit to engage in it.

The total importations received from date of American occupation
to and including June 30, 1902, amounted to $96,135,694, or, reckoning
complete yearly periods covered by the last three fiscal years, an aver-
age annual import trade of more than twenty-seven and a half million
is shown to have been maintained; and the total duty collected during
these years approximated twenty-two and a half millions.

The value of merchandise exported during the same period was
$79,260,607, the duty collected amounting to nearly $3,000,000.

Annexed hereto will be found a tabulated statement in comparative
form, showing the Philippine commerce with the United States and
leading countries during three calendar years of American occupation
ended December 31, 1901, marked "Appendix P."

Immigrants to the number of 30,094 arrived in the Philippine
Islands during the fiscal year 1902 as against 17,108 in the fiscal year
1901. Of this number 12,751 (including 10,101 Chinese) had been in
the islands before. Among the 17,343 who came for the first time
there were 15,312, or 88 per cent, Americans, 368 Chinese, 451 Japa-
nese, 222 English, 358 Spaniards, 129 East Indians, and 503 of other
nationalities. There were 2,497 females and 928 children under 14
years of age. With the exception of 8,349 Chinese but 3 per
cent of the immigrants were illiterates. Among the Americans there
were 176 merchant dealers and grocers, 790 teachers, 122 clerks and
accountants. The greater number of Americans are, however, not
described by occupation. More than three-fourths of the Chinese
were laborers, and more than half the remainder merchants.

Annexed hereto, marked uAppendix Q," is a statement of revenues
and expenditures in the Philippine Archipelago from the date of Amer-

64 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

ican occupation to the end of the fiscal year 1902, which coincides
with the end of the government under the authority of the President
and the beginning of government under the direct authority of
Congress. The total revenues have amounted to $33,589,819.05 and
the total expenditures to $23,253,573.13, American moneys

The relative income and expenditure by fiscal years has been as
follows:

1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.

Income.

$3,608,682.83

6,763,527.73

10,686,188.97

12,631,419.52

Expenditure.

$2,376,008.62
4,758,677.76
6,073,766.44

10,045,120.32

The surplus of income over expenditure has in a great measure been
allotted to the payment of various contracts for public improvements
and public benefit, so that the real surplus of free cash in the Treasury
is comparatively small.

1 shall defer comment and recommendation generally upon Philip-
pine affairs until 1 transmit the report of the Commission, now on the
way to this country. 1 realize that it is hardty to be expected that
Congress shall devote much time to legislation for the Philippines
during the approaching short session, especially in view of the great
amount of time which they devoted to the subject in the last session
and the scope and value of the laws which they then considered and
passed.

1 do not wish to delay, however, in asking the attention of Congress
to two subjects upon which, I think, if the conditions and needs of
the islands could be fully understood, there would be but little
controversy, and upon which very simple enactments would be of
immense value to the people of the islands, whose welfare the
Government of the United States is bound to promote. I earnestly
urge, first, that the duties levied in the United States upon products
of the Philippine Archipelago imported therefrom be reduced to
25 per cent of the Dingley tariff rates; second, that the government
of the island be permitted to establish the gold standard for its
currency, and to bike such measures as it finds to be practicable
and prudent to keep the silver coinage which it is authorized to issue
at parity with gold, without in any way committing the United States
to responsibility therefor.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 65

1 shall not now undertake, nor is it the proper office of such a
report as this, to argue the economic questions which may be raised
by the consideration of these recommendations. The views upon
which they are based have been presented in my former reports and
in the reports of the Philippine Commission. The reason for pre-
senting them now is that the ills which have recently befallen the
people of the islands call urgently for active and immediate measures
of relief. The people of a country just emerging from nearly six
years of devastating warfare, during which productive industry was
interrupted, vast amounts of property were destroyed, the bonds of
social order were broken, habits of peaceful industry were lost, and
at the close of which a great residuum of disorderly men were left
leading a life of brigandage and robbery, had a sufficiently difficult
task before them to restore order and prosperity. In addition to
this, however, the people of the Philippine Islands have within the
past year been visited by great misfortunes.

The rinderpest has destroyed about 90 per cent of all their carabaos,
leaving them without draft animals to till their land and aid in the
ordinary work of farm and village life. Carabaos have increased in
price from $20 to $200 Mexican. The Eastern disease known as
64 surra" has killed and is killing the native and American horses,
further crippling transportation. The rice crop has been reduced to
25 per cent of the ordinary crop. Last year in the Visayan Islands
and this year in Luzon a plague of locusts has come upon the land,
destroying much of the remaining 25 per cent of the rice crop. A
drought in China and the fall in the price of silver have raised the price
of rice from $4 to $7 a picul. The Commission has been obliged to
go out of the islands and use insular funds to buy over 40,000,000
pounds of rice to save the people from perishing by famine. Cholera
has raged and is raging throughout the' islands. The ignorance of the
people and their unwillingness to submit to sanitary regulations have
made it almost impossible to check the ravages of the disease, which,
it is estimated, will claim not less than 100,000 victims. The decline
in the price of silver has carried Mexican dollars down from a ratio
of two to one in gold to a ratio of over two and one-half to one, and
this has borne heavily on the commercial interests and on the wage
earners.

war 1902— vol 1 5

66 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

The insular government has in ten months lost over $1,000,000 gold
by the decline in silver because it was operating on a silver basis, and
this has changed the surplus of revenues into a deficit at the very time
when the other causes mentioned have caused an extraordinary demand
for the use of the revenues for the relief of the people. Agriculture
is prostrated. Commerce is hampered and discouraged. All the
political parties in the Philippines urgently demand a change of the
present currency standard. Some relief would be afforded by open-
ing a profitable market in the United States to the products of the
islands. Still greater relief would be afforded by delivering the busi-
ness of the islands from the disastrous effects of the decline in the
price of silver and the fluctuations in exchange, and putting it upon
the substantial basis of the gold standard currency which exists in the
United States, where we wish them to do their business, which exists
on the continent of Europe and in India and Japan, and the adoption
of which is now under consideration in the Straits Settlements.

Realizing the difficulty and importance of many of the questions
with which we were about to be confronted in our undertaking to
govern or supervise the government of the Philippines, and at about
the time of sending Mr. Charles A. Conant to study the banking and
currency questions in the Philippines, the War Department sent Prof.
Jeremiah W. Jenks, of Cornell University, as special commissioner
to study and report on the systems of currency, labor, and internal

•

taxation of Burma, the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay
States, iind Java. His very able and painstaking report upon all these
subjects was received in September, 1902, and is transmitted here-
with. Without any conference between himself and Mr. Conant,
starting with views in favor of the silver standard and proceeding
upon the basis of an entirely independent investigation, viewing
broadly the entire conditions in the Orient, Professor Jenks has come
to substantially the same conclusion, that the true solution of the
monetary difficulties in the Philippines is to be found in the adoption
of the gold standard. I recommend this report to careful considera-
tion, and urge that a measure based upon the views which he thus
reenforces, should be adopted in performance of the peremptory duty
resting upon the Government of the United States to act and not
remain indifferent in regard to the evils which now press so heavily
upon the people of the Philippine Islands.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 67

I annex hereto, marked 4fc Appendix R," a statement showing the
commercial relations of Cuba with the United States and other coun-
tries during the entire period of American occupation.

I submit herewith the annual reports of the heads of the bureaus of
the War Department and of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the
Army, to which are appended the reports to him by division and
department commanders, including separate reports of military
operations in the Philippine Islands.

The final report of Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood as military governor
of Cuba, when received, will be submitted as a supplemental report.

The reports of the Board of Ordnance and Fortification; the com-
missioners of national military parks; the Board of Visitors to the
United States Military Academy at West Point; the Superintendent
of the United States Military Academy; the Board of Commissioners
of the Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia; of inspection of the
Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia, and inspection of the National
Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, are also submitted.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

APPENDIX A.

being the documentary history of the inauguration of the

cuban government.

March 24, 1902.

Sir: You are authorized to^provide for the inauguration, on the 20th
of May next, of the government elected by the people of Cuba; and
upon the establishment of said government to leave the government
and control of the island of Cuba to its people, pursuant to the pro-
visions of the act of Congress entitled "An act making appropriation
for the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902," approved March
2, 1901.

Upon the transfer of government and control to the President and
Congress so elected, you will advise them that such transfer is upon
the express understanding and condition that the new government
does thereupon, and by the acceptance thereof, pursuant to the pro-
visions of the appendix to the constitution of Cuba, adopted by the
constitutional convention on the 12th of June, 1901, assume and
undertake all and several the obligations assumed by the United States
with respect to Cuba by the treaty between the United States of
America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris
on the 10th day of December, 1898. It is the purpose of the United
States Government, forthwith upon the inauguration of the new gov-
ernment of Cuba, to terminate the occupancy of the island by the
United States and to withdraw from that island the military forces now
in occupancy thereof; but for the preservation and care of the coast
defenses of the island, and to avoid leaving the island entirely defense-
less against external attack, you may leave in the coast fortifications
such small number of artillerymen as may be necessary, for such rea-
sonable time, as may be required to enable the new government to
organize and substitute therefor an adequate military force of its own;
by which time it is anticipated that the naval stations referred to in
the statute and in the appendix to the constitution above cited, will
have been agreed upon, and the said artillerymen may be transferred
thereto.

You will convene the Congress elected by the people of Cuba in
joint session at such reasonable time before the 20th of May as shall

70 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

be necessary therefor, for the purpose of performing the duties of
counting and rectifying the electoral vote for President and Vice-
President under the fifty-eighth article of the Cuban constitution.
At the same time you will publish and certify to the people of Cuba
the instrument adopted as the constitution of Cuba by the constitu-
tional convention on the 21st day of February, 1901, together with
the appendix added thereto, and forming a part thereof, adopted by the
said convention on the 12th day of June, 1901. It is the understand-
ing of the Government of the United States that the government of
the island will pass to the new President and Congress of Cuba as a
going concern; all the laws promulgated by the government of occu-
pation continuing in force and effect, and all the judicial and subor-
dinate executive and administrative officers continuing in the lawful
discharge of their present functions until changed by the constitu-
tional officers of the new government. At the same moment the
responsibility of the United States for the collection and expenditure
of revenues, and for the proper performance of duty by the officers
and employees of the insular government, will end, and the respon-
sibility of the new government of Cuba therefor will commence.

In order to avoid any embarrassment to the new President which
might arise from his assuming executive responsibility with subordi-
nates whom he does not know, or in whom he has not confidence, and
to avoid any occasion for sweeping changes in the civil -service per-
sonnel immediately after the inauguration of the new government,
approval is given to the course which you have already proposed of
consulting the President-elect, and substituting, before the 20th of
May, wherever he shall so desire, for the persons now holding official
positions, such persons as he ma}7 designate. This method will make
it necessary that the new President and yourself should appoint repre-
sentatives to count and certify the cash and cash balances, and the
securities for deposits, transferred to the new government. The con-
sent of the owner of the securities for deposits to the transfer thereof
you will of course obtain.

The vouchers and accounts in the office of the auditor and elsewhere
relating to the receipt and disbursement of moneys during the govern-
ment of occupation must necessarily remain within the control, and
available for the use, of this department. Access to these papers will,
however, undoubtedly be important to the officers of the new govern-
ment in the conduct of their business subsequent to the 20th of May.
You will accordingly appoint an agent to take possession of these
papers, and retain them at such place in the island of Cuba as may
be agreed upon with the new government, until they can be removed
to the United States without detriment to the current business of the
new government.

SEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 7i

I desire that you communicate the contents of this letter to Mr.
Palma, the President-elect, and ascertain whether the course above
described accords with his views and wishes.
Very respectfully,

Elihu Root, /Secretary of War.
Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba, Havana, Cuba.

[First indorsement.]

The proposals included in this letter meet my personal approval.
Washington, 25th, 1902.

T. Estrada Palma.

[Second indorsement.]

Washington, D. C, Mcvrch 25, 1902.

Respectfully returned to the honorable the Secretary of War.

I have the honor to inform you that I have complied with the instruc-
tions in the last paragraph of the within letter, which I have the honor
to return to you with the indorsement of Senor T. Estrada Palma,
president-elect of Cuba. Senor Palma has also placed his signature

on each page of the letter.

Leonard Wood,

Brigadier- General, If. S. A., Military Gavemor of Cuba.

War Department,
Washington, March 27, 1902.

Sir: In the instructions already communicated to you as to the with-
drawal of the army from Cuba there is a provision that you may leave
a small force of artillery troops for certain purposes therein specified.
The retention of these troops will require that special arrangements
be made for the maintenance of discipline among the forces so remain-
ing with a view to limit their action to the ends proposed. From the
evacuation provided for in the instructions already communicated
exception will, therefore, be made of the modern fortifications and of
the barracks, quarters, buildings and grounds appurtenant thereto,
constituting a part of the seacoast defenses of the ports of Habana,
Cienfuegos, and Santiago, which will continue to be garrisoned by the
troops of the United States until a date to be hereafter agreed upon
by the respective Governments of the United States and of Cuba.

The posts to be thus provisionally garrisoned by the military forces
of the United States will be designated by you, and the boundaries of
the tracts constituting the reservations pertaining to the same will be
described, by metes and bounds, and will also be shown on maps and
plans to be furnished by you to the Government of Cuba ; and the

72 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

lines of demarcation so described and shown will mark and define the
limits of the jurisdiction of the Government of Cuba and of the mili-
tary jurisdiction of the United States Government over the forces in
its military service. The troops thus remaining as garrisons of the
artillery defenses of Havana, Cienfuegos, and Santiago will enjoy all
the privileges of exterritoriality to which vessels of war visiting the
territorial waters of a friendly power are entitled under the generally
accepted rules of international law.

The troops remaining in garrison in the island of Cuba will, on the
date of the evacuation, cease to constitute an occupying force and will
thereafter occupy a status of exterritoriality to be presently explained.
The duties of the senior officer will be restricted to the command of
the military forces under his orders, and he will under no circum-
stances exercise, or attempt to exercise, any authority whatever in the
governmental affairs of Cuba; and as to himself and the officers and
men under his command will carefully abstain from all interference in
local or political affairs. You will ask from the proper governmental
authority an assurance that it will refrain from ther exercise of juris-
diction over the officers and men composing the garrisons of the
defenses hereinbefore described, their armament and equipment, and
the public property of the United States which is in their custodjr and
control.

The troops of the United States so remaining in the island of Cuba,
and there enjoying the privileges of exterritoriality, are to be under
the exclusive military command and control of the senior officer sta-
tioned therewith; and you will obtain the necessary assurances that
the right of transit of individuals, detachments, or military organiza-
tions, to and from the United States and from one post to another in
the island shall not be denied, impeded, or interfered with, and the
right of the United States Government to inspect and communicate
with the garrisons above named and of its subordinate military com-
manders to communicate with each other and with their military supe-
riors in the United States by mail, telegraph, telephone, or by special
messenger, shall be maintained and protected. You will also ask for
similar assurances that the several military commands herein provided
for shall have the right to procure supplies in the island of Cuba, to
receive military stores, and munitions of war from the United States,
and to ship stores, military supplies, and public property of all kinds,
and the private property and baggage of officers and enlisted men to
the United States, or from one point to another in the island of Cuba;
that such importations and exports shall be exempt from customs and
inspections, from insular taxation, and from municipal impositions of
all kinds; and that such stores, supplies, and munitions shall during
their transit from point to point in Cuba be entitled to a similar

REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 73

immunity from local jurisdiction and from seizure by way of execu-
tion or otherwise.

The Government of Cuba should also be asked to pledge itself to
protect individual officers and enlisted men, or detachments of troops
under proper military commands, while on duty outside of the limits
of the reservations hereinbefore described. The proper local author-
ities should similarly be instructed to protect individual officers and
enlisted men, who may find themselves without the limits of their
respective reservations, while engaged in private business, in making
or returning official or personal visits, or while engaged in travel.

You will endeavor to impress upon the commander of the artillery
forces constituting the garrisons to be retained in the island the impor-
tance of refraining from even the appearance of interference in
governmental or political affairs. He will render appropriate military
honors to the Cuban flag and to all officers of the Cuban Government
who are entitled thereto, and will treat its representatives with whom
he may come into personal or official contact with the greatest cour-
tesy and consideration, upon all occasions.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba^ Havana, Cuba.

War Department,
Washington, May 3, 1902.
Sir: I inclose herewith four papers marked respectively " A," "B,"
"C," and "D," for your official action. You will perceive that these
are papers which were prepared during my recent visit to Havana,
with some slight verbal changes. They have now been submitted to
and approved by the President and his Cabinet. The paper marked
"A" you will publish in the form of a law or order as soon as practi-
cable after its receipt. The paper marked " B," with the blanks prop-
erly filled, you will promulgate by publication in the " Official Gazette"
as soon as the Cuban Congress has examined the credentials, counted
the votes, reached the decisions, and made the adjournment therein
recited. At the same time such further steps as you think necessary
should be taken to give the paper full publicity in all parts of Cuba
before- the 20th of May. The paper marked " C," with the blank prop-
erly filled, you will publish in the " Official Gazette" on the morning of
the 20th of May instant. At noon on the 20th of May the newly
elected President and Congress of Cuba being assembled in one place,
you will publicly read to them the declaration of transfer marked " D"
and at the same time deliver to the President the original thereof

7 4 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WA&.

signed by you. This act will be the operative act to terminate the
military government. At some convenient time before the day of
this ceremony the President-elect, Mr. Palma, should be informally
furnished with a copy of the paper which you propose to read and
deliver, in order that he may have an opportunity to consider what
reply, if any, he desires to make on the moment, and also have an
opportunity, if he wishes to do so, to provide a translation for the
information of those members of the Cuban Congress who do not under-
stand English. It would seem appropriate that the Cuban flag should
be raised by you immediately after any reply which Mr. Palma may
make, and as a part of the same transaction. This is, however, to be
arranged between you and Mr. Palma.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.
Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood,

Militainj Governor of Ctiba,

Iiabana, Ouba.

Whereas the seventh clause of the transitory rules contained in the
constitution adopted by the constitutional convention of Cuba provides
as follows:

All laws, decrees, regulations, orders, and other rulings which may be in force at
the time of the promulgation of this Constitution shall continue to be observed in so
far as they do not conflict with the said Constitution until such time as they may be
legally revoked or amended, and

Whereas certain of the laws, decrees, regulations, orders and other
rulings made and promulgated by the military governor of Cuba and
now in force, are in terms specifically applicable and apparently limited
to the military government and the officers thereof:

Now, therefore, to the end that the foregoing provision may be
fully operative and that none of the matters and things to which said
laws, decrees, regulations, orders and rulings relate shall be, or
appear to be, without regulation and control after the termination of
the military government and pending action thereon by the govern-
ment established under the said constitution when the same shall have
taken effect:

It is hereby declared and ordered that each and every of the said
laws, decrees, regulations, orders and other rulings made and pro-
mulgated by and under the military government of Cuba shall be
deemed to be general and continuing in its character, and to be appli-
cable to and binding upon all officers of the Government of Cuba
under whatsoever names or titles who shall succeed the officers of the
military government, and to continue in force and effect under what-
soever government shall exist in Cuba until such time as it may be
legally revoked or amended pursuant to the provisions of the Consti-
tution aforesaid.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 75

Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, May — , 1902.

It is hereby made known to the people of Cuba:

1. That the Congress of Cuba, elected on December 31, 1901, and
February 24, 1902, under the provisions of the electoral law published
in orders No. 218, October 14, 1901, these headquarters, having been
duly convened in Havana on the 5th day of Ma}', 1902, pursuant to
orders No. 101, April 14, 1902, these headquarters, has examined into
the credentials and decided as to the validity of the election of its
members and has found and decided that the following-named persons
have been duly elected senators:

(Here will follow the list of senators.)

And the following-named persons have been duly elected represent-
atives:
(Here will follow the list of representatives.)

2. That the Congress so convened, after counting and ratifying the
electoral vote, has found and proclaimed to be elected President of the
Republic of Cuba Tomas Estrada Palma, and to be elected Vice-Presi-
dent of the Republic of Cuba Luis Esteves Romero.

3. That the said Congress has adjourned to meet at Havana on the
20th day of May, 1902, at 12 o'clock noon.

4. That on the said 20th day of May, 1902, at 12 o'clock noon, the
constitution adopted by the constitutional convention at Havana on
the 21st day of February, 1901, together with the appendix to the said
constitution adopted by said convention on the 12th day of June, 1901,
will be promulgated as the constitution of the Republic of Cuba, and
will go into full force and effect; and thereupon and at that time the
occupation of Cuba by the United States and the military government
of the island will cease and determine, and the government and con-
trol of the island will be transferred to the President and Congress so
elected, to be held and exercised by them under the constitution so
promulgated.

Such transfer will be upon the understanding and condition that the
new government does thereby and by the acceptance thereof, pursu-
ant to the provisions of the said appendix to the constitution, assume
and undertake all and several the obligations assumed by the United
States with respect to Cuba by the treaty between the United States
of America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, signed at
Paris on the 10th day of December, 1898.

Military Governor.

Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, May 20, 1902.

The following constitution, adopted by the constitutional convention
of the people of Cuba on the 21st day of February, 1901, together
with and including the appendix thereto, adopted by said convention
on the 12th day of June, 1901, is hereby promulgated as the consti-

16 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

tution of the Republic of Cuba, and declared to be in full force and
effect on and after this day.

(Take in the constitution, omitting date and signatures as marked in
pencil in the Gazette of April 14, 1902, marked K.)

Military Governor of Cuba.

Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, Man/ 20, 1902.

To the President and Congress of the Republic of Cuba.

Sirs: Under the direction of the President of the United States, 1
now transfer to you as the duly elected representatives of the people
of Cuba the government and control of the island; to be held and
exercised by you, under the provisions of the constitution of the
Republic of Cuba heretofore adopted by the constitutional convention
ana this day promulgated; and I hereby declare the occupation of
Cuba by the United States and the military government of the island
to be ended.

This transfer of government and control is upon the express condi-
tion, and the Government of the United States will understand, that
by the acceptance thereof you do now, pursuant to the provisions of
the said constitution, assume and undertake, all and several, the obli-
gations assumed by the United States with respect to Cuba, by the
treaty between the United States of America and Her Majesty the
Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris on the 10th day or Decem-
ber, 1898.

All money obligations of the military government down to this date
have been paid as far as practicable. The public civil funds derived from

the revenues of Cuba transferred to you this day amounting to $ ,

are transferred subject to such claims and obligations properly paya-
ble out of the revenues of the island as may remain. The sum of
$100,000 has been reserved from the transfer of funds to defray antic-
ipated expenses of accounting, reporting, and winding up the affairs
of the military government, after which any unexpended balance of
said sum will be paid into the treasury of the island.

The plans already devised for the sanitation of the cities of the island
and to prevent a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases, to
which the Government of the United States understands that tie pro-
vision of the constitution contained in the fifth article of the appendix
applies, are as follows:

1. A plan for the paving and sewering of the city of Havana, for
which a contract has been awarded by the municipality of that city to
McGivuev, Rokeby & Co.

2. A plan for waterworks to supply the city of Santiago de Cuba,
prepared by Capt. S. D. Rockenbach, in charge of the district of San-
tiago, and approved by the military governor, providing for taking
water from tne wells of San Juan Canyon and pumping the same to
reservoirs located on the heights to the east of the city.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 77

3. A plan for the sewering of the city of Santiago de Cuba, a con-
tract for which was awarded to Michael J. Dady & Co. by the military
governor of Cuba, and now under construction.

4. The rules and regulations established by the President of the
United States on the 17th of January, 1899, for the maintenance of

2 uarantine against epidemic diseases at the ports of Havana, Matanzas,
Jienfuegos, and Santiago de Cuba, and thereafter at the other ports
of the island, as extended and amended and made applicable to future

conditions by the order of the military governor, dated ,

published in the Official Gazette of Havana on the day of April,

1902.

5. The sanitary rules and regulations in force in the city of Havana
(and in any other city having official rules, etc.).

aIt is understood by the United States that the present government
of the Isle of Pines will continue as a de facto government, pending
the settlement of the title to said island by treaty pursuant to the Cuban
constitution and the act of Congress of the United States approved
March 2, 1902.

aI am further charged by the President of the United States to
deliver to you the letter which I now hand you.

Military Governor.

Action in Havana under above Instructions.

Correspondence relative to the United States artillery forces remaining
m Cuba after the termination of the military government of that
island and their transfer eventually to naval stations, being a letter to
Hon. T. Estrada Palm a, dated Ilavana , May H, 1902, Mr. Palmds
reply thereto, dated May 16, and letter of may 1£ transmitting the
orders of the military governor of Cuha to the commanding officer of
artillery forces to remain in Cuba.

Headquarters Military Governor, Island of Cuba,

Havana, May H, 1902.
Honorable T. Estrada Palma,

President-elect, Republic of Cuba, Havana, Cuba.

Sir: As you are aware, a certain force of artillery are to be left in
the fortifications at Santiago, Cienfuegos and Havana, pending such
arrangement as to naval stations as are to be made between the Gov-
ernment of the United States and the Government of Cuba.

The posts thus to be garrisoned by the military forces of the United
States will be designated and their limits defined by metes and
bounds to be shown upon maps, in order that the exact limits of the
military jurisdiction oi the United States Government over the forces
in the military service may be distinctly defined.

The troops thus remaining are to enjoy all the privileges of exterri-
toriality to which vessels of war visiting the territorial waters of a
friendly power are entitled under the generally accepted rules of inter-
national law.

These troops will cease to constitute an occupying force and will
occupy a status of exterritoriality. They will have no intervention in

«As amended by letters May 10 and 16.

78 REPORT OF THE 8EORETARY OF WAR.

the governmental, local or political affairs of the Cuban Government,
and it is desired that you grant an assurance that the Government of
the Republic of Cuba will refrain from the exercise of jurisdiction
over the officers and men composing the garrisons of tne defenses
herein described, their armament and equipment, and the public prop-
erty of the United States which is in their custody and control.

it is further desired that you give the necessary assurance that the
right of transit of individuals, detachments, or military organizations
to and from the United States and from one post to another in the
island of Cuba shall not be denied, impeded, or interfered with, and
the right of the United States Government to inspect and communi-
cate with the garrisons above named and of its subordinate military
commanders to communicate with each other and with their superiors
in the United States by mail, telegraph, telephone, or by special mes-
senger, shall be maintained and protected; and that the military com-
mands herein referred to shall have the right to procure supplies in
the island of Cuba, to receive military stores, ana munitions of war
from the United States, and to ship stores, military supplies, and pub-
lic property of all kinds and the private property of officers and
enlisted men to the United States, from one point to another in the
island of Cuba; that such importations and exports shall be exempt
from customs inspections and duties, from insular taxation and from
municipal impositions of all kinds; and that such stores, supplies, and
munitions shall, during their transit from point to point in Cuba, be
entitled to a similar immunity from local jurisdiction and from seizure
by way of execution or otherwise. The commanding officer will be
instructed to see that there is no abuse of the courtesy thus extended.

Assurance is also requested that the Government of Cuba pledge
itself to protect the individual officers and enlisted men, or detach-
ments of troops under proper commands, while outside of the limits
of the reservation hereinbefore described; and that the proper local
authorities be instructed to protect individual officers and enlisted
men who may find themselves without the limits of their respective
reservations, while engaged in private business, in making or return-
ing official or personal visits, or while engaged in travel.

Assurance on these points is desired from you as President-elect of
Cuba, with the further assurance that the Executive branch of the
Cuban Government will exercise its influence to the end that that Cuban
Government, when constituted, will duly confirm the assurances above
requested.

The officers and troops of the United States will render appropriate
honors to the Cuban flag and to all officials of the Cuban Government.

It is earnestly desired that the subject-matter of this letter receive
your early consideration and approval.

Very respectfully, Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba.

Havana, May 16, 1908.
General Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba.

Sir: I beg to acknowledge your communication of the 14th instant
in reference to the force of United States Artillery which are to remain

BEPOjtwT OF THE 8E0BETARY OF WAR. 79

in certain fortifications of the island of Cuba, pending the arrangement
as to naval stations to be made between the Government of the United
States and the Government of Cuba.

I give you the assurances, as President-elect, that I will do all which
depends on me to carry out the desires expressed in the said commu-
nication.

Yours, very truly, T. Estrada Palma.

Headquarters Military Governor, Island of Cuba,

Havana, May 11+, 190°2.
Colonel William L. Haskin,

Artillery Corps, U. S. Army,

Commanding Artillery Defenses, Havana, Cuba.

Sir: You have been designated to command the United States
forces which are to remain in Cuba subsequent to the termination of
the military government on the 20th of May, 1902.

The following relative to your duties, and all that pertains to your
relation with the Cuban Government, is transmitted to you for your
information and guidance. The posts to be garrisoned by the troops
under your command are:

(1) Morro Castle Barracks, Santiago, Cuba. The military jurisdic-
tion will be coincident with the boundaries of the military reservation
as heretofore recognized by the military government, and as indicated
on the within map hereunto attached, marked "A."

(2) Howell Barracks, at the entrance of the harbor of Cienfuegos,
Cuba. The military jurisdiction to be coincident with the present ter-
ritory occupied as a military reservation, as indicated in the map here-
unto attached, marked "B."

(3) Cabana Barracks, on the eastern side of the entrance to the har-
bor of Havana, including Batteries Nos. 1 and 2 and Velasco Battery.

The military jurisdiction over the barracks and batteries above men-
tioned will be coincident with the territory embraced in the map
hereunto attached, marked "C." The jurisdiction of the military
commander does not include the Morro and Cabana fortresses.

(4) Santa Clara Batteixy and batteries Nos. 3, 1+, and 5. — The mili-
tary jurisdiction being coincident with the maps hereunto attached,
marked " D," " E," and '; F."

All forts and reservations occupied by troops will, in addition to
being shown on maps and plans, be described by metes and bounds,
and the lines of demarcation so described and shown will mark and
define the limits of the military jurisdiction of the United States Gov-
ernment over the forces in its militarv service.

The troops remaining as garrisons of the military defenses referred
to at Havana, Cienfuegos, and Santiago will cease to constitute an
occupying force and will enjoy all the privileges of exterritoriality to
which vessels of war visiting the territorial waters of a friendly power
are entitled under the generally accepted rules of international law.

The duties of the senior officer will be restricted to the command of
the military forces under his orders, and he will under no circum-
stances exercise or attempt to exercise any authority whatever in the

80 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

governmental affairs of Cuba; and as to himself and the officers and
men under his command will carefully abstain from all interference in
local or political affairs.

Assurance will be requested from the Government of Cuba that it
will refrain from the exercise of jurisdiction over the officers and men
composing the garrisons of the defenses hereinbefore described, their
armament and equipment, and the public property of the United
States which is in their custody and control.

The troops of the United States so remaining in the Island of Cuba,
and there enjoying the privileges of exterritoriality, are to be under
the exclusive military command and control of the senior officer
stationed therewith, and assurance will be obtained from the Cuban
Government that the right of transit of individuals, detachments, or
military organizations, to and from the United States and from one
post to another in the island of Cuba, shall not be denied, impeded, or
interfered with, and the right of the United States Government to
inspect and communicate with the garrisons above named, and of its
subordinate military commanders to communicate with each other and
with their military superiors in the United States by mail, telegraph,
telephone, or by special messenger, shall be maintained and protected.

Assurance will be requested from the Cuban Government that it
will permit the several military commands to receive military stores,
and munitions of war from the United States, and to ship stores,
military supplies, and public property of all kinds, and the private
property and baggage of officers and enlisted men to the united
btates, or from one point to another in the island of Cuba; that such
importations and exports shall be exempt from customs duties and
inspections, from insular taxation and from municipal impositions of all
kinds; and that such stores, supplies and munitions shall, during their
transit from point to point in Cuba, be entitled to immunity from local
jurisdiction and from seizure by way of execution or otherwise, and
you are instructed to exercise all necessary precautions to see that the
courtesy hereby extended is not abused.

The Government of Cuba will also be asked to protect individual
officers and enlisted men, or detachments of troops under proper mili-
taiy commands, while on duty outside of the limits of the reservations
hereinbefore referred to. The proper local authorities will also be
requested to protect individual officers and enlisted men, who may find
themselves without the limits of their respective reservations, while
engaged in private business, in making or returning official or personal
visits, or while engaged in travel.

You must bear always in mind that even the appearance of interfer-
ence in governmental or political affairs must be avoided by the offi-
cers and forces of the United States; and that appropriate military
honors will be rendered the Cuban flag and to all officers of the Cuban
Government who are entitled thereto, and its representatives with
whom you may come into personal or official contact will be treated
with the greatest courtesy and consideration upon all occasions.
Very respectfully,

Leonard Wood,
Military Governor of Ouba.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR. 81

No. 148. Headquarters Department op Cuba,

Hcwma, May IS, 1902.

Whereas the seventh clause of the transitory rules contained in the
constitution adopted by the constitutional convention of Cuba pro-
vides as follows:

"All laws, decrees, regulations, orders and other rulings which may be in force
at the time of the promulgation of this constitution shall continue to be observed, in
so far as they do not conflict with the said constitution, until such time as they may
be legally revoked or amended."

And whereas eertain of the laws, decrees, regulations, orders and
other rulings made and promulgated by the military governor of Cuba
and now in force are in terms specifically applicable and apparently
limited to the military government and the officers thereof;

Now, therefore, to the end that the foregoing provision may be fully
operative, and that none of the matters and things to which said laws,
decrees, regulations, orders and rulings relate shall be or appear to
be without regulation and control after the termination of the mili-
tary government and pending action thereon by the government estab-
lished under the said constitution when the same shallhave taken effect.

It is hereby declared and ordered that each and every of the said
laws, decrees, regulations, orders and other rulings made and promul-
gated by and under the military government of Cuba shall be deemed
to be general and continuing in its character, and to be applicable to
and binding upon all officersK)f the Government of Cuba under what-
soever names or titles who shall succeed the officers of the military
government, and to continue in force and effect under whatsoever
government shall exist in Cuba until such time as it may be legally
revoked or amended pursuant to the provisions of the constitution
aforesaid.

[seal.] Leonard Wood,

Military Governor.

No. 158. Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, May 16, 1902.

It is hereby made known to the people of Cuba:

1. That the Congress of Cuba elected on December 31, 1901, and
February 24, 1902, under the provisions of the electoral law pub-
lished in Orders No. 218, October 14, 1901, these headquarters, having
been duly convened in Havana on the 5th day of May, 1902, pursuant
to Orders No. 101, April 14, 1902, these headquarters, has examined
into the credentials and decided as to the validity of the election of its
members and has found and decided that the following-named persons
have been duly elected senators:

Province.

Adolfo Cabello y Bermiidez Havana.

Nicasio Estrada y Mora

Carlos I. Parraga y Hernandez

Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso

Luis Fortun y Govfn Matanzas.

Pedro E. Betancourt y Davalos

Domingo Mendez Capote

Manuel Sanguily y Garit

WAB 1902— VOL 1 6

i(
(<
It

it
((
11

82 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Province.

Antonio Sanchez Bustamante y Sirvent Pinar del Rfo.

Manuel Lazo Valdes "

Ricardo Dolz y Arango "

Antonio Gonz&les BeTtran "

Francisco Carillo y Morales Santa Clara.

Jose" de Jesus Monteagudo y Consuegra

Martfn Morua Delgado

Jose" Antonio Frfas y Perez

Salvador Cisneros Betancourt Puerto Prfncipe.

Manuel Ram6n Silva Zayas "

Augusto Betancourt Pichardo "

Tomas RecioLoin&z "

Antonio Bravo Correoso Santiago de Cuba.

Eudaldo Tamayo Pav6n "

Jos6 Ferndndez Rondan "

Federico Rey Bruchet "

and the following-named persons have been duly elected representa-
tives:

Province.

Gonzalo de Quesada Pinar del Rfo.

Alberto Nodarse "

Alfredo Betancourt Manduley "

Faustino Guerra.. "

Guillermo Gonz&les Arocha "

Jose" Antonio Blanco "

Jose* Rodriguez Acosta "

Juan Jose* ae la Maza v Artola Havana.

Francisco Peraza "

Augustfn Garcfa Osuna

Mario Garcia Kohly ^

Ambrosio Bones "

Jos£ Lorenzo Castellanon "

Gustavo P£rez Abreu "

Carlos de la Torre "

Felipe Gonzdles Sarrafn "

Antonio Gonzalo P£rez "

Francisco Leyte Vidal "

Francisco Chenard "

Bernabe* Boza "

Jose* A. Mall>erti "

Jos6 Manuel Govfn "

Carlos Font Sterling "

Juan Antonio Garmendfa Matanzas.

Manuel Sobrado "

Teodoro Cardenal "

Joaquin Garcfa Pola "

Felipe Fontanills "

Alejandro Neyra : "

Fernando M6ndez Capote "

Juan Felipe Risque! "

Pedro Cue Santa Clara.

Jose* M. Nunez "

Ricardo Fuste*

Pebro Albarran "

Carlos Mendieta "

Santiago Garcfa Cafiizares "

Enrique Villuendas "

Antonio Torrado "

Pelayo Garcfa "

Rafael Martfnez Ortfz. "

Manuel Gutierrez Quiros "

Gonzalo Garcfa Vieta "

Fernando Escobar "

Augustfn Cruz Gonzales "

Juan Xiques y Arango Puerto Prfncipe.

Pedro Mendoza Guerra u

BEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 83

Province.

Enrique Loinaz del Castillo Puerto Principe.

Francisco Duque Estrada Varona "

Rafael Portuondo Tamayo Santiago de Cuba.

Carlos Manuel de Cespedes "

Luis A. Columbia "

Mariano Corona "

Pedro Martfnez Rojas "

Antonio Poveda Ferrer "

Juan Le6n Bello "

Augustfn Cebreco "

AlvaroCatd "

Am£rico Feria Nogales "

Antonio Masferrer y Grave de Peralta "

Faustino Sirven "

2. That the Congress so convened, after counting and ratifying the
electoral vote has found and proclaimed to be elected President of the
Republic of Cuba Tomas Estrada Palma, and to be elected Vice-Presi-
dent of the Republic of Cuba Luis Estevez Romero.

3. That the said Congress has adjourned to meet at Havana on the 20th
day of May, 1902, at 12 o'clock noon.

4. That on the said 20th day of May, 1902, at 12 o'clock noon, the
constitution adopted by the constitutional convention at Havana on the
21st day of February, 1901, together with the appendix to the said con-
stitution adopted by said convention on the 12th day of June, 1901,
will be promulgated as the constitution of the Republic of Cuba, and
will go into full force and effect; and thereupon and at that time the
occupation of Cuba by the United States the military government of
the island will cease and determine, and the government and control
of the island will be transferred to the President and Congress so elected,
to be held and exercised by them under the constitution so promulgated.

Such transfer will be upon the understanding and condition that the
new government does thereby and by the acceptance thereof, pursuant
to the provisions of the said appendix to the constitution, assume and
undertake all and several the obligations assumed by the United States
with respect to Cuba by the treaty between the United States of
America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris
on the 10th day of December, 1898.

Leonard Wood,
Military Governor.

Martes, 20 de Mayo de 1902. Oaceta de la Habana (Periodieo Oficial
del Gobiemd). Edieidn Extraor dinar ia. Parte Oficial. Awmini-
stracidn General. Gobierno Militar de la Ida de Cvba.

No. 181.

Cuartel General, Departamento de Cuba,

Habana, Mayo 20 de 1902.

La Constituci6n que sigue, acordada por la Convenci6n Constituyente
del pueblo de Cuba el dia 21 de Febrero de 1901, juntamente 6 inclu-
yendo el Ap^ndice k la misma acordado por dicha Convention el dia
12 de Junio de 1901, queda por la presente promulgada como Consti-
tuci6n de la Republica de Cuba, y se declara que queda en todo su
vigor y efecto desde esta fecha en adelante:

84 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

CONSTITUCI6N DE LA REPtJBLICA DE CUBA.

Nosotros, los Delegados del pueblo de Cuba, reunidos en Convenci6n
Constituyente, & fin de redactor y adoptar la Ley Fundamental de su
organizaci6n como Estado independiente y soberano, estableciendo un
gobierno capaz de cumplir sus obligaciones internacionales, mantener
el orden, asegurar la libertad y la justicia y promover el bienestar
general— acordamos y adoptamos, invocando el favor de Dios, la
siguiente Constituci6n:

TiTULO I.
DE LA NACl6N, DE SU FORMA DE GOBIERNO, Y DEL TERRTFORIO N AC ION A L.

ArtIculo 1.° El pueblo de Cuba se constituye en Estado indepen-
diente y soberano, y adopta, como forma de gobierno, la republicans.

Art/culo 2.° Componen el territorio de la Repfiblica, la Isla de
Cuba, asi como las islas y cayos adyacentes que con ella estaban bajo
la soberania de Espana hasta la ratificaci6n del Tratado de Paris de 10
de Diciembre de 1898.

ArtIculo 3.° El territorio de la Repfiblica se divide en las seis Pro-
vincial que existen actualmcnte, y con sus mismos If mites; correspon-
diendo ai Consejo Provincial de cada una determinar sus respectivas
denominaciones.

Las Provincias podr&n incorporarse unas a otras 6 dividirse para
f ormar nuevas Provincias, mediante acuerdo de los respectivos Consejos
Provinciales y aprobaci6n del Congreso.

TITULO II.
DE LOS CUBANOS.

ArtIculo 4.° La condicion de cubano se adquiere por nacimiento 6
por natural izacion.

ArtIculo 5.° Son cubanos por nacimiento:

1.° Los nacidos, dentro 6 fuera del territorio de la Repfiblica, de
padres cubanos.

2.° Los nacidos en el territorio de la Repfiblica de padres extran-
jeros, siempre que, cumplida la mayor edad, reclamen su inscripci6n,
como cubanos, en el Registro correspondiente.

3.° Los nacidos en el extranjevo de padres naturales de Cuba que
hayan perdido la nacionalidad cubana, siempre que, cumplida la mayor
edad, reclamen su inscripcion, como cubanos, en el mismo Registro.

ArtIculo 6.° Son cubanos por naturalizaci6n:

1.° Los extranjeros que habiendo pertenecido al Ej6rcito Libertador
reclamen la nacionalidad cubana dentro de los seis meses siguientes i
la promulgaci6n de esta Constituci6n.

2.° Los extranjeros que establecidos en Cuba antes del 1.° de Enero
de 1899 hayan conservado su domicilio despu^s de dicha fecha, siempre
que reclamen la nacionalidad cubana dentro de los seis meses siguientes
a la promulgacion de esta Constitucion, 6, si fueren menores, dentro
de un plazo igual desde que alcanzaren la mayoria de edad.

3.° Los extranjeros que, despues de cinco anos de residencia en el
territorio de la Repfiblica, y no menos de dos desde que declaren su

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 85

intenci6n de adquirir la nacionalidad cubana, obtengan carta de natu-
ralizaci6n con arreglo & las leyes.

4.° Los espanoles residentes en el territorio de Cuba el 11 de Abril
de 1899 que no se hayan inscripto como tales espanoles en los Registros
correspondientes, hasta igual mes y dia de 1900.

5.° Los africanos que navan sido eselavos en Cuba, y los emancipa-
dos comprendidos en el articulo 13 del Tratado de 28 de Junio de 1835,
celebrado entre Espana e* Inglaterra.

ArtIculo 7.° La condicion de cubano se pierde:

1.° Por adquirir ciudadanfa extranjera.

2.° Por admitir empleo u honores de otro Gobierno sin licencia del
Senado.

3.° Por entrar al servicio de las armas de una Nacion extranjera sin
la misma licencia.

4.° Por residir el cubano naturalizado cinco anos continuos en el pais
de su nacimiento, & no ser por razon de empleo 6 comision del Gobierno
de la Republica.

ARTfcuLO 8.° La condicion de cubano podra recobrarse con arreglo
& lo que prescriban las leyes.

ArtIculo 9.° Todo cubano est& obligado —

1.° A servir & la patria con las armas, en los casos y forma que
determinen las leyes.

2.° A contribuir para los gastos publicos, en la forma y proporci6n
que dispongan las leyes.

TlTULO HI-
DE LOS EXTRANJEROS.

ArtIculo 10. Los extranjeros residentes en el territorio de la
Republica, se equipardn k los cubanos:

1.° En cuanto k la protecci6n de sus personas y bienes.

2.° En cuanto al goce de los derechos garantizados en la seccion l.A
del titulo siguiente> con excepcion de los que en ella se reconoeen
exclusivamente & los nacionales.

3.° En cuanto al goce de los derechos civiles en las condiciones y con
las limitaciones que establezca la ley de Extranjeria.

4.° En cuanto & la obligaci6n de observar y cumplir las leyes, decre-
tos, reglamentos y demds disposiciones que est£n en vigor en la
Republica.

5.° En cuanto k la sumisi6n & la potestad y a las resoluciones de los
Tribunales y dem^s Autoridades de la Republica.

6.° Y en cuanto & la obligaci6n de contribuir & los gastos publicos
del Estado, la Provincia y el Municipio.

TlTULO IV.
DE LOS DERECHOS QUE GARANTIZA ESTA CONSTITUCI6n.

Secci6n Primera. — Derechos tndiviahiales.

ARTfcuLO 11. Todos los cubanos son iguales ante la Ley. La
Republica no reconoce f ueros ni privilegios personales.

ArtIoulo 12. Ninguna ley tendrd erecto retroactivo, excepto las
penales, cuando sean f avorables al delincuente 6 procesado.

86 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR,

ArtIculo 13. Las obligaciones de car&cter civil que nazcan de los
contratos 6 de otros actos li omisiones que las produzcan, no pod ran
ser anuladas ni alteradas por el Poder Legislativo ni por el Ejecutivo.

ARTfcuLO 14. No podrd imponerse, en ningun caso, la pena de
muerte por delitos de car&cter politico, los cuales ser&n defimdos por
la Ley.

ArtIculo 15. Nadie podrd, ser detenido sino en los casos y en la
forma que prescriban las leyes.

ARTfcuLO 16. Todo detenido sera puesto en libertad 6 entregado al
Juez 6 Tribunal competente dentro de las veinticuatro horas siguientes
al acto de la detencion.

ARTfcuLO 17. Toda detencion se dejani sin efecto, 6 se elevari &

Srision, dentro de las setenta y dos horas de haber sido entregado el
etenido al Juez 6 Tribunal competente.

Dentro del mismo plazo se notificard al interesado la providencia que
se dictare.

ARTfcuLO 18. Nadie podra ser preso, sino en virtud de mandamiento
de Juez 6 Tribunal competente.

El auto en que se haya dictado el mandamiento se ratificarfi, 6
repondrfi, oido el presunto reo, dentro de las setenta y dos horas
siguientes al acto de la prision.

ArtIculo 19. Nadie podra ser procesado ni sentenciado sino por
Juez 6 Tribunal competente, en virtud de leyes anteriores al delito y
en la forma que 6stas establezcan.

ARTfcuLO 20. Toda persona detenida 6 presa sin las formalidades
legales, 6 f uera de los casos previstos en esta Constituci6n 6 en las
leyes, sera puesta en libertad a peticion suya 6 de cuakjuier ciudadano.

La Ley determinant la forma de proceder sumariamente en este
caso.

Art/culo 21. Nadie esta obligado & declarar contra si mismo, ni
contra su conyuge 6 sus parientes dentro del cuarto grado de con-
sanguinidad 6 segundo de afinidad.

ARTfcuLO 22. Es inviolable el secreto de la correspondencia y demfc
documentos privados, y ni aquella ni ^stos podran ser ocupados ni
examinados sino por disposicion de Autoridad competente y con las
formalidades que prescriban las leyes. En todo caso se guardara
secreto respecto de los extremos ajenos al asunto que motive la ocupa-
cion 6 examen.

ArtIculo 23. El domicilio es inviolable, y en consecuencia nadie
podrd penetrar de noche en el ajeno, sin el consentimiento de su mora-
dor, d no ser para auxiliar 6 socorrer & victimas de delito 6 desastre;
ni de dia, sino en los casos y en la forma detenninados por las leyes.

ArtIculo 24. Nadie podrd ser compelido a mudar de domicilio 6
residencia sino por mandato de Autoridad competente y en los casos
prescriptos por las leyes.

ArtIculo 25. Toda persona podrd libremente, y sin sujeci6n k cen-
sura previa, einitir su pensamiento, de palabi^a 6 por escrito, por medio
de la imprenta 6 por cualquier otro procedimiento; sin perjuicio de
las responsabilidades que impongan las leyes, cuando por alguno
de aquellos medios se atente contra la honra de las personas, el orden
social 6 la tranquilidad pfiblica.

Art/culo 20. Es libre la profesion de todas las religiones as! como
el ejercicio de todos los cultos, sin otra limitacion que el respeto & la
moral cristiana y al orden pfiblico.

KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 87

La Iglesia estara separada del Estftdo, el cual no podra subvencionar,
en caso alguno, ningun culto.

ArtIculo 27. Toda persona tiene el derecho de dirigir peticiones 6
las Autoridades; de que sus peticiones sean resueltas, y de que se le
comunique la resolucion que a ellas recaiga.

ArtIculo 28. Todos los habitantes de la Republica tienen el derecho
de reunirse pacificamente y sin armas, y el de asociarse para todos los
fines licitos ae la vida.

ARTfcuiiO 29. Toda persona podra entrar en el territorio de la Repu-
blica, salir de 61, viajar dentro de sus limites, y mudar de residencia,
sin necesidad de carta de seguridad, pasaporte u otro requisite seme-
jante; salvo lo que se disponga en las leyes sobre inmigracion, y las
facultades atribuidas & la Autoridad en caso de responsabilidad criminal.

ARTfciJLO 30. Ningun cubano podrd ser expatriado, ni & ninguno
podrd prohibirsele la entrada en el territorio de la Republica.

ArtIculo 31. La ensenanza primaria es obligatoria, y asi 6sta como
la de Artes y Oficios seran gratuitas. Ambas estaran k cargo del
Estado, mientras no puedan sostenerlas respectivamente, por carecer
de recursos suficientes, los Municipios y las Provincias.

La segunda ensenanza y la superior estar&n & cargo del Estado. No
obstante, toda persona podra aprender 6 enseiiar libremente cualquiera
ciencia, arte 6 profesion, y fundar y sostener establecimientos de edu-
cacion y de ensenanza; pero corresponde al Estado la determinacion de
las profesiones en que exija titulos especiales, la de las condiciones
para su ejercicio, la de los requisites necesarios para obtener los
titulos, y la expedicion de los mismos, de conformidad con lo que esta-
blezcan las leyes.

ArtIculo 32. Nadie podrd ser privpxlo de su propiedad, sino por
Autoridad competente y por causa justificada de utilidad pubhca,
previa la correspondiente indenmizacion. Si no precediere este requi-
site, los Jueces y Tribunales amparar&n y, en su caso, reintegrardn al
expropiado.

ArtIculo 33. No podra imponerse, en ningun caso, la pena de con-
fiscaci6n de bienes.

ArtIculo 34. Nadie esta obligado k pagar contribucion ni impuesto
que no estuvieren legalmente estableciaos, y cuya cobranza no se
niciere en la forma prescripta por las leyes.

ARTfcuLO 35. Todo autor 6 inventor gozard de la propiedad exclu-
siva de su obra 6 invencion, por el tiempo y en la forma que determine
la Ley.

ArtIculo 36. La enumeraci6n de los dereehos garantizados expresa-
mente por esta Constitucion, no excluye otros que se deriven del prin-
cipio de la soberania del pueblo y de la forma republicana de gobierno.

ARTfcuLO 37. Las leyes que regulen el ejercicio de los dereehos que
esta Constituci6n garantiza, seran nulas si los disminuyen, restringen
6 adulteran.

Secci6n Segunda. — Derec/io de mfragio.

ArtIculo 38. Todos los cubanos, varones, may ores de veinte y un
anos, tienen derecho de sufragio, con excepcion de los siguientes:

1.° Los asilados.

2.° Los incapacitados mentalmente, previa declaracion judicial de su
incapacidad.

3.° Los inhabilitados judicialmente por causa de delite.

88 BEP0BT? OF ?HE 8ECBEtAfcir OF WAB.

4.° Los individuos pertenecientes 6. las fuerzas de mar y tierra, que
estuvieren en servicio active

AbtIculo 39. Las leyes establecer&n reglas y procedimientos que
aseguren la intervencion de las minorias en la formaci6n del Censo de
electores y dem&s operaciones electorates y su representacion en la
Camara de Representantes, en los Consejos Provinciales y en los
Ayuntamientos.

Secci6n Tercera. — Suspension de las garantias constihunoriales.

ArtIoulo 40. Las garantias establecidas en los articulos d£cimo
quinto, d^cimo sexto, d£cimo septimo, d^cimo nono, vig&imo segundo,
vig^simo tercero, vig&simo cuarto y vig^simo septimo de la seccion
primera de este Titulo, no podr£n suspenderse en toda la Repiibliea ni
en parte de ella, sino temporalmente y cuando lo exija la seguridad del
Estado, en caso de invasion del territorio 6 de grave perturbacion del
orden que amenace la paz publica.

ArtIculo 41. El territorio en que fueren suspendidas las garantias
que se determinan en el articulo anterior, se regird durante la suspen-
sion, por la Ley de Orden Publico, dictada de antemano. Pero ni en
dicha ley, ni en otra alguna, podra disponerse la suspensi6n de nifis
garantias que las ya mencionaaas.

Tampoco podra hacerse, durante la suspensi6n, declaraci6n de nuevos
delitos, ni imponerse otras penas que las establecidas en las leyes
vigentes al decretarse la suspension.

Queda prohibido al Poder Ejecutivo el extranamiento 6 la deporta-
ci6n de los ciudadanos, sin que pueda desterrarlos & m&s de ciento
veinte kilometros de su domicilio, ni detenerlos por m&s de diez dias,
sin hacer entrega de ellos a la Autoridad judicial; ni repetir la deten-
ci6n durante el tiempo de la suspension de garantias. Los detenidos
no podran serlo sino en departamentos especiales de los establecimientos
publicos, destinados & la detencion de procesados por causa de delitos
comunes.

ARTfcuLO 42. La suspension de las garantias de <jue se trata en el
articulo cuadrag^simo, solo podra dictarse por medio de una ley 6,
cuando no estuviere reunido el (Jongreso, por un decreto del Presi-
dente de la Republica. Pero 6ste no podrd decretar la suspensi6n mas
de una vez durante el periodo comprendido entre dos legislaturas, ni
por tiempo indefinido, ni mayor de treinta dias, sin convocar al Con-
greso en el mismo decreto de suspension. En todo caso deber& darle
cuenta para que resuelva lo que estime procedente.

TtTULO V.
DE LA SOBERANfA Y DE LOS PODERES PUBLICOS.

ArtIculo 43. La soberania reside en el pueblo de Cuba, y de &te
dimanan todos los Poderes publicos.

TtTULO VI.
DEL PODER LEGISLATTVO.

Secci6n Primera. — Delos Cuerpos Colegisladores.

ArtIculo 44. El Poder Legislativo se ejerce por dos cuerpos electi-
vos, que se denominan CfcC6mara de Representantes" y "Senado,"y
conjuntamente reciben el nombre de " (Jongreso. "

REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR. 89

Secci6n Segunda. — Del Senado, su composition y atribuciones.

ArtIculo 45. El Senado se compondrd de cuatro Senadores por pro-
vincia? elegidos, en cada una, para un periodo de ocho anos, por los
Conseieros Provinciates y por aoble numero de Coinpromisarios, con-
stituiaos con aqu£llos en Junta electoral.

La mitad de los Compromisarios seran mayores contribuyentes, y la
otra mitad reunirdn las condiciones de capacidad que determine la Ley;
debiendo ser todos, adem&s, mayores de edad y vecinos de t£rminos
municipales de la provincia.

La eleccion de los Compromisarios se hara por los electores de la
Provincia, cien dfas antes de la de Senadores.

El Senado se renovard, por mitad, cada cuatro anos.

ARTfcuLO 46. Para ser Senador se requiere:

1.° Ser cubano por nacimiento.

2.° Haber cumplido 35 anos de edad.

3.° Hallarse en el pleno goce de los derechos civiles y politicos.

ArtIculo 47. Son atribuciones propias del Senado:

1.° Juzgar, constituido en Tribunal de Justicia, al Presidente de la
Republica, cuando fuere acusado por la Camara de Representantes, de
delito contra la seguridad exterior del Estado, contra el libre funcio-
namiento de los Poderes Legislativo 6 Judicial, 6 de infraccion de los
preceptos constitucionales.

2.° Juzgar, constituido en Tribunal de Justicia, & los Secretarios
del Despacho, cuando f ueren acusados j>or la Camara de Representan-
tes, de aelito contra la seguridad exterior del Estado, contra el libre
funcionamiento de los Poderes Legislativo 6 Judicial, de infraccion de
los preceptos constitucionales, 6 de cualquier otro delito de caracter
politico que las leyes determinen.

3.° Juzgar, constituido en Tribunal de Justicia, a los Gobernadores
de las Provincias, cuando f ueren acusados por el Consejo Provincial 6
por el Presidente de la Republica, de cualquiera de los delitos expre-
sados en el p&rrafo anterior.

Cuando el Senado se constituya en Tribunal de Justicia, ser& presi-
dido por el Presidente del Tribunal Supremo, y no podrd imponer a
los acusados otras penas que la de destituci6n, 6 las de destitucion 6
inhabilitaci6n para el ejercicio de cargos publicos, sin perjuicio de que
los Tribunales que las leyes declaren competentes, les impongan cual-
quier otra en que hubieren incurrido.

4.° Aprobar los nombramientos que haga el Presidente de la Repu-
blica, del Presidente y Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia:
de los Representantes diplom&ticos y Agentes consulares dc la Nacion,
y de los demds funcionarios cuyo nombramiento requiera su aprobacion,
segun las leyes.

5.° Autorizar & los nacionales para admitir empleos li honores de
otro Gobierno, 6 paraservirlo con las armas.

6.° Aprobar los Tratados que negociare el Presidente de la Republica
con otras naciones.

Secci6n Tergera. — De la Camara de Representantes, su composicidn

y atribuciones.

ARTfcuLO 48. La C&niara de Representantes se compondrd de un
Representante por cada veinte y cinco mil habitantes 6 fraccion de mds

90 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR.

de doce mil quinientos, elegido, para un periodo de cuatro afios, por
sufragio directo y en la forma que determine la Ley.

La Cdmara de Representantes se rcnovard, por mitad, cada dos anas.

ArtIculo 49. Para ser Representante se requiere:

1.° Ser cubano por nacimiento 6 naturalizado con ocho afios de resi-
dencia en la Republica, contados desde la naturalization.

2.° Haber cumplido veinte y cinco anos de edad.

3.° Hallarse en el pleno goce de los derechos civilea y politicos.

ARTfcui,o 50. Corresponde d la Camara de Representantes, acusar,
ante el Senado, al Presidente de la Repulica y ,d los Secretarios del
Despacho, en los casos determinados en los pdrraf os primero y segundo
dol articulo 47, cuando las dos terceras partes del numero total de
Representantes, acordaren en sesi6n secreta la acusaei6n.

Secci6n Cuarta. — Dixpoisioioneti eorrvunes d los Cuerpos Colegisladores.

ARTfcuLO 51. Los cargos de Senador y de Representante son in-
compatibles con cualesquiera otros retribuidos, de nombramiento del
Gobierno; exceptuandose el de Catedratico por oposicion de Estable-
cimiento oficial, obtenido con anterioridad d la elecci6n.

ArtIculo 52. Los Senadores y Representantes recibirdn del Estado
una dotaci6n, igual para ambos cargos, y cuya cuantia podrd ser alte-
rada en todo tiempo; pero no surtird efecto la alteraci6n hasta que sean
renovados los Cuerpos Colegisladores.

ARTfcuLO 53. Los Senadores y Representantes ser&n inviolables por
las opiniones y votos que emitan en el ejercicio de sus cargos. Los
Senadores y Representantes solo podran ser detenidos 6 procesados con
autorizacion del Cuerpo d oue pertenezcan, si estuviese reunido el Con-
greso; excepto en el caso ae ser hallados infraganti en la comisi6n de
algfin delito. En este caso, y en el de ser detenidos 6 procesados
cuando estuviere cerrado el Congrcso, se dara cuenta, lo mfis pronto
posible, al Cuerpo respectivo, para la resoluci6n que corresponda.

ARTfcuLO 54. Las Caniaras abriran y cerraran sus sesiones en un
mismo dia, residiran en una misma poblacion y no podrdn trasladarse
6. otro lugar, ni suspender sus sesiones por m&s de tres dias, sino por
acuerdo de ambas.

Tampoco podrfin comenzar sus sesiones sin la presencia de las dos
terceras partes del numero total de sus miembros; ni continuarlas sin
la mayoria absoluta de ellos.

ARTfcuLO 55. Cada Cdmara resolvera sobre la validez de la elecci6n
de sus respectivros miembros, y sobre las renuncias que presenten.
Ningiin Senador 6 Representante podra ser expulsado ae la Cdmara d
que pertenezca, sino en virtud de causa previamente determinaday por
el acuerdo de las dos terceras partes, por lo menos, del numero total
de sus miembros.

ARTfcuLO 56. Cada Camara formard su reglamento, y elegird
entrc sus miembros, su Presidente, Vice-Presidentes y Seicretarios.
No obstante, el Presidente del Senado solo ejercerd su cargo cuando
f alte el Vice-Presidente de la Republica, 6 este ejerciendo la Presiden-
cia de la misma.

Secoi6n Quinta. — Del Congrew y sus atribuciones.

ARTfcuLO 57. El Congreso se reunira por derecho propio, dos vecee
al ano, y permanecera funcionando durante cuarenta dias hdbiles, por

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 91

lo menos, en cada legislatura. Una empezard el primer lunes de Abril
y la otra el primer lunes de Noviembre.

Se reunira en sesiones extraordinarias en los casos y en la forma que
determinen los Reglamentos de los Cuerpos Colegisladores, y cuando
el Presidente de la Kepublica lo convoque con arreglo a lo establecido
en esta Constitucion. En dichos casos solo se ocupard del asunto 6
asuntos que motiven su reunion.

ARTfcmx) 58. El Congreso se reunira en un solo Cuerpo para pro-
clamar al Presidente y Vice-Presidente de la Republica, previa rectifi-
cacion y comprobacion del escrutinio.

En este caso desempenara la Presidencia del Congreso, el Presidente
del Senado, y en su def ecto, el de la Camara de Representantes, & titulo
de Vice-Presidente del propio Congreso.

Si del escrutinio para Presidente resultare que ninguno de los candi-
dates reune mayoria absoluta de votos, 6 hubiere empate, el Congreso,
por igual mayoria, elegira el Presidente de entre los dos candidates
que hubieren obtenido mayor numero de votos.

Si fuesen m&s de dos los que se encontraren en este caso, por haber
obtenido dos 6 m&s candidates igual numero de votos, elegird, entre
todos ellos el Congreso.

Si en el Congreso, resultare tambi^n empate, se repetira la votacion;
y si el resultado de 6sta f uese el mismo el voto del Presidente decidird.

El procedimiento establecido en el parrafo anterior se aplicard & la
eleccion del Vice-Presidente de la Republica.

El escrutinio se ef ectuara con anterioridad a la expiracion del t^rmino
presidencial.

ArtIculo 59. Son atribuciones propias del Congreso:

1.° Formar los Codigos y las le}res de caracter general; determinar
el regimen que deba observarse para las elecciones generates, provin-
ciates y municipales; dictar las disposiciones que regulen y organicen
cuanto se relaciona con la administracion general, la provincial y la
municipal; y todas las demas leyes y resoluciones que estimare con-
venientes sobre cualesquiera otros asuntos de interns publico.

2.° Discutir y aprobar los presupuestos de gastos 6 ingresos del
Estado. Dichos gastos 6 ingresos, con excepcion de los que se men-
cionardn mas adelante, se incluirdn en presupuestos anuales y solo
regir&n durante el ano para el cual hubieren siao aprobados.

lx)R gastos del Congreso; los de la Administraci6n de Justicia; los
de intereses y amortizacion de empr^stitos, y los ingresos con que deben
ser cubiertos, tendran el caracter de permanentes y se incluirdn en
presupuesto fijo, que regira mientras no sea reformado por leyes
especiales.

3.° Acordar emprestitos, pero con la obligacion de votar, al mismo
tiempo, los ingresos permanentes, necesarios para el pago de intereses
y amortizaci6n.

Todo acuerdo sobre emprestitos requiere el voto de las dos terceras
partes del numero total de los miembros de cada Cuerpo Colegislador.

4.° Acunar moneda, determinando su patron, ley, valor y denomi-
naci6n.

5.° Regular el sistema de uesas y medidas.

6.° Dictar disposiciones para el regimen y fomento del comercio
interior y exterior.

7.° Regular los servicios de comunicaciones y ferrocariles, caminos,
canales y puertos, creando los que exija la conveniencia pfiblica.

92 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

8.° Establecer las contritiuciones 6 impuestos, de cardcter nacional,
que sean necesarios para las atenciones del Estado.

9.° Fijar las reglas y procedimientos para obtener la naturalizacion.

10. Conceder amnistias.

11. Fijar el ndraero de las fuerzas de mar y tierra y determinar su
organizacion.

12. Declarar la guerra y aprobar los Tratados de paz, que el Presi-
dente de la Republica haya negociado.

13. Designar, por meaio de una ley especial, aui6n debe ocupar la
Presidencia de la Republica en el caso de que el Presidente y el Vice-
Presidente sean destituidos, fallezcan, renuncien 6 se incapaciten.

ArtIculo 60. El Congreso no podra incluir en las leyes de presu-
puestos, disposiciones que ocasionen reformas legislativas 6 adminis-
trativas de otro orden; ni podra reducir 6 suprimir ingresos de car&c-
ter permanente, sin establecer al mismo tierapo otrosque losustituyan,
salvo el caso que la reduccion 6 supresion procedan de reduccion 6
supresion de gastos perraanentes equivalentes; ni asignar & ningun
servicio que deba ser dotado en el presupuesto anual, mayor cantidad
que la propuesta en el proyecto del Gobierno; pero si podrd crear
nuevos serviciosy reformar 6 ampliar los existentes, por medio de leyes
especiales.

Secci6n Sexta. — De la iniciativa yformacidn de lm leyes, su sancufn

y prmn tdgact&i,

ArtIculo 61. La iniciativa de las leyes se ejercerd por cado uno de
los Cuerpos Colegisladores indistintamente.

ARTfcuLO 62. Todo proyecto de ley que haya obtenido la aprobaci6n
de ambos Cuerpos Colegisladores, y toda resolucion de losmismos que
haya de ser ejecutada por el Presidente de la Republica, deber&n pre-
sentarse & 6ste para su sancion. Si los aprueba, los autorizard desde
luego; devolviendolos en otro caso, con las objeciones que hiciere, al
Cuerpo Colegislador que los hubiere propuesto; el cual consignari las
refendas objeciones integramente en acta, discutiendo de nuevo el
proyecto 6 resolucion.

Si despu^s de esta discusion dos terceras partes del numero total de
los mierabros del Cuerpo Colegislador, votasen en favor del proyecto
6 resolucion, se pasara, con las objeciones del Presidente, al otro
Cuerpo, que tambi^n lo discutini y si por igual mayoria lo aprueba, ser6
ley. En todos estos casos las votaciones ser£n nominates.

Si dentro de los diez dias hit biles siguientes & la remisi6n del pro-
yecto 6 resolucion al Presidente, 6ste no lo devolviere, se tendril por
sancionado y ser& ley.

Si, dentro de los ultimos diez dias de una legislatura, se presentare
un proyecto de ley al Presidente de la Republica. y 6ste se propusiere
utilizar todo el t^rmino <jue, al efecto de la sancion, se le conceae en el
p&rrafo anterior, eomunicard su proposito, en el mismo dia, al Con-
greso, & fin de que permanezca reunido, si lo quisiere, hasta el venci-
miento del expresado t^rmino. De no hacerlo asi el Presidente, se
tendrd por sancionado el proyecto y serd ley.

Ningun proyecto de ley desechado totalmente por algunos de loe
Cuerpos Colegisladores, podra discutirse de nuevo en la misma legis-
latura.

REPORT OP THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 93

AbtIculo 63. Toda ley sera promulgada dentro de los diez dias
siguientes al de su sancion, proceaa 6sta del Presidente 6 del Congreso,
segfin los casos mencionados en el articulo precedente.

TtTULO VII.

DEL PODER EJECUTTVO.

Seoci6n Primera/ — Del ejercicio del Poder Ejecutivo.

ArtIculo 64. El Poder Ejecutivo se ejerce por el Presidente de la
Republica.

Secci6n Segunda. — Del Presidente de la Republica, #U8 atribuciones

y deberes.

ArtIculo 65. Para ser Presidente de la Republica se requiere:

1.° Ser cubano por nacimiento 6 naturalizacion, y en este ultimo caso,
haber servido con las armas k Cuba, en sus guerras de independencia,
diez anos por lo menos.

2.° Haber cumplido cuarenta anos de edad.

3.° Hallarse en el pleno goce de los derechos civiles y politicos.

ArtIculo 66. El Presidente de la Republica ser& elegido por sufra-
gio de segundo grado, en un solo dia, y conf orme ,al procedimiento
que establezca la Ley.

El cargo durard cuatro anos; y nadie podra ser Presidente en tres
periodos consecutivos.

ArtIculo 67. El Presidente jurara 6 prometera, ante el Tribunal
Supremo de Justicia, al tomar posesion de su cargo, desempenarlo fiel-
mente, cumpliendo y haciendo cumplir la Constitucion y las leyes.

ARTfcuLO 68. Corresponde al Presidente de la Republica:

1.° Sancionar y promulgar las leyes, ejecutarlas y hacerlas ejecutar;
dictar, cuando no lo hubiere hecho el Congreso, los reglamentos para
la mejor ejecucion de las leyes; y expedir, ademas, los decretos y las
ordenes que, para este fin y para cuando incumba al gobierno y
administracion del Estado, creyere convenientes, sin contravenir en
ningfin caso lo establecido en dichas leyes.

2.° Convocar a sesiones extraordinarias al Congreso, 6 solamente al
Senado, en los casos que senala esta Constitucion, 6 cuando, & su juicio,
fufcre necesario.

3.° Suspender las sesiones del Congreso, cuando tratandose en este
de su suspension, no hubiere acuerdo acerca de ella entre los Cuerpos
Colegisladores.

4.° Presentar al Congreso, al principio de cada legislatura y siempre
que lo estimare oportuno, un Mensaje referente a los actos de la
Administracion, y demostrativo del estado general de la Republica;
y recomendar, ademds, la adopcion de las leyes y resoluciones que
creyere necesarias 6 utiles.

5.° Presentar al Congreso, en cualquiera de sus Camaras, y antes del
dia quince de Noviembre, el Proyecto de los Presupuestos anuales.

6.° Facilitar al Congreso los informes que ^ste solicitare sobre toda
clase de asuntos que no exijan reserva.

7.° Dirigir las negociaciones diplomaticas, y celebrar tratados con
las otras naciones, debiendo someterlos a la aprobacion del Senado,
sin cuyo requisite no tendran validez ni obligaran a la Republica.

94 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

8.° Nombrar y remover libremente a los Secretarios del Despacho,
dando cuenta al Congreso.

9.° Nombrar, con la aprobacion del Senado, al Presidente y Magis-
trados del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, y a los Representantes diplo-
matics y Agentes consulares de la Repfiblica; puaiendo hacer nom-
bramientos interinos de dichos f uncionarios, cuando en caso de vacante,
no est6 reunido el Senado.

10. Nombrar, para el desempeno de los demas cargos instituidos
por la Ley, k los f uncionarios correspondientes, cuyo nombramiento
no est6 atribufdo a otras Autoridades.

11. Suspender el ejercicio de los derechos que se enumeran en el
articulo 40 de esta Constitucion, en los casos y en la forma que se
expresan en los articulos 41 y 42.

12. Suspender los acuerdos de los Consejos Provinciales y de los
Ayuntamientos, en los casos y en la forma que determina esta
Constitucion.

13. Decretar la suspension de los Gobernadores de Provincia, en los
casos de extralimitacion de funciones y de infracci6n de las leyes,
dando cuenta al Senado, segun lo que se establezca, para la resolucion
que correspohda.

14. Acusar & los Gobernadores de Provincia en los casos expresa-
dos en el pdrrafo tercero del articulo 47.

15. Indultar a los delincuentes con arreglo a lo que prescriba la Ley,
excepto cuando se trate de f uncionarios pfiblicos penados por delitos
cometidos en el ejercicio de sus funciones.

16. Recibir a los Representantes diplom&ticos y admitir & los Agen-
tes consulares de las otras Naciones.

17. Disponer, como Jef e Supremo, de las f uerzas de mar y tierra de
la Republica. Proveer & la defensa de su territorio, dando cuenta
al Congreso; y a la conservacion del orden interior. Siempre que
hubiere peligro de invasion 6 cuando alguna rebelion amenazare grave-
mente la seguridad piiblica, no estando reunido el Congreso, el Presi-
dente lo convocara sin demora para la resolucion que corresponda.

ArtIculo 69. El Presidente no podra salir del territorio de la Repu-
blics sin autorizacion del Congreso.

ARTfcuLO 70. El Presidente sera responsable, ante el Tribunal
Supremo de Justicia, por los delitos de caracter comfin que cometiere
durante el ejercicio de su cargo; pero no podra ser procesado sin previa
autorizacion del Senado.

ARTfcuLO 71. El Presidente recibirti del Estado una dotaci6n, que
podra ser alterada en todo tiempo; pero no surtira efecto la alteracion
sino en los periodos presidenciales siguientes a aqu^l en que se acordare.

TlTULO VIII.
DEL VICE-PRESIDENTE DE LA REPtJBLICA.

ArtIculo 72. Habrfi un Vice-Presidente de la Repdblica, que sei*a
elegido en la misma forma y para igual periodo de tiempo que el
Presidente, y conjuntamente con cste; requiriendose para ser Vice-
Presidente las mismas condiciones que prescribe esta Constituci6n para
ser Presidente.

ARTfcuLO 73. El Vice-Presidente de la Republica ejercerfi la Presi-
dencia del Senado; pero solo tendra voto en los casos de empate.

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 95

ARTfcuiiO 74. Por falta, temporal 6 definitiva, del Presidents de la
Repfiblica, le sustituird el Vice-Presidente en el ejercicio del Poder
Ejecutivo. Si la falta fuere definitiva durara la sustitucion hasta la
terminaei6n del periodo presidencial. ^

ArtIculo 75. El Vice-Presidente recibird del Estado una dotaci6n,
que podrd ser alterada en todo tierapo; pero no surtira efecto la altera-
cion sino en los periodos presidenciales siguientes a aqu61 en que se
acordare.

TITULO IX.
DE LOS SECRETARIOS DEL DE8PACHO.

ArtIculo 76. Para el ejercicio de sus atribuciones tendrd el Presi-
dente de la Repfiblica, los Secretarios del Despacho que determine la
Ley; debiendo recaer el nombramiento de 6stos en ciudadanos cubanos
que se ballen en el pleno goce de los derechos civiles y politicos.

ArtIculo 77. Todos los decretos, ordenes y resoluciones del Presi-
dents de la Repfiblica habr&n de ser refrendados por el Secretario del
ramo correspondiente, sin cuyo requisite careceran de fuerza obliga-
toria y no ser&n cumplidos.

ArtIculo 78. Los Secretarios ser&n personalmente responsables de
los actos que refrenden, y, ademas, solidariamente, de los que, juntos,
acuerden 6 autoricen. Esta responsabilidad no excluye la personal y
directa del Presidents de la Repfiblica.

ArtIculo 79. Los Secretarios del Despacho serdn acusados por la
C&mara de Representantes, ante el Senado, en los casos que se men-
cionan en el parrafo segundo del articulo 47.

ArtIculo 80. Los Secretarios del Despacho recibiran del Estado
una dotaci6n que podrd ser alterada en todo tiempo; pero no surtirfi
efecto la alteracion sino en los perfodos presidenciales siguientes &
aqu£l en que se acordare.

TITULO X.
DEL PODER JUDICIAL.

Secci6n Prime ra» — Del ejercicio del Poder Judicial.

ArtIculo 81. El Poder Judicial se ejerce por un Tribunal Supremo
de Justicia y por los demas Tribunales que las Leyes establezcan.
Estas regularan sus respectivas organizacion y facultades, el modo de
ejercerlas y las condiciones que deban concurrir en los f uncionarios
que los compongan.

Secci6n Segunda. — Del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia.

ArtIculo 82. Para ser Presidente 6 Magistrado del Tribunal
Supremo de Justicia, se requiere:

1.° Ser cubano por nacimiento.

2.° Haber cumplido treinta y cinco anos de edad.

3.° Hallarse en el pleno goce de los derechos civiles y politicos y no
haber sido condenado a pena aflictiva por delito comfin.

4 ° Reunir, ademds, algunas de las circunstancias siguientes:

Haber ejercido, en Cuba, durante diez aiios, por lo raenos, la pro-
fesi6n de Abogado; 6 desempenado, por igual tiempo, funciones judi-

96 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR,

ciales; 6 explicado, el mismo numero de afios, una c&tedra de Derecho
en Establecimiento oficial de Ensenanza.

Podr&n ser tambi£n nombrados para los cargos de Presidente y
Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo, siempre que reunan las condiciones
de los numeros 1, 2 y 3 de este articulo:

(a) Los que hubieren ejercido, en la Magistratura, cargo de cate-
goria igual 6 inmediatamente inferior, por el tiempo que determine
la Ley.

(b) Los que, con anterioridad & la promulgaci6n de esta Constituci6n,
hubieren sido Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo de la lsla de Cuba.

El tiempo de ejercicio de funciones judiciales se computarfi como de
ejercicio de la Abogacia; al efecto de capacitar a los Abogados para
poder ser nombrados Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo.

ArtIculo 83. Adem&s de las atribuciones que le estuvieren anterior-
mente senaladas y de las que en lo sucesivo le confieran las leyes,
corresponden al Tribunal Supremo las siguientes:

l.a Uonocer de los recursos de casaci6n.

2.a Dirimir las corapetencias entre los Tribunales que le sean inme-
diatamente inferiores 6 no tengan un superior comun.

3.a Couocer de los juicios en que litiguen entre si el Estado, las
Provincias y los Municipios.

4.a Decidir sobre la constitucionalidad de las leyes, decretos y regla-
mentos, cuando f uere objeto de controversia entre partes.

Secci^n Tercera. — Disposiciaties geiierales acerca de la Administra-

ci&ti de Justicia.

ARTfcmx) 84. La justicia se administrara gratuitamente en todo el
territorio de la Repiiblica.

ARTfcuix) 85. Los Tribunales conoccr&n de todos los juicios, ya sean
civiles, criminales 6 contencioso-administrativos.

ARTfcuLO 86. No se podr£n crear, en ningun caso, ni bajo ninguna
denominacion, Coniisiones judiciales ni Tribunales extraordinarios.

ArtIculo 87. Ningun f uncionario del orden judicial podr& ser suspen-
dido ni separado de su destino 6 empleo, sino por raz6n de dehto fi
otra causa grave, debidamente acreditada, y siempre con su audiencia.

Tampoco podrd ser trasladado sin su consentimiento, & no ser por
motivo evidente de conveniencia piiblica.

ARTfcuLO 88. Todos los funcionarios del orden judicial ser&n per-
sonalmente responsables, en la forma que determinen las leyes, de toda
infraction de ley que cometieren.

ARTfcuLO 89. La dotaeion de los funcionarios del orden judicial, no
podrfi ser alterada sino en periodos may ores de cinco anos, y por medio
de una ley. Esta no podra asignar distintas dotaciones a cargos cuyo
grado, categoria y funciones sean iguales.

ARTfcuLO 90. Los Tribunales de las f uerzas de mar y tierra se
regular&n por una ley org&nica especial.

t1tx;lo xi.

DEL REGIMEN PROVINCIAL.

Secci6n Primera. — Disposiciones generates.

ArtIculo 91. La Provincia comprende los t£rminos Municipales
enclavados dentro de sus limites.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 97

ArtIculo 92. En cada Provincia habra un Gobernador y un Consejo
Provincial, elegidos por sufragio de primer grado en la forma que
prescriba la Ley.

El numero de Consejeros, en cada una, no sera menor de ocho ni
mayor de veinte.

Secci6n Segunda. — De los Consejos Provinciales y sus atrifniciones.

ArtIculo 1)3. Corresponde a los Consejos Provinciales:

1.° Acordar sobrc todos los asuntos que conciernan a la Provincia y
que, por la Constitucion, por los Tratados 6 por las leyes> no corres-
pondan 6. la competencia general del Estado 6 & la privativa de los
Ayuntamientos.

2.° Formal" sus presupuestos, estableciendo los ingresos necesarios
para cubrirlos, sin otra limitacion que la de hacerlos compatibles con
el sistema tributario del Estado.

3.° Acordar empr6stitos para obras pfiblicas de interes provincial;
pero votando al mismo tiempo los ingresos permanentes necesarios
para el pago de sus intercses y amortizacion.

Para que dichos emprestitos puedan rcalizarse, habran de ser apro-
bados por las dos terceras partes de los Ayuntamientos de la Provincia.

4.° Acusar ante el Senaao al Gobernador, en los casos determinados
en el parrafo tercero del articulo 47, cuando los dos tercios del numero
total de los Consejeros Provinciales, acordaren, en sesion secreta, la

acusacion.

5.° Nombrar y remover los empleados provinciales con arreglo a lo
que establezcan las leyes.

ARTfcuLO 94. Los Consejos Provinciales no podran reducir 6 supri-
mir ingresos de caracter permanente, sin establecer al mismo tiempo
otros que los sustituyan; salvo en el caso de que la reduction 6
supresion procedan de rcduccion 6 supresion de gastos permanentes
equivalentes.

ARTfcuLO 95. Los acuerdos de los Consejos Provinciales seran pre-
sentados al Gobernador de la Provincia. Si fete los aprobare, los
autorizara con su tirma. En otro caso, los devolvera, con sus obje-
ciones, al Consejo, el cual discutira de nuevo el asunto. Y, si despue^
de la segunda discusion, las dos terceras partes del numero total de
Consejeros votaren en favor del acuerdo, este sera ejecutivo.

Cuando el Gobernador, transcurridos diez dias desde la presentacion
de un acuerdo, no lo devolviere, se tendra por aprobado y sera tambi^n
ejecutivo.

ArtIculo 96. Los acuerdos de los Consejos Provinciales podran ser
suspendidos por el Gobernador de la Provincia 6 por el Presidente de
la Repfiblica, cuando, a su juicio, fueren contrarios a la Constitucion,
a los Tratados, a las leyes 6 a los acuerdos adoptados por los Ayunta-
mientos, dentro de sus atribuciones propias. Pero se reservara & los
Tribunales el conocimiento y la resolucion de las reclamaciones que se
promuevan con motivo de la suspension.

ARTfcuLO 97. Ni los Consejeros Provinciales ni ninguna Seccion 6
Comision, de su seno 6 por ellos designada fuera de 61, podran tener
intervencion en las operaciones que correspondan al procedimiento
electoral para cualquier clase de elecciones.

ARTfcuLO 98. Los Consejeros Provinciales seran personalmente
responsables, ante los Tribunales, en la forma que las leyes prescriban,
de los actos que ejecuten en el ejercicio de sus funciones.

WAR 1902— vol 1 7

98 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Seccion Tercera. — De los Gobemadores de JProvmeias y sus atribu-

eiones.

ArtIcuix) 99. Corresponde a los Gobemadores de Provincia:

1.° Cumplir y hacer cumplir, en los extremos que les conciernan, las
leyes, decretos y reglamentos generates de la Nacion.

2.° PubKcar los acuerdos del Consejo Provincial que tengan fuerza
obligatoria, ejecutdndolos y haci^ndolos ejecutar.

3.° Expedir ordenes y dictar adem&s las instrucciones y reglamentos
para la mejor ejecuci6n de los acuerdos del Consejo Provincial, cuando
6ste no los hubiere hecho.

4.° Convocar al Consejo Provincial a sesiones extraordinarias cuando,
a su juieio, fuere necessario; expres&ndose en la convocatoria el
objoto de las sesiones.

5.° Suspender los acuerdos del Consejo Provincial y de los Ayunta-
mientos, en los casos que determina esta Constituci6n.

6.° Acordar la suspensi6n de los Alcaldes en los casos de extralimi-
tacion de facultades, violacion de la Constituci6n 6 de lasleves,infrac-
cion de los acuerdos de los Consejos Provinciales, 6 incumplimiento de
sus deberes; dando cuenta al Consejo Provincial, en los terminos que
establezca.n las leyes.

7.° Nombrar y remover los enipleados de su despacho conf orme a
lo que establezcan las leyes.

AitTfcuLO 100. El Gobernador sera responsable ante el Senado, en
los casos (Hie en esta Constitucion se senalan, y ante los Tribunales
en los demas casos de delito, con arreglo a lo que prescriban las leyes.

ARTfciiLO 101. El Gobernador recibira del Tesoro provincial una
dotacion, que podra ser altemda en todo tiempo; pcro no surtira efecto
la alteracion smo despu^s que se veritique nueva eleccion de Goberna-
dor.

ARTfcuix) 102. Por falta, temporal 6 definitiva, del Gobernador do
la Provincia le sustituira en el ejercicio do su cargo, el Presidente del
Consejo Provincial. Si la falta fuere definitiva durard la sustituci6n
hasta que termine el periodo para que hubiere sido electo el Gobernador.

TITULO XII.
DEL REGIMEN MUNICIPAL.

Seccion Primera. — Disposiciones generates.

ARTfcuLo 103. Los Terminos municipales seran regidos por Ayun-
tamiontos, compuestos de Concejales elegidos por sufragio de primer
gmdo, en el niimero y en la forma quo la ley prescriba.

Art/cuix) 104. En cada T^rmino municipal habr& un Alcalde, ele-
gido por sufragio de primer grado, en la forma que establezca la Ley.

Seccion Seounda. — De los Ayuntwaientos y »us atribxiciones.

AiiTfcuix) 105. CoiTesponde a los Ayuntamientos:

1.° Acordar sobre todos los asuntos que conciernan exclusivamente
al t<5rmino municipal.

2.° Formar sus presupuestos, estableciendo los ingresos necesarios
para cubrirlos, sin otra limitacion que la de hacerlos compatibles con
el sistema tributario del Estado.

BEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 99

3.° Acordar empr^stitos; pero votando al mismo tiempo los ingresos
permanentes necesarios para el pago de sus intereses y amortizacion.

Para que dichos emprestitos pueaan realizarse, habran de ser apro-
bados por las dos terceras partes de los electores del T6rmino munici-
pal.

4.° Nombrary remover los empleados municipales conforme & lo
que establezcan las leyes.

ArtIculo 106. Los Ayuntamientos no podran reducir 6 suprimir
ingresos de caracter permanente sin establecer al mismo tiempo otros
que los sustituyan, salvo en el caso de que la reduccion 6 supresion
procedan de reduccion 6 supresion de gastos permanentes equivalentes.

ARTfcmx) 107. Los acuerdos de los Ayuntamientos serdn presenta-
dos al Alcalde. Si 6ste los aprobare, los autorizara con su firma. En
otro caso, los devolvera, con sus objeciones, al Ayuntamiento; el cual
discutird de nuevo el asunto. Y si despu^s de la segunda discusion, las
dos terceras partes del numero total de Concejales votaren en favor
del acuerdo, este sera ejecutivo.

Cuando el Alcalde, transcurridos diez dias desde la presentacion de
un acuerdo, no lo devolviere, se tendra por aprobado y sera tambien
ejecutivo.

ARTfcuLO 108. Los acuerdos de los Ayuntamientos podran ser sus-
pendidos por el Alcalde, por el Gobernador de la Provincia 6 por el
Presidfente de la Repiiblica, cuando, & su juicio, fueren contrarios k la
Constituci6n, & los Tratados, a las leyes 6 & los acuerdos adoptados por
el Consejo Provincial dentro de sus atribuciones propias. Pero se
reservara a los Tribunales el conocimiento y la resolucion de las recla-
maciones que se promuevan con motivo de la suspension.

ArtIculo 109. Los Concejales seran personalmente responsables,
ante los Tribunales de Justicia, en la forma que las leyes prescriban,
de los actos que ejecuten en el ejercicio de sus f unciones.

Seccion Tercera. — De los Alcaldes sus atribuciones y deberes.

ArtIculo 110. Corresponde & los Alcaldes:

1.° Publicar los acueraos de los Ayuntamientos que tengan fuerza
obligatoria, ejecutandolos y haci^ndolos ejecutar.

2.° Ejercer las f unciones activas de la administraci6n municipal,
expidiendo, al efecto, ordenes y dictando ademds instrucciones y re-
glamentos para la mejor ejecucion de los acuerdos del Ayuntamiento,
cuando £ste no los hubiere hecho.

3.° Nombrar y remover los empleados de su despacho, conforme &
lo que establezcan las leyes.

ArtIculo 111. El Alcalde ser& personalmente responsable, ante los
Tribunales de Justicia, en la forma que las leyes prescriban, de los
actos que ejecuten en el ejercicio de sus f unciones.

Art£culo 112. El Alcalde recibird, del Tesoro Municipal una dota-
cion que podrd ser alterada en todo tiempo; pero no surtird efecto la
alteraci6n sino desde que se verifique nueva eleccion de Alcalde.

ArtIculo 113. Por falta, tempo ml 6 definitiva del Alcalde, le susti-
tuira en el ejercicio de su cargo el Presidente del Ayuntamiento.

Si la falta fuere definitiva durara la sustituci6n hasta que termine el
perlodo para que hubiere sido electo el Alcalde.

• . • !

• • •«• -

100 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR,

TITULO XIII.
DE LA HACIENDA NACIONAL.

ArtIculo 114. Pertenecen al Estado todos los bienes, existentes en
el territorio de la Repiiblica, que no correspondan & las Provincias 6
a los Municipios, ni seau, individual 6 colectivamente, de propiedad
particular.

TITULO XIV.
DE LA REFORMA DE LA CONSTITUCl6N.

Art/culo 115. La Constitucion no podra ref ormarse, total ni parcial-
mente, sino por acuerdo de las dos terceras partes del numero total de
los miembros de cada Cuerpo Colegislador.

Seis meses despu^s de acordada la reforma, se procederd k convocar
una Convencion Constituyente, que se liniitara a aprobar 6 desechar
la reforma votada por las Cuerpos Colegisladores; los cuales continua-
ran en el ejercicio de sus funciones con entera independencia de la
Convencion.

Los Delegados a dicha Convenci6n serdn elegidos por provinces, en
la proporcion de uno por cada cincuenta mil habitantes, y en la forma
que establezcan las leyes.

Disposiciones Transitorias.

TRIMERA.

La Repiiblica de Cuba no reconoce mas deudas y compromisos que
los contraidos legitimamente, en beneficio de la Revolucion, por los
Jefes de Cuerpo del Ejercito Libertador, despu&j del 24 de Febrero de
1895, y con anterioridad al 19 de Septiembre del mismo ano, fecha»en
que se promulgo la Constitucion de Jimaguayu; y las deudas y com-
promisos que elGobierno Revolucionario hubiere contraido posterior-
mente, por si 6 por sus legitiinos representantes en el extrangero. El
Congreso calificara dichas deudas y compromisos, y resolverl sobre el
pago de los que f ueren legitimos.

SEGUNDA.

Los nacidos en Cuba 6 los hijos de naturales de Cuba que, al tiempo
de promulgarse esta Constitucion, fueren ciudadanos de algfin listado
extranjero, no podran gozar de la nacionalidad cubana sin renunciar,
previa y expresamente, la que tuvieren.

TERCERA.

El tiempo que los extranjeros hubieren servido en las guerras por
la independencia de Cuba, se computard como tiempo de naturaliza-
ci6n y ae residencia para la adquisicion del derecbo que & los naturali-
zados reconoce el articulo 49.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 101

CUARTA.

La base de poblacion que se establece, en relacion con las elecciones
de Representantes y de Delegados a la Convencion Constituyente, en
los articulos 48 y 115, podra modificarse por una ley cuando d juicio
del Congreso lo exigiere el aumento de habitantes que resulte de los
Censos periodicainente formados.

QUINTA.

Al constituirse por primera vez el Senado, los Senadores, al efecto
de su renovaci6n, se dividirdn en dos series. Los comprendidos en la
primera, cesardn al fin del cuarto ano, y los comprendidos en la segunda,
al terminar el octavo; decidiendo la suerte los dos Senadores que
correspondan, por cada provincia, d una }r otra serie.

La Ley establecerd el procedimiento para la formacion de las dos
series en que haya de dividirse, d los ef ectos de su renovacion parcial,
la Camara de Representantes.

SEXTA.

Noventa dias despu^s de promulgada la Ley Electoral que habra de
redactar y adoptar la Convencion Constituyente, se procederd a elegir
los funcionarios creados por la Constitucion, para el traspaso del
Gobierno de Cuba a los que resulten elegidos, conforme d lo dispuesto
en la Orden numero 301 del Cuartel General de la Division de Cuba,
de 25 de Julio del ano 1900.

SEPTIMA.

Todas las leyes, decretos, reglamentos, ordenes y demds disposi-
ciones que estuvieren en vigor al promulgarse esta Constitucion, con-
tinuardn observandose en cuanto no se opongan a ella, mientras no
f ueren legalmente derogadas 6 modificadas.

Apendice.

Art£cul,o 1.° El Gobierno de Cuba nunca celebrard con ningun
Poder 6 Poderes extranjeros ningun Tratado u otro pacto que menos-
cabe 6 tienda d menoscabar la independencia de Cuba, ni en raanera
alguna autorice 6 permita d ningun Poder 6 Poderes extrangeros
obtener por colonizacion 6 para propositos navales 6 mil i tares 6 de
otra manera asiento en 6 jurisdiccion sobre ninguna porcion de dicha
Isla.

ARTfcoLO 2.° Dicho Gobierno no asumird 6 contraerd ninguna
deuda publica para el pago do cuyos intereses y amortizacion definitiva,
despu^s de cubiertos los gastos corrientes del Gobierno, resulten ina-
decuados los ingresos ordinarios.

ArtIculo 3.° El Gobierno de Cuba consiente que los Estados Uni-
dos puedan ejercer el derecho de inter\ enir pai*a la preservacion de la
independencia de Cuba, y el sostenimiento de un Gobierno adecuado
d la protecci6n de la viua, la propiedad y la libertad individual, y al
cumplimiento de las obligaciones, con respecto k Cuba, impuestas a los
Estados Unidos por el Tratado de Paris y que deben ahora ser asumi-
das y complidas por el Gobierno de Cuba.

102 REPOBT OF THE SECRET ABT OF WAR.

ARTfcuLO 4.° Todos los actos realizados por los Estados Unidos en
Cuba durante su ocupacion militar, ser£n ratificados y tenidos por
validos, y todas los derechos legalraente adquiridos & virtud de aquellos,
seran mantenidos y protegidos.

ArtIculo 5.° l5l Gobierno de Cuba ejecutara y hasta donde fuere
necesario ainpliard los planes ya proyectados 6 otros que mutuamente
se convengan, para el saneaniiento de las poblaciones de la Isla, con
el fin de evitar la recurrencia de enfermedades epidemicas 6 infecciosas.
protegiendo asi al pueblo y al comercio de Cuba, lo mismo que al
comercio y al pueblo de los puertos del Sur de los Estados Unidos.

ARTfcuLO G.° La Isla de Pinos queda omitida de los limites de Cuba
propuestos por la Constitucion, dejdndose para un futuro Tratado la
fijacion de su pertenencia.

Art^gulo 7.° Para poner en condiciones & los Estados Unidos de
mantener la independencia de Cuba y protejer al pueblo de la misraa,
asi como para su propia dcfensa, el Gobierno de Cuba venderd 6 arren-
dard a los Estados Unidos las tierras necesarias para carboneras 6
estaciones navales en ciertos puntos determinados que se convendran
con el Presidents de los Estados Unidos.

ArtIculo 8.° El Gobierno de Cuba insertard las anteriores disposi-
ciones en un Tratado pennanente con los Estados Unidos.

Leonard Wood,
Gobwruidm* Militar de Cuba.

[Translation.]

Tuesday r, May 20, 1902. Havana Gazettee {official newspaper of the
Government). Extra edition. Official section. General adminis-
tration. Military government of i/te island of Cuba.

No. 181.

Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, May 80, 1902.

The following constitution adopted by the constitutional convention
of the people of Cuba on the 21st day of February, 1901, together
with and including the appendix thereto adopted by said convention
on the 12th day of June, 1901, is hereby promulgated jus the constitu-
tion of the Republic of Cuba, aud declared to be in full force and effect
on and after tnis day.

CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA.

We, the delegates of the people of Cuba, having met in Constitu-
tional Convention for the purpose of preparing and adopting the
fundamental law of their organization as an independent and sovereign
people, establishing a government capable of fulfilling its international
obligations, maintaining public peace, insuring liberty, justice, and
promoting the general welfare, do hereby agree upon and adopt the
following Constitution, invoking the protection of tne Almighty.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 103

TITLE I.
. THE NATION, ITS FORM OF GOVERNMENT, AND IT8 TERRITORY.

Article 1. The people of Cuba are hereby constituted a sovereign
and independent State and adopt a republican form of government.

Art. 2. The territory of the Republic is composed of the island of
Cuba, as well as the adjacent islands and keys, which, together there-
with, were under the sovereignty of Spain Until the ratification of the
treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898.

Art. 3. The territory of the Republic shall be divided into six prov-
inces, as they exist at present and with the same boundaries, the pro-
vincial council of each to determine their respective names.

The provinces may be incorporated with each other or divided into
new provinces through actions that may be agreed upon by the respec-
tive provincial councils and approved by Congress.

TITLE II.
THE CUBAN PEOPLE.

Art. 4. Cuban citizens are native born or naturalized.

Art. 5. Native-born Cubans are:

First. Those born of Cuban parents within or without the territory
of the Republic.

Second. Those born within the territory of the Republic of foreign
parents, provided that on becoming of age they claim the right of
inscription as Cubans in the proper register.

Third. Those born in foreign countries of native-born parents, who
have forfeited their Cuban nationality, provided that on becoming of
age they claim their inscription as Cubans in the same register.

Art. 6. Naturalized Cubans are:

First. Foreigners who, having served in the Liberating Army, may.
claim Cuban nationality within six months following the promulgation
of this Constitution.

Second. Foreigners established in Cuba prior to January 1st, 1809,
who may have retained their residence after said date, provided they
claim Cuban nationality within the six months next following the pro-
mulgation of this Constitution, or, if minors, within a like period after
they shall have attained their majority.

Third. Foreigners who, after five years' residence in the territory
of the Republic and not less than two years from the time that they
declared their intention of acquiring Cuban citizenship, may obtain
their letters of naturalization in conformity with the laws.

Fourth. Spaniards residing in the territory of Cuba on the 11th
day of April, 1899, who may not have been registered as such in the
proper registers prior to the same mouth and day of 1900.

Fifth. Africans who may have been slaves in Cuba, and those who
were emancipated and comprised in article 13 of the treaty of June
28th, 1835, entered into by opain and England.

Art. 7. Cuban citizenship is forfeited:

First. By acquiring foreign citizenship.

Second. By accepting employment or honors from auother govern-
ment without permission of the Senate.

104 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAS.

Third. By entering the military service of a foreign nation without
a like permission.

Fourth. By a naturalized Cuban residing five years continuously in
his native country, except by reason of his being in the employ of or
fulfilling a commission of the Government of the Republic.

Art. 8. Cuban citizenship may be reacquired as may be provided
for by law.

Art. 9. Every Cuban shall —

First. Bear arms in defense of his country in such cases and in the
manner determined by the laws.

Second. Contribute to the payment of public expenses in such man-
ner and proportion as the laws may prescribe.

TITLE III.

FOREIGNERS.

Art. 10. Foreigners residing within the territory of the Republic
shall have the same rights and obligations as Cubans —

First. As to protection of their persons and properties.

Second. As to the enjoyment of the rights guaranteed by Section I
of the following title, excepting those exclusively reserved to citizens.

Third. As to the enjoyment of civil rights under the conditions and
limitations prescribed in the law of alieus.

Fourth. As to the obligation of respecting and obeying the laws,
decrees, regulations, and all other enactments that may be in force in
the Republic.

Fifth. As to submission to the jurisdiction and decisions of the
courts of justice and all other authorities of the Republic.

Sixth. As to the obligation of contributing to the public expenses
of the State, province, and municipality.

TITLE IV.

RIGHTS GUARANTEED BY THIS CONSTITUTION.

Section Fi rst. — In dividual rights.

Art. 11. All Cubans have equal rights before the law. The Repub-
lic does not recognize any personal privileges or special rights.

Art. V2. No law shall have anv retroactive effect, other than penal
ones favorable to convicted or indicted persons.

Art. 13. Obligations of a civil nature arising from contracts or
other acts or omissions, shall not be annulled or altered by either the
legislature4 or Executive power.

Art. 14. The penalty of death shall in no case be imposed for crimes
of a political nature, which shall be defined by law.

Art. 15. No person shall be arrested except in such cases and in
the manner prescribed by law.

Art. 1(>. Every person arrested shall be set at liberty or placed at
the* disposal of a competent judge or court within twenty-four hours
immediately following the arrest.

Art. 17. All persons arrested shall be set at liberty or their impris-
onment ordered within seventy-two hours after having been placed at
the disposal of the competent judge or court. Within the same time

BEPOBT OF THE SEORETABY OF WAB. 105

notice shall be served upon the party interested of any action which
may have been taken in the matter.

Art. 18. No person shall be arrested except by warrant of a compe-
tent judge or court. The order directing tne serving of the warrant
of arrest shall be affirmed or reversed, after the accused shall have
been heard in his defense, within seventy-two hours next following
his imprisonment.

Art. 19. No person shall be indicted or sentenced except by compe-
tent judge or court, by virtue of laws in force prior to the commission
of the crime, and in such manner as therein prescribed.

Art. 20. Any person arrested or imprisoned without legal formali-
ties, or not in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and
the laws, shall be set at liberty at his own request or that of any citi-
zen. The law will determine the prompt action which shall be taken
in the case.

Art. 21. No person whatsoever is bound to give evidence against
himself, nor huslband or wife against each other, nor relatives within
the fourth degree of consanguinity or second of affinity.

Art. 22. All correspondence and other private documents are invi-
olable, and neither shall be seized or examined except by order of a
competent authority and with the formalities prescribed by the laws,
and in all cases all points therein not relating to the matter under
investigation shall be kept secret.

Art. 23. No person's domicile shall be violated; and therefore no
one shall enter that of another at night, except by permission of its
occupant, unless it be for the purpose of giving aid and assistance to
victims of crime or accident; or in the daytime, except in such cases
and manner as prescribed by law.

Art. 24. No person shall be compelled to change his domicile or
residence except by virtue of an order issued by a competent authority
and in the manner prescribed by law.

Art. 25. Every person may freely, without censorship, express his
thoughts either by word of mouth or in writing, through the press, or
in any other manner whatsoever, subject to the responsibilities speci-
fied by law, whenever thereby attacks are made upon the honor of
individuals, upon social order, and upon public peace.

Art. 26. The profession of all religious beliefs, as well as the prac-
tice of all forms of worship, arc free, without further restriction than
that demanded by the respect for Christian morality and public order.
The church shall be separated from the state, which shall in no case
subsidize any religion.

Art. 27. All persons shall have the right to address petitions to the
authorities, to have them duly acted upon, and to be informed of the
action taken thereon.

Art. 28. All inhabitants of the Republic have the right to assemble
peacefully unarmed, and to associate for all lawful pursuits of life.

Art. 29. All persons shall have the right to enter into and depart
from the territory of the Republic, to travel within its boundaries,
and to change their residence without requiring any safeguard, pass-
port, or any other similar requisite, except as may be required by the
laws governing immigration, and b}7 the authorities, in cases of crimi-
nal responsibility, by virtue of the powers vested in them.

Art. 30. No Cuban shall be banished from the territory of the
Republic or be prohibited from entering therein.

106 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Art. 31. Primary education is compulsory and shall be gratuitous,
as also that of arts and trades. The expenses thereof shall be defrayed
by the State during such time as the municipalities and provinces,
respectively, may Tack sufficient means therefor. Secondary and
advanced education will be controlled by the State. However, all per-
sons may, without restriction, study or teach any science, art, or pro-
fession, and found and maintain establishments of education and in-
struction, but it pertains to the State to determine what professions
shall require special titles, the conditions necessary for their practice,
the necessary requirements to obtain the titles, and the issuing of the
same as may be established by law.

Art. 32. No person shall he deprived of his property, except by
competent authority for the justified reason of public benefit, and
after being duly indemnified for the same. Should the latter require-
ment not have been complied with, the judges and courts shall give
due protection; and in such case they shall restore possession of the
property to the person who may have been deprived thereof.

Art. 33. In no case shall the penalty of confiscation of property be
imposed.

Art. 34. No person is obliged to pay any tax or impost not legally
established and the collection thereof is not carried out in the manner
prescribed by the laws.

Art. 35. Every author or inventor shall enjoy the exclusive owner-
ship of his work or invention for the time and in the manner deter-
mined by law.

Art. 36. The enumeration of the rights expressly guaranteed by
this Constitution does not exclude others that may be based upon the
principle of the sovereignty of the people and upon the republican
form of Government.

Art. 37. The laws regulating the exercise of the rights which this
Constitution guarantees shall become null and void if they diminish,
restrict, or change the said rights.

Section Second. — Right of suffrage.

Art. 38. All male Cubans over twenty-one years of age have the
right of suffrage, with the following exceptions:

First. Inmates of asylums.

Second. Persons mentally incapacitated after having been judicially
so declared.

Third. Persons judicially deprived of civil rights on account of
crime.

Fourth. Persons in active service belonging to the land or naval
forces.

Art. 39. The laws shall establish rules and procedures to guarantee
the intervention of the minority in the preparation of the ^Electoral
Census, and in other electoral matters, and their representation in the
House of Representatives and in provincial and municipal councils.

Section Third. — Siispensi<m of constitutional guarantees.

Art. 40. The guarantees established in articles 15, 10, 17, 19, 23,
23, 24, and 27 of the tirst section of this title shall not be suspended
throughout the entire Republic, or in any part thereof, except tempo-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 107

rarily and when the safety of the state may require it, in cases of
invasion of the territory or of serious disturbances that may threaten
public peace.

Art. 41. The territory within which the guarantees determined in
the preceding article may have been suspended shall be governed dur-
ing the period of suspension b}' the Law of Public Order previously
enacted, but neither in the said law, or in any other, shall the suspen-
sion be ordered of any other guarantees than those already mentioned.
Nor shall there be made, during the period of suspension, any decla-
ration of new crimes, nor shall there be imposed other penalties than
those established by the law in force at the time the suspension was
ordered.

The Executive power is prohibited from banishing or exiling citi-
zens to a greater distance than one hundred and twenty kilometers
from their domicile, and from holding them under arrest for more
than ten days without turning them over to the judicial authorities,
and from rearresting them during the period of the suspension of
guarantees. Persons arrested shall not be detained except in special
departments of public establishments used for the detention of persons
indicted for ordinary offenses.

Art. 42. The suspension of the guarantees specified in article 40
shall only be orderea by means of a law, or, when Congress is not in
session, by a decree of the President of the Republic; but the latter
shall not order the suspension more than once during the period com-
prised between two legislatures, nor for an indefinite period of time,
nor for more than thirty days, without convening Congress in the
same order of suspension. In every case the President shall report to
Congress for such action as Congress may deem proper.

TITLE V.
SOVEREIGNTY AND PUBLIC POWERS.

Art. 43. Sovereignty is vested in the people of Cuba and all public
powers are derived therefrom.

TITLE VI.
LEGISLATIVE POWERS.

•

Section First. — The legislative bodies.

Art. 44. The legislative power is exercised by two elective bodies,
which shall be known as the House of Representatives and the Senate,
and which conjointly will be called Congress.

Section Second. — The Senate; its organization and attributes.

Art. 45. The Senate shall be composed of four Senators from each
Province, elected therefrom for a period of eight years by the provin-
cial councilmen and by a double number of electors, who, together
with the provincial councilmen, shall constitute an Electoral Board.

One-half of the electors must be persons who pay the highest amount
of taxes and the remainder shall possess the qualifications that may be

108 REPORT OB' THE SECRETARY OF WAB.

determined by law. All of the electors must also be of age and resi-
dents of municipal districts of the Province.

The electors shall be chosen by the voters of the Province one hun-
dred days prior to the election of Senators.

One-halt of the members of the Senate shall be elected every four
years.

Art. 46. To become a Senator it is necessary —

First. To be a native-born Cuban.

Second. To have attained to the age of 35 years.

Third. To be in full possession of all civil and political rights.

Art. 47. The inherent attributes of the Senate are —

First. To try, sitting as a court of justice, the President of the
Republic whenever he be accused by the House of Representatives of
crimes against the external security of the State, against the free exer-
cise of legislative or judicial powers, or of violation of the Constitution.

Second. To try, sitting as a court of justice, Cabinet ministers when-
ever they be accused by the House of Representatives of crimes against
the external security of the State, against the free exercise of legisla-
tive or judicial powers, or of violation of the Constitution, or of any
other offense of a political nature specified by law.

Third. To try, sitting as a court of justice, governors of Provinces,
whenever they be accused by the provinciates councils or by the Presi-
dent of the Republic of any of the offenses specified in the preceding
paragraph. Whenever the Senate sits as a court of justice it shall be
presided over by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and it shall
not impose upon the accused any other penalty than that of removal
from office, or removal from office and disqualification to hold any
public office, without detriment to any other penalty which the accused
may have incurred which may be imposed by the courts declared to be
competent by law.

Fourth. To confirm the appointments made by the President of the
Republic of Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court
of Justice; of diplomatic representatives and consular agents of the
nation, and of all other public officers whose appointment may require
the approval of the Senate in accordance with tne law.

Fifth. To authorize Cuban citizens to accept employment or honors
from another government or to serve in the army thereof.

Sixth. To ratify the treaties entered into by the President of the
Republic with other nations.

Section Third. — Tlui House of Representatives; its organization and

attributes.

Art. 48. The House of Representatives shall be composed of one
Representative for each twenty-five thousand inhabitants or fraction
thereof over twelve thousand five hundred, elected for the period of
four years by direct vote and in the manner provided for by law.

Ouc-half of the members of the House of Representatives shall be
elected everv two vears.

Art. 49. The following qualifications are necessary to be a Repre-
sentative:

First. To bo a native-born or naturalized Cuban citizen who has
resided for eight years in the Republic from and after the date of his
naturalization.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 109

Second. To have attained to the age of twenty-five years.

Third. To be in full possession of all civil and political rights.

Art. 50. It shall be the duty of the House ot Representatives to
impeach in the Senate the President of the Republic, and the Cabinet
ministers in all cases prescribed in paragraphs h'rst and second of article
47, whenever two-thirds of the total number of Representatives shall
so resolve in secret session.

Section Fourth. — Provisions common to both colegislative bodies.

Art. 51. The positions of Senator and Representative are incom-
patible with the holding of any paid position of government appoint-
ment, with the exception of that of a professorship in a government
institution, obtained by competitive examination prior to election to
the first-named positions.

Art. 52. Senators and Representatives shall receive from the State
a pecuniary remuneration, alike for both positions, the amount of
which may be changed at any time; but the change shall not take effect
until after the future election of one-half of the members of the colegis-
lative bodies.

Art. 53. Senators and Representatives shall not be held liable for
the votes and opinions given and expressed in the discharge of their
duties. Senators and Representatives shall only be arrested or indicted
by authority of the body of which they form part, should Congress be
in session at the time, except in case of being actually discovered in
fliUfrante delicto. In this case, and in case of their being arrested or
indicted at the time when Congress is not in session, report shall be
made as soon as practicable' to the body to which they belong for proper
action.

Art. 54. Both Houses of Congress shall open and close their ses-
sions on the same day; they shall be established at the same place, and
neither the Senate nor the House of Representatives shall remove to
any other place nor adjourn for more than three days, except by joint
resolution of both Houses.

Neither shall they open their sessions without two-thirds of the total
number of their members being present, nor shall they continue their
sessions without an absolute majority of members being present.

Art. 55. Each House shall decide as to the validity of the election
of its respective members and as to the resignations presented by them.
• No Senator or Representative shall be expelled from the House to
which be belongs, except by virtue of a case previously decided
against him, and by resolution of at least two-thiras of the total num-
ber of its members.

Art. 56. Each House shall frame its respective rules and, regula-
tions, and elect from among its members its President, vice-presidents,
and secretaries. However, the President of the Senate will only dis-
charge the duties of office when the Vice-President of the Republic is
absent or is fulfilling the duties of President of the same.

Section Fifth. — Congress and its powers.

Art. 57. Congress shall meet by virtue of the inherent rights thereof
twice in each year, and shall remain in session during a period of at
least forty legal working days during each term.

110 BEPORT OF THE SECRET ABY OF WAR,

The first session shall begin on the first Monday in April and the
other on the first Monday inNovember. It will meet in extra sessions
in such cases and in such manner as provided for by the rules and
regulations of the colegislative bodies and whenever convened bv the
President of the Republic in accordance with the provisions 01 this
Constitution.

In such cases it shall only consider the express object or objects for
which it meets.

Art. 58. Congress shall meet as a joint body to proclaim, after
counting and rectifying the electoral vote, the President and Vice-
President of the Republic.

In this case the duties of the President of Congress shall be per-
formed by the President of the Senate, and in nis absence bv the
President of the House of Representatives as vice-president of said
Congress.

If upon counting the votes for President it should appear that none
of the candidates has an absolute majority of votes, or if there should
be a tie, Congress, by a majority of votes, shall elect as President one
of the two candidates having obtained the greatest number of votes.

Should two or more candidates be in the same condition, by two or
more of them having obtained a like number of votes, Congress shall
elect one of their number.

Should the vote of Congress also result in a tie, the vote shall be
again taken; and if the result of the second vote be the same, the
President shall cast the deciding vote.

The method established in the preceding paragraph shall be emplo}-ed
in the election of Vice-President of the Republic.

The counting of the electoral vote shall take place prior to the
expiration of the Presidential term.

Art. 50. Powers of Congress.

First. To prepare the national codes and laws of a general nature;
to determine the rules that shall be observed for general, provincial,
and municipal elections; to issue orders for the regulation and organi-
zation of all matters pertaining to the general administration of public,
provincial, and municipal affairs, and issue all other laws and decisions
which it may deem proper in connection with all other matters what-
soever of public interest.

Second. To discuss and approve the budgets of Government revenue
and expenditure. The saia revenue and expenditure, except such as
will be mentioned hereinafter, shall be included in annual budgets and#
shall only remain in force during the year for which they shall have'
been approved.

The expenses of Congress, those of the administration of justice,
those for interest and redemption of loans, and the revenues with which
they have to be paid shall be of a permanent nature and shall lie
included in a fixed budget which, shall remain in force until changed
by special laws.

Third. To contract loans; but at the same time it shall be under the
obligation of deciding what permanent revenues shall be necessary for
the payment of the interest and redemption thereof. All action relat-
ing to loans shall require two-thirds of the vote of the total number of
the members of each colegislative body.

Fourth. To coin money, specifying the standard, weight, value, and
denomination thereof.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. Ill

Fifth. To regulate the system of weights and measures.

Sixth. To establish rules for regulating and developing internal and
foreign commerce.

Seventh. To regulate the postal service; also railroads, public roads,
canals, and harbors, establishing those required by public convenience.

Eighth. To establish the duties, and taxes of a national character
necessary for the needs of the Government.

Ninth. To establish rules and procedures for naturalization of citi-
zens.

Tenth. To grant amnesties.

Eleventh. To fix the number of the land and naval forces and to
determine the organization thereof.

Twelfth. To declare war and approve treaties of peace made by the
President of the Republic.

Thirteenth. To designate, by means of a special law, who shall be
President of the Republic in case of the removal from office, death,
resignation, or incapacity of the President and Vice-President thereof.

Art. 60. Congress shall not include in the budget laws provisions
that may bring about legislative or administrative changes 01 any other
nature; nor shall it reduce or suppress any revenue of a permanent
nature without establishing at the same time others in substitution
thereof, except in case of reduction or suppression caused by the
reduction or suppression of equivalent permanent expenses; nor shall
Congress assign to any service that has to be provided for in the annual
budget a greater amount than that recommended in the project of the
Government; but it may establish new services aud reform or give
greater scope to those already existing by enactment of special laws.

Section Sixth. — The initiative, preparation, sanction, and jwomuUja-

tion oj the laws.

Art. 61. The initiative in respect to the laws is in each of the
colegislative bodies without distinction.

Art. 62. Every bill which shall have passed both colegislative bodies,
and every resolution of the said bodies that may have to be executed
by the President of the Republic must be presented to him for
approval. If he approve them he will sign them at once, otherwise
he shall return them with his objections to the colegislative body in
which they shall have originated; which body shall enter the said
objections at large upon its minutes and will again discuss the bill or
resolution. If, after this second discussion, two-thirds of the total
number of members of the colegislative bod}r should vote in favor of
the bill or resolution, it shall be sent, together with the objections of
the President, to the other body, where it shall also be discussed, and
if the latter should approve same by like majority it shall become a
law. In all the above cases the vote shall be taken by name.

If within the following ten working days after having received a
bill or resolution the President shall not have returned the same, it
shall be considered approved and become law.

If within the last ten days of a legislative session there should be
presented to the President of the Republic any bill, and he should decide
to take advantage of the entire period, in accordance with the preced-
ing paragraph, granted to him by law for the approval thereof, he
shall notify Congress on the same day of his determination, in order

112 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

that the latter may remain in session, should it so desire, until the
expiration of the said period. Should the President not do so, the bill
shall be considered approved and become law.

No bill after being defeated in its entirety by either of the colegis-
lative bodies shall be again presented for discussion during the same
legislative session.

Akt 63. Every law shall be promulgated within ten days next fol-
lowing the date of its approval by either the President or Congress,
as the case may be, according to the preceding article.

TITLE VII.
THE EXECUTIVE POWER.

Secttion First. — The exercise of Executive power.

Art. 64. The Executive power shall be vested in the President of
the Republic.

Second Section. — The President of the Republic, his powers and

duties.

Art. 65. The President of the Republic must possess the following
qualifications:

First. He must be a native-born or naturalized Cuban citizen, and
in the latter case must have served in the Cuban Army in its wars of
Independence for at least ten years.

Second. He must have attained to the age of forty years.

Third. He must be in full possession of his civil ana political rights.

Art. ()(y. The President of the Republic shall be elected by Presi-
dential electors on one single day and as provided for by law.

The term of office shall be four years, and no person shall be Presi-
dent for three consecutive terms.

Art. 67. The President shall take oath of office, or make affirma-
tion, before the Supreme Court of Justice, upon taking office, faith-
fully to discharge the duties thereof, to comply with and enforce tie
Constitution and the laws.

Art. 68. The duties of the President of the Republic are:

First. He shall sanction and promulgate the laws, execute and
enforce them ; issue, when Congress may not have done so, the regu-
lations for the better enforcement of the laws, and, in addition thereto,
the decrees and orders which, for this purpose and for all that which
pertains to the control and administration of the nation, he may deem
proper, without in any case violating the provisions established in
said laws.

Second. He shall convene special sessions of Congress, or of the
Senate alone, in the cases specified in this Constitution or when in his
judgment it may be necessary.

Third. He shall adjourn Congress whenever therein an agreement in
this particular shall not have been arrived at between the colegislative
bodies. '

Fourth. He shall present to Congress at the opening of each legisla-
tive session and at such other times as he may deem proper a message
relating to the acts of his administration, demonstrating the general

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 113

condition of the Republic: and he shall furthermore recommend the
adoption of such laws and resolutions as he may deem necessary or
advantageous.

Fifth. He shall present to either House of Congress prior to the 15th
day of November the project of the annual budgets.

Sixth. He shall furnish Congress with all the information that it
may ask for in reference to all matters that do not demand secrecy.

Seventh. He shall direct diplomatic negotiations and make treaties
with all nations, but he must submit same for the approval of the
Senate, without which they shall not be valid or binding upon the
Republic.

Eighth. He shall have the power to freely appoint and remove from
office the members of his Cabinet, notifying Congress of such action.

Ninth. He shall appoint, subject to the approval of the Senate, the
Chief Justice and justices of the Supreme Court and the diplomatic
representatives and consular agents of the Republic, with power to
make pro tempore appointments of such functionaries in cases of
vacancy when the Senate is not in session.

Tenth. He shall appoint such other public officers to all positions
specified by law whose appointment does not pertain to any other
authoritv.

Eleventh. He shall have the right to suspend the exercise of the
powers enumerated in article 40 of this Constitution in such cases and
in the manner stated in articles 41 and 42.

Twelfth. He shall have the right to suspend the resolutions of pro-
vincial and municipal councils in such cases and in the manner deter-
mined by this Constitution.

Thirteenth. He shall have the right to order the suspension from
office of governors of Provinces in case of their exceeding their powers
and violating the laws, reporting the fact to the Senate in such manner
as may be determined, for proper action.

Fourteenth. He shall have the right to prefer charges against the
governors of Provinces in the cases stated in paragraph third of arti-
cle 47.

Fifteenth. He shall have the right to pardon criminals in accordance
with the provisions of the law, except public officers who may have
been convicted of crimes committed in the performance of their duties.

Sixteenth. He shall receive the diplomatic representatives and rec-
ognize the consular agents of other nations.

Seventeenth. He shall have at his disposal, as Commander in Chief,
the land and naval forces of the Republic, take proper measures for
the defense of its territory, reporting to Congress the action taken for
the purpose, and take proper measures for the maintenance of the
public peace whenever there shall arise any danger of invasion or any
rebellion seriously threatening public safety. At a time when Congress
is not in session the President shall convene same without delay for
proper action.

Art. 69. The President shall not leave the territory of the Republic
without the authority of Congress.

Art. 70. The President shall be responsible before the Supreme
Court of Justice for all ordinary'crimes committed by him during his
term of office; but he shall not be indicted without previous authority
of the Senate.

war 1902— vol 1 8

114 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Art. 71. The President shall receive from the State a salavy which
may be changed at any time; but the change shall not take effect
except within the Presidential periods next following that in which it
may have been agreed upon.

TITLE VIII.

THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBUC.

Art. 72. There shall be a Vice-President of the Republic^ who shall
be elected in the same manner and for a like period of time as the
President and conjointly with the latter. To become Vice-President,
the same qualifications prescribed for President by this Constitution
are necessary.

Art. 73. The Vice-President of the Republic shall be President of
the Senate, but shall only be entitled to vote in case of a tie.

Art. 74. In case of temporary or permanent absence of the President
of the Republic, the Vice-President shall substitute him in the exercise
of the Executive power. Should the absence be permanent, the substi-
tution shall continue until the end of the Presidential term.

Art. 75. The Vice-President shall receive a salary from the State
which may be changed at an}r time, but the change shall not take effect
except within the Presidential periods next following that in which it
may nave been agreed upon.

TITLE IX.

Art. 70. For the exercise of his powers the President of the Repub-
lic shall have such Cabinet Ministers as may be prescribed by law, and
Cuban citizens only in the full enjoyment of their civil and political
rights shall be appointed.

Art. 77. All decrees, orders, and decisions of the President of the
Republic shall bear the referendum of the respective Cabinet Min-
ister, without which they shall not be enforceable and shall not be
executed.

Art. 78. The Cabinet Ministers shall be personally responsible for
all acts bearing their referendum and jointly and severally respon-
sible for those which they mav jointly decree or sanction. This
responsibility does not exempt the President from the personal and
direct responsibility which he may incur.

Art. 7i). The Cabinet Ministers shall be impeached bv the House
of Representatives, in the Senate, in the cases mentioned in paragraph
two of article 47.

Art. 80. The Cabinet Ministers shall receive a salary from the State
which may be changed at any time, but the change shall not go into
effect except within the Presidential periods next following the one in
which it may have been agreed upon.

TITLE X.

Section First. — The exercise of judicial powers.

Art. SI. The judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court of
Justice and in such other courts as may be established by law. The
said law will regulate their respective organization and powers, the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 115

manner of exercising the same, and the qualifications that must be
possessed by the functionaries composing the said courts.

Section Second. — Supreme Court of Justice.

Art. 82. To be Chief Justice or justices of the Supreme Court the
following conditions are required:

First. To be a Cuban by birth.

Second. To have attained to the age of thirty-five years.

Third. To be in the full enjoyment of civil and political rights, and
not to have been condemned to any penaaflictiva for ordinary offenses.

Fourth. To possess, in addition, any of the following qualifications:

To have practiced in Cuba, during ten years at least, the profession
of law, or discharged for a like period of time judicial duties, or occu-
pied for the same number of years a chair of law in an official educa-
tional establishment.

Other persons may be also appointed to the positions of Chief Justice
and justices of the Supreme Court, provided they possess the qualifica-
tions required by conditions 1, 2, and 3 of this article.

(a) Those persons who may have previously held positions in the

{'udiciary of a similar or next inferior grade for the period that may
>e provided for by law.

(o) Those persons who, prior to the promulgation of this Constitu-
tion, may have been justices of the Supreme Court of the Island of
Cuba.

The time during which lawyers shall have exercised judicial func-
tions shall be reckoned as that of the practice of law necessary to
qualify them for appointment as justices of the Supreme Court.

Art. 83. In addition to the powers that ma}r have been conferred
previously, or may be in future conferred by the laws, the Supreme
Court shall be vested with the following:

First. To take cognizance of appeals for the cassation of decisions
of .inferior courts.

Second. To decide as to the right of jurisdiction of courts immedi-
ately below it, or which may not be under the control of a higher
court, common to both.

Third. To have cognizance of all cases in litigation to which the
State, Provinces, and municipalities are parties inter se.

Fourth. To decide as to the constitutionality of the laws, decrees,
and regulations, wheuever questions relating thereto shall arise between
interested parties.

Section Third. — General rules relating to the administration of justice.

Art. 84. Justice shall be administered gratuitously throughout the
territory of the Republic.

Art. 85. The courts of law shall have cognizance of all suits, either
civil, criminal, or interadministrative (contencioso-administrativos).

Art. 86. There shall not be created, under any circumstances or
title whatsoever any judicial commission or special courts.

Art. 87. No judicial functionary shall be suspended or discharged
from his office or position except by reason of crime or other serious
cause, duly proven, and always after he has been heard.

116 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Neither shall he bo removed to another position without his consent
unless it be for the manifest benefit of the public service.

Art. 88. All judicial functionaries shall be personally responsible,
in the manner which the laws may determine, for all violations of the
laws committed by them.

Art. 89. The salaries of judicial functionaries shall only be changed
at periods of over five years, the said change to be made by a special
law. The law shall not assign different salaries for positions the grade,
category, and duties of which are equal.

Art. 90. Military and naval courts shall be regulated by a special
organic law.

TITLE XL

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.

Section First. — General rules.

Art. 91. Provinces shall comprise the municipal districts within
their limits.

Art. 92. Each Province shall have one governor and one provincial
council, elected by the direct vote of the people in the manner pre-
scribed by law. The number of councilmen in each Province shall not
be less than eight nor more than twenty.

Section Second. — Provincial councils and their powers.

Art. 93. Provincial councils shall have the right to —

First. Decide all matters concerning the Province, and which, under
the Constitution, treaties, or laws, are not within the general juris-
diction of the State or the special jurisdiction of the ayuntamientos.

Second. Prepare their budgets, providing the necessary incomes to
meet them, without any other limitations thereto than that consistent
with the tax system of the Government.

Third. Contract loans for public works for the benefit of the Prov-
ince, but voting at the same time the necessary permanent incomes for
the payment of the interest and redemption of said loans.

In order that said loans may be raised, they must be approved by
two-thirds of the members of the municipal councils of the Province.

Fourth. To impeach the governor before the Senate, in the cases
specified in paragraph 3 of article 47, whenever two-thirds of the total
number of provincial councilmen shall decide, in secret session to
prefer such charges.

Fifth. To appoint to and remove from office provincial employees,
in accordance with provisions which may be established by law.

Art. 94. Provincial councils shall not reduce or suppress revenues
of a permanent character without establishing, at the same time, others
in substitution thereof, except when the reduction or suppression shall
arise from the reduction or suppression of equivalent permanent
expenses.

Art. 95. The decisions of the provincial councils shall be presented
to the governor of the Province, and should he approve the same he
shall affix his signature thereto. Otherwise, he shall return them,
with his objections, to the council, which will again discuss the matter.

RKPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 117

If, after this second discussion, two-thirds of the total number of coun-
cilmen should vote in favor of the measure it shall be executed.

Whenever the governor does not, within ten days after the presen-
tation of the resolution, return the same it will be considered approved,
and shall, in a like manner, be executed.

Art. 96. All resolutions of the provincial councils may be suspended
by the governor of the Province or by the President of the Republic,
whenever, in their judgment, they may be contrary to the Constitu-
tion, treaties, laws, or resolutions adopted by the municipal councils
in the exercise of their inherent rights. But the right of cognizance
and decision of all claims arising from the said suspension shall pertain
to the courts.

Art. 97. Neither the provincial councilmen, nor an}' section of, or
commission from among their members, or of other persons designated
by them, shall have any intervention in election matters pertaining to
any election whatsoever.

Art. 98. The provincial councilmen shall be personally responsible
before the courts in the manner prescribed by law for all acts whatsoever
which they may perform in the exercise of their duties.

Section Third. — Gftvwttorx of Promnrrx mul tlwir jtowerx.

Art. 99. The governors of Provinces shall have power to —

First. Comply with and enforce, in all matters within their juris-
diction, the laws, decrees, and general regulations of the nation.

Second. Publish the resolutions of the provincial councils that may
be enforceable, executing the same and causing them to be executed.

Third. Issue orders, as well as the necessary instructions and regu-
lations for the better execution of the resolutions of the provincial
councils, when the latter should not have done so.

Fourtn. Call together the provincial councils in special session, when-
ever in their judgment it may be necessary, stating in the order con-
vening the session the object thereof.

Fifth. Suspend the resolutions of the provincial and municipal coun-
cils in the cases determined by this Constitution.

Sixth. Order the suspension of alcaldes from office in cases where
they exceed their powers, violate the Constitution or the laws, infringe
the resolutions of provincial councils, or fail to comply with their
duties; reporting such action to the provincial council in such manner
a&may be provided for by law.

Seventh. Appoint and remove the employees of his office in such
manner as may be provided for by law.

Art. 100. The governor shall be responsible to the Senate, as speci-
fied in this Constitution, and to the courts of justice, in all other cases
of crime in such manner as may be provided for by law.

Art. 101. The governor shall receive from the provincial treasury a
salary, which may be changed at any time, but the change shall not take
effect until after the election of a new governor.

Art. 102. In case of absence, either temporary or permanent, of the
governor of the province, he shall be substituted in the discharge of
his official duties by the president of the provincial council. Should
such absence be permanent such substitution shall continue until the
end of the term for which the governor may have been elected.

118 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

TITLE XII.
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

Section First. — General rules.

Art. 103. The municipal district shall be governed by municipal
councils composed of the number of councilnien, elected by direct
vote, as may be provided for by law.

Art. 104. In each municipal district there shall be an alcalde elected
by direct vote, as may be provided for by law.

Section Second. — Municipal councils and their jxnvers.

Art. 105. The municipal councils shall have power to —

First. Decide all matters that relate exclusively to municipal dis-
tricts.

Second. Prepare the budgets, providing the necessary revenues to
meet them, without further limitations than making them compatible
with the tax system of the State.

Third. Contract loans, but at the same time voting the permanent
revenues necessary for the payment of interest and redemption of
same.

In order that said loans may be negotiated, they must be approved
by two-thirds of the voters of the municipal districts.

Fourth. To appoint and remove from office municipal employees, as
may be provided for by law.

Art. 106. The municipal council shall not reduce or suppress any
revenues of a permanent nature without providing others at the same
time in substitution thereof, except when the reduction or suppression
arises from the reduction or suppression of equivalent permanent
expenditures.

Art. 1()7. The resolutions of municipal councils shall be presented
to the alcalde. If the latter should approve them he will attach his
signature thereto; otherwise he will return them, with his objections,
to the municipal council, where they will again be discussed. And if,
upon this second discussion, two-thirds of the total number of coun-
cilmen should vote in favor of anv resolution it shall be executed.

Whenever the alcalde should not return any resolution within ten
days after it has been presented to him, it shall be considered approved
and shall also be executed.

Art. 108. The resolutions of municipal councils may be suspended
by the alcalde, by the governor of the Province, or by the President
of the Republic, whenever, in their judgment, such resolutions are
contrary to the Constitution, to treaties, to the laws, or to the reso-
lutions adopted by the provincial council by virtue of its inherent
rights, but the courts of justice shall take cognizance of and decide all
claims arising therefrom.

Art. 109. Councilnien shall be personally responsible before the
courts of justice, as may be provided for by law, for all acts performed
by them in the exercise of their duties.

BEPOBT OF THE 8ECBETABY OF WAB. 119

Section Third. — Alcaldes; tlieir powers and duties.

Abt. 110. Alcaldes shall be required to —

First. Publish the resolutions of municipal councils that may be
binding, execute and cause the same to be executed.

Second. To take charge of the administration of municipal affairs,
issuing orders for the purpose, as well as instructions and regulations
for the better execution of the resolutions of municipal councils, when-
ever the latter may fail to do so.

Third. Appoint and remove the employees of his office as may be
provided for by law.

Art. 111. The alcalde shall be personally responsible before the
courts of justice, as may be prescribed by law, for all acts performed
in the discharge of his official duties.

Art. 1 12. The alcalde shall receive a salary, to be paid by the munic-
ipal treasury, which mav be changed at any time; but such change
snail not tafee effect until after a new election has been held.

Art. 113. In case of either temporary or permanent absence of the
alcalde, his official duties shall be discharged by the president of the
municipal council.

Should such absence be permanent, such substitution shall continue
for the term for which the alcalde may have been elected.

TITLE XIII.
THE NATIONAL TREASURE.

Art. 114. AH property existing within the territory of the Republic
not belonging to provinces or municipalities or to individuals, sepa-
rately or collectively, is the property of the State.

TITLE XIV.
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

Art. 115. The Constitution shall not be amended, in whole or in
part, except bv a resolution adopted by two-thirds of the total number
of members of each colegislative body.

Six months after an amendment has been agreed upon a Constitu-
tional Convention shall be convened, the duties whereof shall be limited
to either approving or rejecting the amendment voted by the colegis-
lative bodies, which latter shall continue in the performance of their
duties with absolute independence of the convention.

Delegates to the said convention shall be elected by each province
in the proportion of one for every fifty thousand inhabitants and in
the manner that may be provided by law.

TRANSITORY RULES.

First. The Republic of Cuba does not recognize any other debts and
obligations than those legitimately contracted in behalf of the revolu-
tion by the corps commanders of the Liberating Army subsequent to
the twenty-fourth day of February, 1895, and prior to the nineteenth
day of September of the same year, the date on which the Jimaguay 6

120 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

Constitution was promulgated, and such debts and obligations as the
revolutionary government may have contracted subsequently, either
by itself or through its legitimate representatives in foreign countries.
Congress shall classify said debts ana obligations and decide as to the
payment of those that may be legitimate.

Second. Persons born in Cuba, or children of native-born Cubans,
who, at the time of the promulgation of this Constitution, might be
citizens of any foreign nation shall not enjoy the rights of Cuban
nationality without first and expressly renouncing their said foreign
citizenship.

Third. The period of time which foreigners may have served in the
wars of independence of Cuba shall be computed as within that
required for the naturalization and residence necessary to acquire the
right granted to naturalized pitizens in article 49.

Fourth. The basis of population which is established in relation to
the election of Representatives and Delegates to the Constitutional
Convention in articles 48 and 115 may be changed by law whenever,
in the judgment of Congress, it should become necessary through the
increase of the number of inhabitants, as may be shown by the census
which may be periodically taken.

Fifth. Senators, at the time of the first organization of the Senate,
shall divide into two groups for the purpose of determining their
respective tenures of office.

Those comprising the first group shall cease in their duties at the
expiration of the fourth year, and those comprising the second group
at the expiration of the eighth year. It shall be decided by lot whicn
of the two Senators from each province shall belong to either group.

The law will provide the procedure for the formation of the two
groups into which the House of Representatives shall be divided for
the purpose of its partial renewal.

Sixth. Ninety clays after the promulgation of the electoral law, which
shall be prepared and adopted by the Constitutional Convention, the
election of public officers provided for by the Constitution shall be
proceeded with, for the transfer of the Government of Cuba to those
elected, in conformity with the provisions of Order No. 301 of Head-
quarters Division of Cuba, dated July 25, 1900.

Seventh. All laws, decrees, regulations, orders, and other rulings
which may be in force at the time of the promulgation of this Consti-
tution shall continue to be observed, in so far as they do not conflict
with the said Constitution, until such time as they may be legally
revoked or amended.

Appendix.

Article I. The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any
treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will
impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any way
authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by coloni-
zation or for naval or military purposes, or otherwise, lodgment or
control over any portion of said island.

Art. II. That said Government shall not assume or contract any
public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable
sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which the ordi-
nary revenues of the Island of Cuba, after defraying the current
expenses of the Government, shall be inadequate.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 121

Art. III. That the Government of Cuba consents that the United
States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of
Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for
the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for dis-
charging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty
of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by
the Government of Cuba.

Art. IV. That all the acts of the United States in Cuba during the
military occupancy of said island shall be ratified and held as valid,
and all rights legally acquired by virtue of said acts shall bo maintained
and protected.

Art. V. That the Government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as
necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutu-
ally agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the
end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be pre-
vented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of
Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United
States and the people residing therein.

Art. VI. The island of Pines shall be omitted from the boundaries
of Cuba specified in the Constitution, the title of ownership thereof
being left to future adjustment by treaty.

Art. VII. To enable the United States to maintain the independence
of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own
defence, the Cuban Government will sell or lease to the United States
the lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified
points, to be agreed upon with the President of the United States.

Art. VIII. The Government of Cuba will embody the foregoing
provisions in a permanent treaty with the United States.

Leonard Wood,
Military 0%/nrnor of Cuba.

Headquarters Military Governor Island of Cuba,

I la rami ^ May 20, 1902.

To the President and Cong rex* of the Republic of Cuba.

Sirs: Under the direction of the President of the United States, I
now transfer to you as the duly elected representatives of the people
of Cuba the government and control of the island, to be held and exer-
cised by you, under the provisions of the constitution of the Republic
of Cuba, heretofore adopted by the constitutional convention and this
day promulgated; and I hereby declare the occupation of Cuba by the
United States and the military government of the island to be ended.

This transfer of government and control is upon the express condi-
tion, and the Government of the United States will understand, that by
the acceptance thereof you do now, pursuant to the provisions of the
said constitution, assume and undertake all and several the obliga-
tions assumed by the United States with respect to Cuba by the treaty
between the United States of America and her Majesty the Queen
Regent of Spain, signed at Paris on the 10th day of December, 1898.

All money obligations of the military government down to this date
have been paid as far as practicable. The public civil funds derived
from the revenues of Cuba transferred to you this date, amounting to

122 REPORT. OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

$689,191.02 are transferred subject to such claims and obligations
properly payable out of the revenues of the island as may remain.
The sum of $100,000 has been reserved from the transfer of funds, to
defray anticipated expenses of accounting, reporting and winding up
the affairs of the military government, after which any unexpended
balance of said sum will be paid into the treasury of the island.

The plans already devised for the sanitation of the cities of the island
and to prevent a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases, to
which tne Government of the United States understands that the pro-
vision of the constitution contained in the fifth article of the appendix
applies, are as follows:

( 1 ) A plan for the sewering and paving of the city of Havana, for which a contract
has been awarded by the municipality of that city to McGivney, Rokeby and Com-
pany.

(2) A plan for waterworks to supply the city of Santiago de Cuba, prepared by
Captain S. D. Rockenbach, in charge of the district of Santiago, and approved by
the military governor, providing for taking water from the wells of San Juan Canyon,
and pumping the same to reservoirs located on the heights to the east of the city.

(3) A plan for the sewering of the city of Santiago de Cuba, a contract for which
was awarded to Michael J. l)ady and Company, by the military governor of Cuba
and now under construction.

(4) The rules and regulations established by the President of the United States on
the seventeenth of January, 1899, for the maintenance of quarantine against epidemic
diseases at the ports of Habana, Matanzaa, Cienfuegos and Santiago de Cuba, and
thereafter at the other porta of the island, as extended and amended and made
applicable to future conditions, by the order of the military governor dated April
twenty-ninth, 1902, published in the Official Gazette of Havana on the twenty-ninth
day of April, 1902.

(5) The sanitary rules and regulations in force in the city of Havana.

It is understood by the United States that the present government
of the Isle of Pines will continue as a de facto government pending
the settlement of the title to the said island by treaty pursuant to the
Cuban constitution and the act of Congress of the United States
approved March 2, 1901.

1 am further charged by the President of the United States to deliver
to you the letter which 1 now hand you.

[seal.] Leonard Wood,

Militainj Governor of Cuba.

Letter from the President of tlw United States referred to above.

White House,
Washington, D. C , May 10,' 1902.

To the President and Congress of the Republic of Cuba.

Sirs: On the 20th of this month the military governor of Cuba will,
by my direction, transfer to you the control and government of the
island of Cuba, to be thenceforth exercised under the provisions of the
constitution adopted by your constitutional convention as on that day

Eromulgatcd; and he will thereupon declare the occupation of Cuba
y the United States to be at an end.

At the same time I desire to express to you the sincere friendship
and good wishes of the United States, and our most earnest hopes for
the stability and success of your Government, for the blessings of
peace,* justice, prosperity and ordered freedom among your people,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 123

and for enduring friendship between the Republic of the United States
and the Republic of Cuba.
[seal.] Theodore Roosevelt,

President of the United States.

Letter from. Hon. Estrada Pal-ma in rrplu to Gmrral WooaVs hitter of

May 20, 1903.

Hakana, 30 df Maya di> 1,903.
Honorable General Leonardo Wood.

Senor: Como President*' de la Repiiblica de Cuba, recibo en este
acto el Gobierno de la Isla de Cuba que Vd. me transfierc, en cunipli-
miento de las ordenes comunicadas a Vd. por el President!4 de los
£stados Unidos, y tomo nota de que en este acto cesa la ocupacion
militar de la Isla.

Al aceptar ese traspaso, deelaro que el Gobierno de, la Repiiblica
asume, de acuerdo con lo preceptuado en la Constitucion, todas y cada
una de las obligaciones que se impuso respecto de Cuba el Gobierno de
los Estados Unidos }K>r virtud del T rat ado linnado en diez de Diciem-
bre de mil ochocientos noventa v ocho entre los Estados Unidos v S. M.
la Reina Regente de Espana.

Quedo enterado de estar pagadas, en cuanto ha sido posible, todas
las responsibilidades pecunianas contraidas por d Gobierno Militar
hasta esta fecha: de que se han destinado cien mil pesos para atender
en cuanto fucre necesario, a los gastos <jue pueda ocasionar la liquida-
ci6n y finiquito de obligaciones contraidas por dicho Gobierno y de
haberse tmnsferido al Gobierno de la Repiiblica la suina de seiscientos
ochenta y nueve mil ciento noventa y un pesos y dos centavos, ([lie con-
stituyen el saldo en efectivo existente hoy a favor del Estado.

En el concepto de que les sea aplicable el articulo quinto del Apen-
dice Constitucional, el Gobierno cuidani de facilitar la cjecucion de las
obras de saneamiento provectadas por el Gobierno Militar; procurara,
ademas, en cuanto dependa de el y responda en el orden sanitario a las
necesidades de am bos paises, la observacion del regimen implantadopor
el Gobierno Militar de Cuba.

Queda entendido que la Isla de Pinos continua de facto bajo la juris-
dicci6n del Gobierno de la Repiiblica, a reserva de lo que en su oportu-
nidad convengan el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos y el de la Repiib-
lica Cubana, de acuerdo con lo preceptuado en la Constitucion Cubana
y en la Ley votada por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos, aprobada
en Marzo aos de mil novecientos uno.

Recibo con verdadera satisfaction la carta que al Congreso de la
Repiiblica de Cuba y & mi, dirije el Presidente Roosevelt por los sen-
timientos de amistad hacia el pueblo de Cuba, que las inspiran.

Y aprovecho esta ocasion solemne en que resulta cumplidu la hon-
rada promesa del Gobierno y pueblo de los Estados Unidos respecto
de la Isla de Cuba y consagrada la personalidad de nuestra patria
como Naci6n Soberana, para expresar a Vd. digno represante de aquel
gran pueblo, la inmensa gratitud que siente el de Cuba hacia la Nacion
Americana, nacia su ilustre Presidente Theodore Roosevelt y hacia
Vd., por los esfuerzos que para el logro de tan acariciado ideal han
realizado.

T. Estrada Palma.

124 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

[Translation.]

Havana, May 20, 1902.
Honorable General Leonard Wood.

Sir: As President of the Republic of Cuba, I hereby receive the
government of the island of Cuba which you transfer to me in com-

Bliance with orders communicated to you by the President of the
United States, and take note that by this act the military occupation of
Cuba ceases.

Upon accepting this transfer I declare that the Government of the
Republic assumes, as provided for in the constitution, each and every
one of the obligations concerning Cuba imposed upon the United
States by virtue of the treaty entered into on the 10th of December,
1898, between the United States and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of
Spain.

I understand that, as far as possible, all pecuniary responsibilities
contracted by the military government up to this date have been paid;
that $100,000, or such portion thereof as may be necessary, have been
set aside to cover the expenses that may be occasioned by the liquida-
tion and finishing up the obligations contracted by said government;
and that there has been transferred to the Government of the Repub-
lic the sum of $689,191.02, which constitutes the cash balance existing
to-day in favor of the State.

In the belief that article 5 of the amendment to the constitution
is applicable to the matter, the Government will take pains to facili-
tate the execution of the works of sanitation projected by the military
government; furthermore, it will procure, in so far as depends upon
the same and corresponds thereto in the sanitary measures for the
necessities of both countries, the observance of the system implanted
by the military government of Cuba.

It is understood that the Isle of Pines is to continue de facto under
the jurisdiction of the Government of the Republic of Cuba, subject
to such treaty as may be entered into between the Government of the
United States and that of the Cuban Republic, as provided for in the
Cuban constitution and in the act passed by the Congress of the United
States and approved on the 2d of March, 1901.

I receive with sincere gratification the letters which President Roose-
velt addresses to the Congress of the Republic of Cuba and to me, for
the sentiments of friendship for the people of Cuba which inspire them.

I take this solemn occasion, which marks the fulfillment of the hon-
ored promise of the Government and people of the United States in
regard to the island of Cuba, and in which our country is made a ruling
nation, to express to you, the worthy representative of that grand
people, the immense gratitude which the people of Cuba feel toward
the American nation, toward its illustrious President, Theodore Roose-
velt, and toward you for the efforts you have put forth for the suc-
cessful accomplishment of such a precious ideal.

T. Estrada Palma.

Havana, May 20, 1902.
Theodore Roosevelt,

President, Washington :

The Government of the island having been just transferred, I, as
Chief Magistrate of the Republic, faithfull}r interpreting the sentiments

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 125

of the whole people of Cuba, have the honor to send you and the
American people testimony of our profound gratitude and the assur-
ance of an enduring friendship, with wishes and prayers to the
Almighty for the welfare and prosperity of the United States.

T. Estrada Palma.

Washington, May 20, 1002.

President of the Republic of Cuba:

Believe in my heartfelt congratulations upon the inauguration of the
Republic which the people of Cuba and the people of the, United States
have fought and labored together to establish. With confidence in
your unselfish patriotism ana courage and in the substantial civic vir-
tues of your people, I bid you Godspeed, and on this happy day wish
for Cuba for all time liberty and order, peace and prosperity.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

Havana, May 21, 1902.
Elihu Root,

Secretary of War, Washington:

I am deeply moved by your heartfelt message of congratulation on
the inauguration of the Republic of Cuba, to the birth of which the
people and the Government of the United States have contributed
witn their blood and treasure. Rest assured that the Cuban people
can never forget the debt of gratitude they owe to the great Republic
with which we will always cultivate the closest relations of friendship
and for the prosperity of which we pray to the Almighty.

T. Estrada Palma.

Washington, P. C Jam; 10, 1002.
The Adjutant-General U. S. Army,

Washington, 1). C.

Sir: 1 have the honor to inform you that the Republic of Cuba was
established at 12 o'clock noon, May 2<>, 1JI02. The transfer was made
upon the lines indicated in the instructions of the honorable, the Secre-
tary of War, and the autograph letter of the President read to Presi-
dent Palma and presented to him. President Palma responded, express-
ing his sincere appreciation of the work done by the United States in
Cuba and the lasting gratitude of himself and the people of Cuba.

The transfer was made in the main reception hall of the palace of
the military governor. There were present the President-elect and
his cabinet: the military governor and the oilicers of his staff; civil and
military; the Cuban Congress; the judiciary: officers of the British
and Italian navies; the captain and staff of the U. S. S. Brooklyn; and
the consular representatives of foreign countries.

The document of transfer was read at exactly 12 o'clock. President
Palma at once read his reply. During the reading of the document of
transfer and the reply or President Palma a salute of 45 guns to our
flag was being fired. Upon the conclusion of this salute the troops of

126 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

the Seventh U. S. Cavalry, which had been formed in the Plaza de
Armas in front of the palace, presented arms, the band played the
national air, and the American flag was lowered by a special detail
designated for this purpose and received by an officer of my staff.
The Cuban flag was then hoisted and saluted with a national salute of
21 guns both by the fortress of Cabana and by the U. S. S. Brooklyn.
The Cuban national air was played and our troops saluted the flag.
This ceremoliy completed, the troops immediately embarked, and were
not allowed, either officers or men, to set foot again on shore.

1 left the palace at 25 minutes past 12 o'clock, accompanied by the
officers of my personal and department staif. We were accompanied
to the capitania del puerto by President Palma with his cabinet, the
Cuban Congress and all others who had been present at the cere-
monies. President Palma bade us farewell at tne wharf after again
expressing his most sincere and lasting good- will and appreciation.

Accompanied by my personal staff I immediately embarked upon
the U. S. S. Brooklyn. The officers of the department staff embarked
on the S. S. Morro Castle, which sailed at a quarter past 3. The
U. S. S. Brooklyn sailed at about 3.45.

There was immense interest and enthusiasm displayed in the trans-
fer, and it would have been impossible for any people to have shown
more friendship and cordiality to the representatives of another nation
than was shown by the people of Havana of all classes to the repre-
sentatives of the late military government of the United States in
Cuba. Jt is safe to say that at least 100,000, probably 150,000, people
were assembled along the water front within the harbor limits at the

Sunta and along the sea front to see the troops off. Both the S. S.
forro Castle and the U. S. S. Brooklyn were escorted to sea by a
large number of tugs and launches packed with people.

l proceeded on the U. S. S. Brooklyn directly to the mouth of the
St. Johns River, below Jacksonville, and there transferred to the
U. S. A. T. Kanawha with the officers of my personal staff, Captain
H. L. Scott, adjutant-general, and Lieutenants M. E. Hanna, Frank R.
McCoy, and Edward Carpenter, aids-de-camp.

From Jacksonville I proceeded directly to Washington, stopping at
Charleston to coal; a few hours at Norfolk for supplies, and at Fortress
Monroe to visit the works, arriving at Washington Wednesday morn-
ing, Mav 28.

Very respectfully, Leonard Wood,

Brigadier- General, U. S. Army.

APPENDIX B.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF THE FISCAL AFFAIRS OF CUBA DURING AMEB-
IC AH OCCUPATION FROM JULY 18, 1898, TO MAT 19, 1902.

CONTENTS.

Customs revenues by ports.
Customs revenues by items.
Postal revenues.

Internal revenues by fiscal zones.
Internal revenues by items.
Miscellaneous revenues fiscal year 1899.
Miscellaneous revenues fiscal year 1900.
Miscellaneous revenues fiscal year 1901.
Miscellaneous revenues fiscal year 1902.
Expenditures fiscal year 1899.
Expenditures fiscal year 1900.
Expenditures fiscal year 1901.
Expenditures fiscal year 1902.
Expenditures summary.
Excess of revenues over expenditures.
Statement — balance sheet.

Summary, by ports, of customs revenues collected in Cuba during American administration,
July 18, 1898, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor for Cuba.

Julyl8, 1898, to
June 30, 1899.

Fiscal year
1900.

Fiscal year
1901.

July 1, 1901, to
May 19, 1902.

Total during
American ad-
ministration.

Baracoa

$19, 184. 93

1,481.97

554,111.07

144,015.11

65,165.04

49,111.76

64,915.57

5,102,762.85

$33,597.55

2, 784. 89

1,126,268.30

312,409.70

191,972.69

123,536.55

184,946.45

12,062,124.89

$24,274.45

2,445.24

1,287,614.93

281,477.24

227,526.53

146,959.38

311,275.70

11,516,922.09

5,993.51

231,365.75

469,869.48

185,794.86

. 189,527.24

5,969.56

1,031,875.93

15,471.85

16, 163. 17

$19,290.76

1,421.63

1,135,058.61

301,455.87

182, 593. 64

109,145.57

256,997.02

9,398,147.33

71,126.96

228,382.34

434,599.75

192,735.69

118,627.12

4,731.28

921,362.30

17,041.73

10,299.55

$96, 347. 69

Batabano

8, 133. 73

Cienfuegos

4, 103, 052. 91

Cardenas

1, 039, 387. 92

Caibarien

667,257.90

Ouantanamo

428, 753. 26

Gibara

Habana

818,134.74
38,079,957.16

Jucaro

77, 120. 47

Manzanillo

65,873.87

197, 755. 30

119,347.53

74,703.23

746.30

754,452.76

10,797.11

4,006.20

173, 361. 88
462,800.40
183,128.31
182, 278. 15

2,963.66

995,532.48

27,063.43

3,266.57

698,983.84

Matanzas

1, 565, 024. 93

Nue vitas

681,006.39

Sagua la Grande

Santa Cruz

565,035.74
14, 410. 80

Santiago

3,703,223.47

Trinidad

70, 874. 12

Tunas de Zaza

33,735.49

Total

7,228,460.60

16,068,035.90

15,950,526.91

13,402,917.15

52, 649, 940. 56

127

128

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Summary, by items, of customs revenues collected in Cuba during American administration,
July 18, 1898, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor for Cuba.

Import duties

Export duties

Tonnage tax

Harbor improvement .

Fines, seizures, etc

Capitation tax

Storage and cartage . . .

Consular fees

Overtime work

Cattle inspection

Live-stock tax

Certificate fees

Deposits for badges —

Liquor tax

Pilotage

Private dock inspec-
tion

Rent

.Seized and unclaimed
goods, useless mate-
rial

Sale of fishery plots —

Sanitary tax

Ship measuring

Signal service

Translation and inter-
pretation

Tramway charges

Wharfage

Wreckage

Repairs

Clothing

Revenue-Cutter Serv-
ice

July 18, 1898,

to June 30,

1899.

Total

96,473,668.28

406,408.10

227,691.41

79,230.86

2,317.76

17,983.65

3,766.93

222.52

4,357.74

10,908.28

1,525.89

89.00

64.93

225.25

Fiscal year
1900.

814,592,683.04

719,801.43

343,007.51

265,220.23

14,963.46

25,610.58

24,087.06

2,134.50

16,485.66

42,535.48

40.67

212.00

131.65

97.73

10,442.87

1,291.92

170.00

196.66

7,228,460.60

4,778.63
"4,"i44.*82

16,068,035.90

Fiscal year
1901.

$14,187,131.41

a 988, 928. 39

352,251.37

256,362.49

24,421.44

24,218.14

22,417.56

1,956.50

29,663.66

34,673.73

297.96

1,438.00

190.14

608.72

825.00
220.00

14,127.34

July 1, 1901, to
May 19, 1902.

$12,623,603.55

60.51
277.00

6,319.00
690.49

2,906.12
541.95

15,950,526.91

336,721.35

255,680.49

40,429.44

18,880.94

16,176.28

1,660.72

26,161.93

31,383.73

22.50

1,140.10

bft.69

150.00
80.00

33,435.03

1,060.00

5,110.50

3,643.22

7,378.54

150.00

5.00

37.65

11.87

13,402,917.15

Total during
American ad-
ministration.

$47,877,086.28

2,115,137.92

1,259,671.61

856, 494. 07

82, 132. 10

86, 693. 31

66,447.82

5,974.24

76,668.99

119,501.22

361.13

2, 790. 10

316. 10

1,525.89

608.72

975.00
486.73

58,070.17

1,291.92

395.25

257.17

1,337.00

16,208.13

4,333.71

14,429.48

691.95

5.00

37.65

11.87

52,649,940.56

a All export duties were abolished Apr. 1, 1901.

b Deduction for revenues refunded.

Summary of postal revenues collected in Cuba during American administration from

January 1, 1899, tfie date of the organization of the postal department, to May 19, 1902,
as certified by the auditor for Cuba.

Receipts from sales of postage stamps, stamped paper, box rent, etc. :

January 1, 1899, to June 30, 1899 $148,692.70

Fiscal year 1900 237,692.70

Fiscal year 1901 354,806.59

July 1, 1901, to May 19, 1902 324,226.74

Total 1,065,418.73

Fees on money orders:

January 1, 1899, to June 30, 1899 2,892.70

Fiscal year 1900 20,455.33

Fiscal year 1901 13,144.01

July 1, 1901, to May 19, 1902 11,729.87

Total 48,221.91

» »

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETABY OF WAR.

129

Summary, by fiscal zones, of internal revenues collected in Cuba during American adminis-
tration from January 1, 1899, the beginning of tfie administration of the internal affairs
under direction of the American authorities, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor
for Cuba.

Jan. 1, 1899, to
June 30, 1899.

Fiscal year
1900.

Fiscal year
1901.

July 1, 1901. to
May 19, 1902.

$429,998.58
18,458.51
10,282.01
29,361.54
30,645.27
31,010.89
42, 564. 40
30,911.29
16,977.68
9.551.00
38,820.50

Total during
American ad-
ministration.

Habana

t247.510.94
8,332.89

$547,887.63
24,946.66

$447,211.39*
15,583.84

9,060.56
27,268.94
27,846.10
34,911.56
29,020.03
20,628.61
11,688.11

9,266.63
39,026.78

$1,672,608.54
67,321.90
19, 342. 57

Pinardel Rio

Guanajay

Mntwn?afl .............

38,688.11

136,113.05

231,431.64
58, 491. 37

ftordenas

Santa Clara

16,889.97

99,144.53

181, 956. 95

Clenfuearoe

71,584.43

Holguin

30,324.89

26,546.26

108,411.06
28, 665. 79

Manfanfllo ............

18, 817. 63

Santiago

5,685.99

50, 146. 16

133,677.53

Total

671,512.55
12,926.63

2,592,309.40

Less amount refunded .

12,926.63

Net total

347,431.89

884,783.29

658,585.92

688,581.67

2, 579, 382. 77

Summary, by Hems, of internal revenues collected in Cuba during American administration,
from January 1, 1899, the beginning of the administration of the internal affairs under
directum of the American authorities, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor for
Cuba.

Conveyance and inheritance
tax

Industrial and commercial tax.

10 and 3 per cent on passenger
and freight rates

Forest proceeds

Redemption of rent charges . . .

Interest of rent charges

Interest of liabilities

Rents of state properties

Sale of state lands

Sale of useless material

Eventual proceeds

Liquor tax

Total

Less amount refunded

Net total

Jan. 1,1899,

to June 30,

1899.

$163, 892. 80
13,984.75

"128,419.19

120.00

75. 77

5,078.55

251.03

3,209.13

637.93

25,921.75

5,840.99

347,431.89

Fiscal year
1900.

$386,047.77
96,843.51

303,064.12

739.40

1,606.94

20,977.75

1,511.90

5, 138. 54

2,070.81

1,355.92

65,427.63

884,783.29

Fiscal year
1901.

$374,714.25
126, 162. 17

1,055.40

6,679.06

26,184.92

6,062.66

6,001.46

8,584.74

626.38

115,441.52

671,512.55
12,926.63

658,585.92

July 1,1901,

to May 19,

1902.

$357,325.40
132, 639. 07

297.60

11,313.61

34,497.00

9,201.83

7,417.71

19,079.96

1,474.68

115,334.91

688,581.67

Total during
American ad-
ministration.

$1,281,980.22
369,629.50

431,483.31

2,212.30

19,674.37

86,738.22

17,027.42

21,766.84

29,735.61

4,094.91

322,125.81

5,840.99

2,592,309.40
12,926.63

2,579,382.77

a This tax was abolished July 1, 1900, by headquarters division of Cuba, Order No. 258.

Summary of miscellaneous revenues collected in Cuba during American administration,
July 18, 1898, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor for Cuba.

REVENUES FROM JULY 18, 1898, TO JUNE 30, 1899.

Municipal and miscellaneous revenues collected at Santiago in 1898 "U64, 486. 52

Proceeds from teleg[raph-line receipts 17, 370. 29

Proceeds from earnings of Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 11, 437. 80

Proceeds from tax collections 1, 971. 33

Proceeds from municipal tax 307. 88

Proceeds from customs 37. 57

Proceeds from cleaning cesspools 172. 00

Proceeds from dredging work 1, 398. 14

Proceeds from rent of pile driver 200. 00

Proceeds from rent of dredge, Porto Rico 60.00

Proceeds from work done at 137 Obispo street 4. 87

Proceeds from sale of hardware 672. 57

~ WAB 1902— vol 1 9

130 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Proceeds from sale of scrap iron .* $24. 37

Contributions to the Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad by Mr. Carter. 1, 000. 00
Amounts taken up by collectors of internal revenue for overpayments

and credited to miscellaneous revenues 7, 402. 98

Miscellaneous receipts for which auditor is unable to furnish itemized

certificates 146. 50

Amount gained in exchange 17, 607. 12

Residue sum unexpended by late junta de obras del puerto 1, 323. 65

Discount payment, employees of junta de obras del puerto 292. 57

Lunatic asylum '. 27. 78

Cash found in Habana custom-house vault 1, 614. 32

Cash found in Santiago custom-house vault 6, 788. 40

Total 234,345.66

REVENUES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1900.

Proceeds from telegraph-line receipts $56, 950. 83

Proceeds from earnings of Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 29, 388. 39

Proceeds from sale of ice 10, 924. 50

Proceeds from cleaning cesspools 3, 397. 84

Proceeds from premium on sale of Spanish money and billettes 4, 733. 84

Proceeds from sale of old iron 1, 971. 76

Proceeds from sale of lumber 198. 50

Proceeds from sale of flour 437. 00

Proceeds from sale of clothing 3, 903. 84

Proceeds from sale of horses arid mules 450. 00

Proceeds from sale of old drain material 11. 40

Proceeds from sale of garbage cans 83. 20

Proceeds from sale of condemned insular property 21. 00

Proceeds from sale of street sweepings and manure 602. 27

Proceeds from sale of old vehicles 90. 90

Proceeds from sale of miscellaneous articles 117. 32

Proceeds from rental of canteen 1 82. 75

Proceeds from rent of pile driver 47. 50

Proceeds from rent of steam roller 26. 20

Proceeds from miscellaneous rents 607. 99

Proceeds from subrental of telephone 50. 00

Guaranty for dredging 31, 144. 23

Harbor improvements 200. 00

Damage to wharves 50. 70

Damage to vehicles 4. 40

Received from administrator of Marianao Railroad 351. 49

Repairs to slaughterhouse 8, 894. 80

Repairs to Las Animas hospital 380. 00

Files for architect, sanitary office 8. 00

File cabinet for sanitary office 21. 25

Asphalt pavements 1, 621. 00

Excavation work 322. 00

Board of patients and hospital treatment 679. 80

Subscription 12. 00

Repairs to buildings 2, 360. 63

Deposits on account of borings 100. 00

Deposits on account of work for the municipality of Habana 4, 771. 19

Care of prisoners 40. 62

Checks lost and uniforms unaccounted for 697. 33

Disinfecting warehouse 263. 70

Refunds of overpayment of duties, etc 370. 28

Receipts of funds not classified 8, 817. 70

Total : 175,308.15

REVENUES FOR THE FI8CAL YEAR ENDED JUNK 30, 1901,

Proceeds from telegraph-line receipts $75, 805. 06

Proceeds from earnings of the Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 13, 155. 02

Proceeds from sale of ice 13, 476. 71

Proceeds from auction sales 2. 00

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAB. 131

Proceeds from board and treatment of patients $541. 00

Proceeds from cleaning cesspools 2,013.50

Proceeds from dredging and floating dry dock at Regla 25, 077. 60

Proceeds from dredging. 1, 650. 00

Proceeds from earnings of S. S. Valeda 600. 00

Proceeds from installing meters and water service 11, 497. 32

Proceeds from fees for examining steam engine 115. 00

Proceeds from fees for registration of trade-marks 441. 50

Proceeds from maintenance of immigrants 4, 665. 58

Proceeds from miscellaneous rente 1, 364. 82

Proceeds from rent of pile driver 195.00

Proceeds from repairs, extension, and improvement of streets and roads . 1, 700. 00

Proceeds from repairs to launches, tugs, scows, and dredges 4, 986. 92

Proceeds from repairs to batteries and arsenals 83. 15

Proceeds from sale of condemned and unserviceable material 2, 499. 97

Proceeds from sale of sand and firewood 238. 80

Proceeds from sale of clothing to employees 365. 85

Proceeds from sale of rags 1, 231. 29

Proceeds from sale of insular property 209. 00

Proceeds from sale of animals 2, 151. 75

Proceeds from sale of rations ... 171. 25

Proceeds from sale of street sweepings 1, 191. 19

Proceeds from cleaning premises and sewers 5, 982. 42

Proceeds from miscellaneous sales 245. 02

Proceeds from improvements of municipal buildings and property 2, 216. 73

Fines, penalties, and forfeitures 1, 419. 12

Deposits on contracts 563. 91

Salvage and storage 17. 00

Receipts from issuing penalty envelopes 1, 408. 40

Sale of foreign gold and currency 4, 536. 52

Cash found in safes 49. 13

Repayments of services and labor furnished 2, 135. 70

Total 184,003.23

REVENUES FROM JULY 1, 1901, TO MAY 19, 1902.

Proceeds from telegraph-line receipts $88, 192. 58

Proceeds from sale of ice 13, 854. 94

Proceeds from auction sales 2, 744. 26

Proceeds from board and treatment of patients 1, 706. 67

Proceeds from cleaning cesspools 5, 824. 80

Proceeds from damage to wharves and sea walls 91. 34

Proceeds from damage to Department property 4. 00

Proceeds from dredging Matadero Canal 700. 00

Proceeds from earnings S. S. Valeda 1, 626. 87

Proceeds from establishing water supply 1, 155, 14

Proceeds from fees and licenses 1, 681. 58

Proceeds from maintenance of immigrants 10, 808. 38

Proceeds from miscellaneous rents 9, 284. 51

Proceeds from printing office 252. 00

Proceeds from repairs to harbor buoys 285. 76

Proceeds from rent of steam roller and pile driver 753. 00

Proceeds from repairing mowing machine 6. 50

Proceeds from repairs, extension, and improvement of streets 28, 398. 95

Proceeds from repairs to launches, tugs, scows, and dredges 8, 570. 67

Proceeds from repairs to batteries and arsenals 338. 91

Proceeds from repairs and dredging wharves 1, 739. 46

Proceeds from sale of ordnance stores 13, 566. 16

Proceeds from sale of condemned and unserviceable material 9, 008. 17

Proceeds from sale of coal and sand 336. 28

Proceeds from sale of clothing to employees 30. 50

Proceeds from sale of rags and paper 7, 539. 78

Proceeds from sale of insular property 18, 407. 54

Proceeds from sale of charts •. 10. 55

Proceeds from sale of horses and mules 2, 514. 80

Proceeds from sale of produce and rations 7, 984. 86

132 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Contributions to schools at Santiago $20, 130. 81

Conveyance and inheritance tax 54. 44

Fees for examining locomotive engineers 1, 718. 72

Fines, penalties, and forfeitures 3, 205. 02

Judicial fines 147. 99

Expense of erecting and removing reviewing stand 151. 72

Received from National Conference of Charities 163. 20

Receipts from issuing penalty envelopes 869. 89

Tunas and Sancti Spintus Railroad 213. 00

Loss on sales of foreign money «3, 553. 96

Total 260,519.79

EXPENDITURES FROM JULY 18, 1898, TO JUNE 30, 1899.

Barracks and quarters $447, 415. 90

Sanitation 1,066,075.28

Rural guard and administration 408, 079. 34

Public works, ports, and harbors 170, 365. 41

Charities and hospitals 176,256.79

Miscellaneous 625,700.22

Aid to destitute 131,705.36

Quarantine 22,707.70

Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 10, 908. 50

Expenditures by collectors of customs 130, 435. 26

Other customs expenditures 242, 297. 31

State and Government 188,628.78

Justice and public instruction 266, 498. 96

Finance 147,557.37

Agriculture, industry, commerce, and public works 101, 354. 62

Municipalities 1,358,162.29

Extraordinary payments ordered bv the general commanding at San-
tiago in 1898 ' 64,346.71

Postal expenditures 223,492.75

Loss in exchange 2, 630. 18

Revenues refunded 3, 725. 16

Total 5,788,343.89

EX FEND ITU RES DURING FISCAL YEAR 1900.

Barracks and quarters $1, 349, 671. 96

Sanitation 3,480,277.48

Rural guard and administration 1, 702, 450. 33

Public works, ports, and harbors 881, 963. 38

Charities and hospitals 814, 132. 26

Miscellaneous 208,735.74

Aid to destitute 92,623.17

Quarantine 224,332.91

Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 27, 457. 00

Expenditures by collectors of customs 689, 059. 62

Other customs expenditures 152, 316. 97

Treasurer's office 113,632.67

Auditor's office 77,200.10

Headquarters division of Cuba 80, 617. 78

State and Government 924,958.41

Justice and public instruction 1, 308, 090. 07

Finance 244,050.74

Agriculture, industrv, commerce, and public works 511, 177. 79

Municipalities ." 1,960,059.90

Census 299,239.70

Postal expenditures 494, 539. 09

Paris exposition 24, 798. 40

Total ! 15,661,385.47

<* Deduction.

REPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAR. 133

EXPENDITURES DURING FISCAL YEAR 1901.

State and Government:

Central office $236,471.12

Civil government 160,846.47

Rural Guard 124,433.91

Census 80,286.24

Hospitals and charities 512, 839. 71

Jails 389,088.08

Public buildings 210,943.69

Electrons 42,256.46

•Justice*

Central office 70,201.93

Supreme court aud audiencia 431, 989. 36

Courts of province .• : 188,820.31

Lower courts 166,022.54

Public buildings 15,583.72

Public instruction:

Central office 137,555.77

Universities and State schools 558, 379. 31

• Public buildings 38,400.70

Finance:

Central office 103,104.60

Offices of the zones 161,272.92

Expenditures by collectors of customs 714, 326. 60

Other customs-service expenditures 196, 667. 06

Postal sendee 524,198.85

Auditor's office 107,823.38

Treasurer, s office 276, 855. 40

Quarantine 255,039.20

Public building 768.03

Tariff commission 7,841.23

Aid to destitute 70.45

Miscellaneous 512. 91

Agriculture, industry, and commerce:

Central office 64,417.59

Province 48,326.21

Paris and Pan-American expositions 13, 470. 93

Purchase of brood horses and cattle 100, 344. 04

Public works:

Central office 60,113.68

Province 45,694.46

Expenditures by Captains of ports 75, 943. 96

Public works 383,710.77

Construction and repairs 1, 010, 046. 67

Light-houses 141, 362. 59

Public buildings 1,070.52

Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 18, 973. 01

Municipalities:

Administration 26, 040. 78

Instruction 3, 413, 184. 53

Sanitation " 2,856,912.48

Police 765,407.50

Hospitals and asylums 1, 042, 536. 71

Jails 1,266.46

Public buildings 19, 282. 60

Elections 12,722.03

Miscellaneous 99,122.75

Military department:

Barracks and quarters 455, 652. 60

Administration 193,530.80

Administration and Rural Guard 1, 071, 373. 22

Miscellaneous 12,462.67

Total 17,645,568.51

134

REPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

EXPENDITURES FROM JULY 1, 1901, TO MAY 19, 1902.

State and Government:

Central office $159

Hospitals and charities 580

jgllg __ 439

labile buildings! !!!!!!!! ZIZZZZZZZZZZZIZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZ!Z i,063

Secret service and secret police

Civil government 121

Census

Elections 118

Rural guard 863

Artillery corps 25

Justice:

Central office „ 58

Supreme court 137

Courts of province 675

Public buildings 1

Public instruction:

Central office 258

Universities and State schools 510

Public buildings 112

Finance:

Central office 174

Province 123

Postal service 383

Expenditures by collectors of customs 642

Other customs expenditures 144

Quarantine 191

Public buildings 26

Tariff commission 1

Consular funds

Treasurer's office 191

Auditor's office 127

Agriculture, industry, and commerce:

Central office 124

Province 36

Expositions 92

Brood horses and cattle 4

Public works:

Central office 63

Province 185

Public works 2

Construction and repairs 1, 311

Light-houses 160

Ports 2

Expenditures by captains of ports 62

Miscellaneous

Municipalities:

Administration 61

Police 99

Instruction 2, 760

Sanitation 2, 302

Hospitals and charities

Elections

Public buildiugs

Miscellaneous

Military department:

Barracks and quarters

Administration

Administration and rural guard
Miscellaneous

774
33
29
11

272

782
1
1

041.78
369.64
137. 41
747. 72
547. 77
480. 21

867. 50
325. 67
831.00
061.44

012.96
489. 19
681.79
125.58

647.90
029.23
050.76

250.75
180.34
531.34
522. 87
700.37
945.00
962. 38
067.50
17.94
212. 03
734. 94

881.67
743. 95
016. 19
167.89

171.80
353.50
421 . 36
596.70
747.20
839. 41
512.08
3.00

990.50
573.40
422.85
992.96

452. 51
136. 39
229.97
182. 95

743. 32
389.86
476.90
114.04

Total 16,309,733.41

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 135

EXPENDITURES DURING ENTIRE PERIOD OF AMERICAN ADMINISTRATION.

State and Government $2,780,781.16

Justice and public instruction 11, 108, 187. 46

Finance ^ 990, 586. 7 1

Customs service 2,912,326.06

Postal service 1,625,762.03

Quarantine 694,024.81

Census 380,393.44

Auditor 312,758.42

Treasurer •. 581,700.10

Rural guard and administration t 5, 253, 244. 58

Agriculture, industry, and commerce « 1, 121, 699. 28

Public buildings, works, ports, and harbors 5, 833, 607. 90

Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 57, 338. 51

Barracks and quarters 2, 525, 483. 78

Charities and hospitals 4, 1 24, 986. 60

Sanitation 9, 706, 258. 20

Municipalities (other than charities and hospitals and sanitation) 4, 477, 177. 52

Miscellaneous 918, 714. 72

Total 55,405,031.28

Summary of revenues and expenditures in Cuba during American administration, from
July 18, 1898, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the Auditor for Cuba.

REVENUES.

July 18, 1898, to June 30, 1899:

Customs $7,228,460.60

Postal 151,585.40

Internal 347, 431. 89

Miscellaneous 234, 345. 66

$7, 961, 823. 55

Fiscal year 1900:

Customs 16,068,035.90

Postal 258,148.03

Internal 884,783,29

Miscellaneous 175, 308. 15

17,386,275.37

Fiscal year 1901 :

Customs 15,950,526.91

Postal 367,950.60

Internal 658,585.92

Miscellaneous 1 84, 003. 23

17,161,066.66

July 1, 1901, to May 19, 1902:

Customs 13,402,917.15

Postal 335,956.61

Internal 688, 58 1 . 67

Miscellaneous 260, 519. 79

14, 687, 975. 22

$57, 197, 140. 80

EXPENDITURES.

July 18, 1898, to June 30, 1899:

Customs 372, 732. 57

Postal 223,492.75

Other 5,192,118.57

5,788,343.89

Fiscal year 1900:

Customs 841 , 376. 59

Postal 494,539.09

Other 14,325,469.79

15, 661, 385. 47

« Includes expenditures for public works to June 30, 1900.

136 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Fiscal year 1901 :

Customs $910,993.66

Postal 524,198.85

Other 16,210,376.00

f 17, 645, 568. 51

July 1, 1901, to May 19, 1902:

Customs ~ 787,223.24

Postal 383,531.34

Other 15,138,978.83

16,309,733.41

$55, 405, 031. 28

Excess of revenues over expenditures 1, 792, 109. 52

STATEMENT.

In the summary of revenues and expenditures in Cuba during
American occupation the following figures appear, namely:

Revenues $57,197,140.80

Expenditures 55, 405, 031 . 28

Excess of revenues over expenditures 1 , 792, 109. 52

In order to analyze the balance in favor of the Government of Cuba
at the close of American administration in account with collectors,
disbursing officers, and others, it is necessary to state an account includ.
ing all fiscal transactions.

The consolidated balance sheet is as follows:

Debtor.

For excels of revenues over expenditures $1, 792, 109. 52

J^ost property charged to officers 278. 88

Funds deposited with the treasurer in excess of amount certified for

credit to depositors 21, 869. 96

Mines deposits 5, 841. 70

Trust funds:

Money-order funds $80, 900. 14

Charity funds 2, 786. 43

Sinking fund for Normal school purposes 3, 508. 30

Outstanding disbursing officers' checks 3, 338. 24

90,533.11

Total 1,910,633.17

Creditor.

By amount credited to officers for transfer of funds in excess of amount
charged 50,757.39

Amount of indebtedness canceled by authority of military governor
under provision of rule 34 498. 59

Suspense items 677. 16

In hands of treasurer 635, 170. 29

Balance outstanding in Santiago de Cuba from transactions in calendar
year 1898 6,917.67

Amount due by United States Government for overpayment by Gen-
eral Humphrey (since paid to the Republic of Cuba) 29, 836. 22

Net balance in the hands of collectors and disbursing officers 1, 186, 775. 85

Total 1,910,633.17

The foregoing balance sheet represents the condition of the general
account as far as audited to the close of business on May 19th. Such
items as remained unsettled at that time, as well as the accounts with
one or two officers remaining open to be thereafter disposed of, will
be reported in a supplementary statement.

APPENDIX G.

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
A PROCLAMATION.

Whereas, Many of the inhabitants of the Philippine Archipelago
were in insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of the King-
dom of Spain at divers times from August, eighteen hundred and
ninety-six, until the cession of the archipelago hy that Kingdom to the
United States of America, and since such cession many of the persons
so engaged in insurrection have until recently resisted the authority
and sovereignty of the United States; and

Whereas, The insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of
the United States is now at an end, and peace has been established in
all parts of the archipelago except in the country inhabited by the
Moro tribes, to which this proclamation does not apply; and

Whereas, During the course of the insurrection against the King-
dom of Spain and against the Government of the United States, per-
sons engaged therein, or those in sympathy with and abetting them,
committed many acts in violation of the laws of civilized warfare; but
it is believed that such acts were generally committed in ignorance of
those laws, and under orders issued by the civil or insurrectionary
leaders; and

Whereas, It is deemed to be wise and humane, in accordance with
the beneficent purposes of the Government of the United States towards
the Filipino people, and conducive to peace, order, and loyalty among
them, that the doers of such acts who have not already suffered pun-
ishment shall not be held criminally responsible, but shall be relieved
from punishment for participation in these insurrections and for
unlawful acts committed during the course thereof by a general
amnesty and pardon:

Now, therefore, be it known that I, Theodore Roosevelt, President
of the United States of America, by virtue of the power and authority
vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby proclaim and declare
without reservation or condition, except as hereinafter provided, a
full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine
Archipelago who have participated in the insurrections aforesaid or
who have given aid and comfort to persons participating in said insur-

137

138 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

rections for the offenses of treason or sedition and for all offenses
political in their character committed in the course of such insurrec-
tions pursuant to orders issued by the civil or military insurrectionary
authorities, or which grew out of internal political feuds or dissen-
sions, between Filipinos and Spaniards, or the Spanish authorities, or
which resulted from internal political feuds or dissensions among the
Filipinos themselves during either of said insurrections;

Provided, luywever. That the pardon and amnesty hereby granted
shall not include such persons committing crimes since May first, nine-
teen hundred and two, in any province of the archipelago in which at
the time civil government was established, nor shall it include such
persons as have been heretofore finally convicted of the crimes of
murder, rape, arson, or robbery by any military or civil tribunal
organized under the authority of Spain, or of the United States of
America, but special application may be made to the proper authority
for pardon by any person belonging to the exempted classes and such
clemency as is consistent with humanity and justice will be liberally
extended; and

Further provided^ That this amnesty and pardon shall not affect the
title or right of the Government of the United States or that of the
Philippine Islands to any property or property rights heretofore used
or appropriated by the military or civil authorities of the Government
of the United States, or that of the Philippine Islands, organized under
authority of the United States by way of confiscation or otherwise;
and

Provided furtlier, That every person who shall seek to avail himself
of this proclamation shall take and subscribe the following oath before
any authority in the Philippine Archipelago authorized to administer
oaths, namely:

I, , solemnly swear (or affirm) that I recognize and accept the supreme

authority of the United States of America in the Philippine Islands and will main-
tain true faith and allegiance thereto; that I impose upon myself this obligation vol-
untarily without mental reservation or purpose of evasion. So help me God.

Given under my hand at the city of Washington this fourth day of
July, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and two, and
in the one hundred and twenty -seventh year of the Independence of
the United States.

Theodore Roosevelt.
By the President:
Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

APPENDIX D.

memorandum fob the secretary of war.

Headquarters of the Army,
Office of the Chief of Artillery,

Washington, November 15, 1902.
The individual reports of officers present during the operations
cover in detail all technical features of the maneuvers.

Upon receipt of a communication from the Chief of Artillery, dated
January 2, 1902, in which the opinion was expressed that combined
maneuvers between the Navy and coast artillery would prove a most
effective means of preparing the latter in time of peace for war, the
Secretary of War, on January 9, extended an invitation to the Secre-
tary of the Navy to participate during the coming summer in such
maneuvers. This invitation was accepted by the latter on January 12,
and the following problem was drafted by the Chief of Artillery:

GENERAL IDEA.

Anticipating the declaration of hostilities, a strong Red fleet (without torpedo
boats) determines to make a sudden dash upon Newport, or the eastern entrance
of Long Island Sound to secure a naval base, taking advantage of the absence of a
declaration of war to find the Blue land forces somewhat unprepared.

SPECIAL IDEA.

In undertaking these operations the controlling idea should be to test the training
of the personnel and the efficiency of the material, and it is of paramount importance
that this idea should not be lost sight of.

1. All the forte in the artillery district of Narragansett (Fort Rodman, Fort Adams,
Fort Wetherill, and Fort Greble), and in the artillery district of New London (Fort
Mansfield, Fort Wright, Fort Michie, and Fort Terry), will be mobilized on a war
basis, allowing two reliefs of artillerymen.

2. The period of maneuvers should last eight days and be divided into two distinct
phases:

(a) Period of preparation — two days and two nights.

(b) Period of hostility — six days and six nights.

3. It is desirable that the attack or feints should be made all along the line. so as
to test the efficiency of each part of the line, rather than to have one main attack
upon some prominent point, thereby allowing the enthusiasm and interest at other
places to wane by a feeling of fancied security.

4. The attacks by the fleet should embrace a day attack and a night attack, and, if
possible, a bombardment and forcing of a passage.

5. This coup being made before a declaration of war, the Red Fleet should be jus-
tified in assuming that all passages are not mined.

6. In the report of the Endicott Board on the System of Coast Defenses considera-
tion has been given to the defenses of the various ports of the United States by means

139

140 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

of the cooperation of divisions of torpedo boats. This board allotted to Narragansett
Bay 6 and to New London 13 torpedo boats. No system of defense combining these
has ever been attempted, so far as known.

A certain number of torpedo boats should act in conjunction with the fixed defenses,
and, if possible, the Holland, and any other submarines available, would be particu-
larly desirable.

7. During the period of hostilities the conditions are to approach those of war as
closely as possible.

The artillery, having had little or no opportunity to become familiar
with naval tactics, labored under great disadvantages. A number of
fortifications had never before been manned, and at several points the
Ordnance Department found it necessary to continue work on guns
and carriages until the beginning of operations. The Navy may be
said to be always on a war footing so far as its available ships are con-
cerned. Its officers are familiar with our coast and fortifications, and
at its war college at Newport, R. L, had fully discussed all the ques-
tions involved in the maneuvers, and had made a thorough study of
the situation.

The Coast Artillery should be equally well prepared; for when the
critical time conies, it must act on very short notice. The naval forces,
having had the benefit of the practical experience resulting from the
war with Spain, were in a great measure prepared for the work
required of them; the Artillery during this war had only the expe-
rience of preparing as far as practicable for an attack which never
occurred.

The theater of the operations was confined to the artillery districts
of Narragansett and New London, and, in addition to the regular
companies of Coast Artillery stationed permanently or temporarily in
these districts (practically sufficient for two reliefs for each gun), the
First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, two companies of Connecticut
Heavy Artillery, the Naval Reserve of New York, Connecticut, Rhode
Island, and Massachusetts also took part in the maneuvers. It is
greatly regretted that the Thirteenth Regiment, Heavy Artillery,
National Guard of New York, owing to lack of State appropriations,
was unable to participate.

The many obstacles encountered by the various officers of the line
and staff were surmounted by cordial cooperation and earnestness of
purpose, and it is the opinion of all officers who participated in the
maneuvers that the benefit derived from them can not be overesti-
mated, and that the practical experience gained will exert its influence
for years to come. The maneuvers were in the nature of a school of
instruction for about one-fourth of the total strength of the Artillery
Corps. No better method of imparting technical instruction could
possibly be devised. It afforded the recent volunteer appointees a
practical illustration of the requirements of modern artillery, and
many rules of discipline, command, and administration, which before

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 141

had appeared vague and unsatisfactory, were practically exemplified.
The artillery was given an opportunity to test not only its own sys-
tem, methods, and theories of fire direction and control, but also the
material furnished by the various supply departments, such as search-
lights, cables for telegraph, telephones, and searchlights, installed by
the Engineer Department; ammunition and electrical tiring gear for
the large-caliber guns and mortars, supplied by the Ordnance Depart-
ment, and telephones, telautographs, and other communications
installed by the Signal Corps, which laid and maintained line* for impro-
vised horizontal base systems of range finding, and had charge of the
service of security and information beyond the limits of the military
reservation, involving the use of telegraph stations on patrol boats
and on shore, balloons, rockets, etc.

The tests of personnel and materiel were perhaps even more severe
than would result from actual war, and it is probable that the officers
and men on dutv in the two districts concerned saw more active serv-
ice "during the maneuvers than they would have done under actual
conditions of war, as attacks would probably be made at a few prede-
termined points along our coast, and the commands at the majority of
the posts would have, no opportunity to oppose a hostile fleet. While,
in time of war a particular fortification might come into action for a
brief period only, it must be remembered that the enemy's fleet has
the choice of objective, and in order that the artillery may be ready
at the critical moment to defend any part of the coast which may be
attacked, it is essential that it should be fully equipped at all points in
materiel, men, organization, training, and practical experience.

To bring about such a condition years of earnest and unremitting
effort will be required. It is a dangerous theory that the expenditure
of an unlimited amount of money, when an emergency arises, will be
effective in the prevention of war. It will require regular and ample
appropriations to keep the Coast Artillery prepared to subserve the
purpose for which it is intended, and time is absolutely essential to
perfect its organization and equipment.

The expense incident to the maneuvers has unquestionably been
justified by the benefits which have accrued to the country at large,
for as a result of the experience gained many improvements have been
and are still being made in the training of the personnel, and also in
much of the material which is furnished by the several staff departments.

Believing that the Navy and artillery will derive valuable strategical,
tactical, and technical lessons from the maneuvers, it is recommended
that they be of annual occurrence, a different locality being selected
each year.

Wallace F. Randolph,

Chief of Artillery.

APPENDIX £.

Headquarters Department of the East,

Gvvem/rrs hiand, New York City, October 7, 1902.

Sir: In conclusion of the maneuvers recently held in this depart-
ment, in which the Navy and Army participated, full reports are
respectfully inclosed herewith, in which will be found the views of
the various officers charged with responsible duties in the premises,
which are of the highest professional importance, and as such are
most earnestly commended to the very careful consideration of the
Department. As much of the material contained in these valuable
reports is essentially technical, and all of it more or less confidential,
it is submitted with only a few remarks in respect of such matters as
seem to be of general interest and properly admit of public discussion.

A memorandum is respectfully attached hereto, in which is embodied
a brief reference to the manner in which the maneuvers originated, the
necessary preliminary action at these headquarters in organizing the
same, and a record of events incidental to the execution thereof.

One of the most notable features of the maneuvers was the gravity,
professional zeal, and dignity which characterized the deportment of
all concerned, which was exceedingly gratifying, as in peace training
of this kind it frequently happens that it is not easy to warm the fancy
or hold the serious attention of the participating parties, because of
the difficulties attending any attempt to present by simulation a truth-
ful imitation of actual war. Although it was apparent that reciprocal
hostile action, which molds the events of a real campaign, was absent,
it was also very obvious that the fresh and novel situations which arose
from bringing ships against forts afforded a considerable scope for
decision and ingenuity, and for the manifestation of intelligence, vigor,
judgment, and composure in very much the same manner as would
have occurred in regular field operations. It is therefore a great
pleasure to report to the Department the complete professional suc-
cess of the maneuvers, together with a suggestive recommendation in
behalf of an annual repetition thereof until the entire system of our
coast defense has been subjected to a similar test.

As preliminary to the general discussion it may be said that the
United States in all warlike emergencies can rely with absolute cer-
tainty upon everything possible of accomplishment, by reason of the

143

144 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

voluntary efforts of a practically inexhaustible number of courageous,
self-respecting men, and may rely also upon everything that can be
quickly produced by the employment of an unlimited supply of
money. These indispensable elements of military power must always
be a matter of great comfort to the nation, but in the complacent con-
templation thereof it must not be forgotten that the enthusiasm of the
whole nation, supplemented by billions of wealth, can not create on
the instant anything in the production of which time is the essential
element.

The fortification work of the Engineer Corps and the Ordnance
Department embraced within the limits of the maneuver districts can
not be too highly commended. The gun emplacements, both in loca-
tion and construction, are admirable, and the guns, mortars, and car-
riages installed therein are splendidly adapted to the purposes of an
artillery defense. In the several particulars referred to — that is to
say, forts, guns, mortars, and carriages — such perfect types have been
evolved as to justify a declaration to the effect that construction in
these instances can go forward without any consideration of the pos-
sibility of either becoming obsolete within any reasonable time. Minor
defects have been known to exist for some time in the great plant
involved, more small defects have been brought to light by these
maneuvers, further experience will undoubtedly reveal others; but
speaking in broad terms of this great national question of coast defense,
it may be said that everything relating to emplacements and guns has
long since passed the experimental stage, in the light of which fact,
and having reference to the preceding formula in respect of time as
an incident of constructive work, the primary conclusion which is sug-
gested by the maneuvers is to the effect that all projected coast-defense
works be hurried to completion as quickly as possible.

The maneuver field embraced only the Narragausett and New Lon-
don artillery districts; that is to say, nine posts on the Atlantic coast
of the United States, the entire defense of which is composed of forty-
five posts. The difficulties attending the mobilizing of these posts in
consequence of necessary removal thereto from other districts of pretty
nearly all the portable appurtenances appertaining to our entire Atlan-
tic coast defense, carry an impressive, and, if properly accepted, one
of the most instructive, lessons of the maneuvers.

Although the subject is one of great concern, it is not regarded as
of confidential significance, as it simply means inadequate money appro-
priations and not any inherent weakness in the nation itself. As the
only possible way of obtaining amendment of the military policy,
under which such insufficient results are reached, lies in open and
intelligent discussion, it is desired in this report to set forth the vast
public interest jeopardized, in the hope of securing something like
adequate recognition thereof.

BEPOBT OF THE 8E0BETABY OF WAB. 145

Referring to what has previously been said in respect of the excel-
lence of emplacements and guns, a further declaration is made with
great emphasis to the effect that when all projected works are com-
pleted and armed the coast line of the United States will be practi-
cally impregnable against any hostile attack, provided the guns can
be properly manned and the fire action thereof can be developed to
the full limit of its useful effect.

Considering all the elements that enter into the transaction, even
the ordinary practice fire of a high-power gun is an event of national
importance. In war there is absolutely no margin for a high-power
coast-defense gun missing. To be effective to the end in view nearly
every shot must be a hit. Such a condition of utility does not at pres-
ent exist, but fortunately it is a scientific possibility which can readily
be made an actual fact by the simple process of affording necessary
facilities for proper artillery training and providing an adequate
instrumental equipment, together with a qualified personnel to manipu-
late the same.

An old time fort, with its numerous guns, was capable of almost
continuous fire, such as it was, and when employed against sailing
ships had a considerable chance of hitting, because of the numerous
shots fired and of the long exposure of the ships. Instead of the
broadside effects of the old forts, a modern work has only a few high-
power guns, in which are concentrated an enormous weight of metal,
from which can be delivered only a comparatively few projectiles at
ships moving at full speed under steam. Although the accuracy, as
well as the range, of guns has been immensely increased, the chance
of hitting, by reason of the relatively small number of shots that can
be fired, has greatly diminished, unless each shot can be delivered
from a gun laid with scientific precision, which will be possible only
under a perfect system of fire control. As such a system does not
exist, and its creation must be preceded by laborious experimental
investigation, it is apparent that time is the important consideration
in working out the problem. In other words, a useful system of artil-
lery fire control is one of the elements of military power that can not
be extemporized, and should accordingly be developed and perfected
regardless of expense in advance of any emergency; and in this con-
nection it is asserted with all confidence that the accomplished officers
who have these matters in charge will in a few years be able to
announce a satisfactory solution, if the facilities to carry on the prac-
tical work are furnished.

Secondary conclusions are therefore suggested by the maneuvers
to the following effect:

(1) That all necessary equipment to make each work an independent,
autonomous fighting unit be installed therein at once, having special
reference to the system of fire control, in which it is intended to include

wab 1903— vol 1 10

146 EEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAS.

searchlights, together with all the steam and electrical power essential
thereto.

(2) The ordinary enlisted personnel of an artillery company is in
every way capable of performing all necessary services in the bat-
teries, but it can not furnish qualified men to maintain and operate the
scientific instruments and the complex electric appliances appertaining
to fire control. For this purpose a corps of artillery experts is neces-
sary, to embrace steam engineers, machinists, and electricians. Such
a corps could readily be organized by expanding the detachment of post
electrician sergeants to 400 men, changing the name, and classifying
the men in three grades, the highest of which to receive not less than
$75 per month, and the intermediate grade $50 per month. As this
corps is intended absolutely for coast-artillery work, it should be
made an integral part of the artillery arm, the men of which to be
assigned as directed by the Secretary of War. The instruction of
these men could be accomplished as set forth in the discussion under
the head of the School of Submarine Defense. The elaboration of this
suggestion is not attempted, as it would require too much space. The
subject, however, is regarded as of the very highest importance, and a
further memorandum in the premises will gladly be submitted if the
Department regards the matter of sufficient importance to continue
investigation further.

(3) For the purpose of experimental investigation, necessary to the
evolution of a satisfactory fire control system, the supply of full-
service charges of ammunition for practice firing at moving targets to
be quadrupled for five years.

The artillery arm of the regular establishment is numerically strong
enough to furnish hardly one-fifth of the force necessary to fully man
all the coast defenses on a war footing. An emergency call for
mobilization would undoubtedly be responded to by a large number
of zealous but absolutely untrained men, destitute of everything
excepting a patriotic desire to do something valuable in behalf of the
Republic.

The formation of an artillery reserve, therefore, composed of men
having some knowledge of the coast service, is a problem of national
concern. As time is one of the essential elements thereof, the expe-
diency is suggested of stimulating the self-interest of States in which
seacoast defenses are located, as the militia thereof would make the
very best artillery reserve possible. If the various coast States could
be induced to regard the problem somewhat in the nature of a local
issue, a scheme could easily be worked out whereby all of their militia
organizations could have annual training in the batteries at compara-
tively small expense to either the States or the nation. In several
instances State organizations have been designated for this duty, which
only emphasizes the fact that all State troops contiguous to sea forts

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 147

should receive training of this kind, as in case of emergency the entire
body of militia contiguous thereto would hardly be more than half
enough to raise the garrisons to a war footing.

The foregoing remarks and the admirable service rendered by the
Massachusetts regiment and the coast artillery companies of Connect-
icut in the recent maneuvers suggest a third important conclusion as
the result thereof, to the effect that the States of interest be invited
to confer with the War Department with a view to the formulation of
practical methods whereby this important training may be imparted
to the largest number of men possible.

A line of coast defense is very sensitive, as the isolated forts are
open to surprise and flank attacks by means of landing parties from a
hostile fleet. To overcome these dangers such a line must be strongly
supported by mobile land forces. This important work in the United
States must be performed almost exclusively by volunteers, an unfail-
ing reliance beyond all question, if the men can be properly armed and
equipped as rapidly as they can be enlisted. Under the impulse of
national necessity innumerable thousands of men can be brought
together in a few hours, but to make arms and necessary equipments
for them is the work of time.

Looking, then, to the tranquillity and self-respect of the nation, and
considering the matter in the light of our own experience, the true
maxim of safety and of wisdom would seem to suggest keeping in store
all necessary supplies which, when the nation must be transferred to
a war footing, can not be readily procured — that is to say, can not be
produced fast enough after the need for them makes itself felt.

A fourth and most important conclusion is therefore reached as the
result of the maneuvers, to the effect that a reserve supply of small
arms, ammunition, and essential equipments, sufficient to insure ade-
quate land support for the coast-defense line, by the voluntary organi-
zation of the contiguous populations, be placed in arsenals of supply,
dedicated exclusively to this purpose, and this purpose only, with a
view to a minimum organization of not less than 150,000 men.

The importance of submarine devices as an element of coast defense
was emphasized more by what was not done than what was actually
accomplished thereby during the maneuvers. The time factor, how-
ever, in producing an efficient service was manifested as strongly in
this instance perhaps as any other, and suggests some very important
generalizations in these premises. The absence of mines in several
places greatly weakened the artillery defense, and permitted very bril-
liant naval action which would have been impossible in mined and
obstructed waters. The reason mine fields were not employed more
extensively was simply because of want of facilities to do the work
quickly.

148 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

The recent transfer of submarine defense to artillery has unified and
simplified, and thereby immensely strengthened, our system of coast
defense; and, now that the proper principle has been established, all
that remains to be done is to carry the organization forward as rapidly
as possible to a fair degree of perfection through the building up and
evolution of the School of Submarine Defense at Fort Totten. This
institution is subserving a most important function, and can not be
treated with too much generosity. In addition to the general scope
of the school, as indicated by its name, most important instruction is
imparted to a class of candidates for appointment as post electrician
sergeants; and it is the expansion of this submarine school of elec-
tricity for enlisted men that was referred to in suggesting a means of
training the corps of experts, the organization of which was recom-
mended in No. 2 of "secondary conclusions" submitted herewith.

A fifth conclusion, therefore, arising from the maneuvres is to the
effect that the School of Submarine Defense at Fort Totten be magni-
fied in every way expedient, and the reconstruction of the post to
meet all the demands of such an institution be expedited as rapidly as
possible.

The organization of the service of information was exceedingly
satisfactory in every particular, and was an agreeable indication of
what may be expected and what will undoubtedly be accomplished
in actual war when the unlimited resources of the country are applied
by such a thoroughly efficient organization as the Signal Corps of the
Army. In this connection especial attention is invited to the reports
which describe the experimental employment of wireless telegraphy,
the success of which in this instance suggests the expediency of further
practical investigation, which, perhaps, would be more readily accom-
plished by the Navy than by the Army, as the most favorable field for
such work is afloat rather than on shore.

It is a matter of regret that this report is so largely devoted to
representations in behalf of increased military expenditures — a policy
especially distasteful to a self-governing people who impose their own
taxes. In support of the contention, however, that the necessity for
such a policy is not entirely the result of military vagaries, reference
is respectfully made to the views of an eminent philosophical writer
who investigated the subject of national defense more than a century
ago, and who, in effect, declared that in ancient times the opulent and
civilized found it difficult to defend themselves against the poor, and
barbarous nations; whereas in modern times, by reason of the great
expense attending military organization, the poor and barbarous find
it impossible to defend themselves against the opulent and civilized.

By free interpretation of ideas this may be accepted the same as a
declaration to the effect that a nation that has money and won't spend
it for proper purposes of national defense is in precisely the same

BEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 149

position in this particular as though it did not have it. In other
words, if our seacoast defenses, by reason of inadequate appropria-
tions, are not organized, manned, and equipped so as to insure
abundant protection, it may happen as the result of possibilities well
within the scope of the near future that we shall, as a nation, have to
accept all the consequences that would naturally arise from national
poverty.

Very respectfully, Arthur MacArthur,

Mayor- General, Commanding.
The Adjutant-General, U. S. Army,

Wo8hi?igton, D. C.

APPENDIX P.

General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army,

> Adjutant-General's Office,

No. 85. ) Washington, July 23, 1902.

The following has been received from the War Department and is
published for the information and guidance of all concerned:

War Department, Washington, July 22, 1902.
To the Officers of the Army:

With the reduction of the Philippine force and the withdrawal from Cuba the
Army is called upon to resume its most important work in time of peace — the work
of perfecting itself in military science and skill, and of promoting the preparation of
the United States against future wars. I wish to call your attention to the conditions
which now require especial effort and zeal on your part in the performance of this
duty.

Since the declaration of war with Spain in April, 1898, there have been appointed
in the line of the Army 1,542 lieutenants, in addition to 276 appointed from the
Military Academy. Of these 616 were appointed from officers of volunteers under
the act of February 2, 1901, 414 were appointed from the enlisted men of the Regu-
lar and Volunteer armies, and 512 were appointed from civil life.

The abandonment of the military schools for commissioned officers, which followed

the employment of the entire Army in active military operations, has left these 1,542

new lieutenants substantially without any means of acquiring a systematic military

education. While many of the former officers of volunteers have acquired the most

valuable experience by active service in the field, yet it is of great importance to

them as well as to the untrained appointees from civil life and from the ranks that

they shall have an opportunity for broad and thorough training, both practical and

theoretical, under the competent masters in the art of war whom our Army is able

to supply.
Congress has now with wise liberality made provision for the reopening of the

army schools, has given its sanction to the general system of military education
embodied in the General Orders of November 27 last, including the enlargement and
development of the Fort Leavenworth school into a General Service and Staff Col-
lege, the establishment of the War College at Washington, with suitable buildings,
and the rebuilding of the Engineer School, and has made ample appropriation for
these purposes.

Every effort will be made by the War College Board, which has general supervi-
sion and charge of the whole system, to bring its advantages to the new officers of
the Army as speedily as possible and to organize officers' schools at all the consider-
able posts without delay. I ask for hearty and effective cooperation with them on
the part of every officer of the Army. There are 1,452 graduates of the Military
Academy now holding commissions. They especially have an opportunity to demon-
strate their loyalty to the principles of that institution by helping to diffuse through-
out the service the benefits which have come to them from their four years of hard
study.

161

152 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

The newly-appointed officers should realize that there is much to be learned, ana
that the way to qualify themselves for the high and independent command for which
they should all hope is by constant intellectual exercise and by systematic study of
the reasons of military action and the materials and conditions and difficulties with
which military commanders have to deal.

Careful attention to the instruction of the newly appointed officers is enjoined
upon all regimental, troop, battery, and company commanders. They should be
impressed with the importance of the faithful performance of every duty, however
unimportant it may appear to them, and with their responsibility for such conduct
and bearing in all their relations as shall do honor to the service.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

By command of Lieutenant-General Miles:

H. C. Corbin,
Adjutant- General, Major- General, U. S. Army.

APPENDIX G.

regulations and programme of instruction of the general service

and staff college, fort leavenworth, kans.

General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army,

> Adjutant-General's Office,

No- 89. ) Washington, August 1, 1902.

The accompanying regulations and programme of instruction for
the government of the General Service and Staff College at Fort
Leavenworth, Kans., are published for the information and guidance
of all concerned.

By command of Lieutenant-General Miles:

Wm. H. Carter,
Brigadier- General, U. S. Army,

Acting Adjutant- Genei%aL

REGULATIONS OF THE GENERAL .SERVICE AND STAFF COLLEGE.
OFFICIAL DESIGNATION, -ORGANIZATION, AND ADMINISTRATION.

1. The college is officially designated the General Service and Staff
College.

2. The commanding officer of the post of Fort Leavenworth, Kans.,
shall be the commandant of the college.

3. The senior officer on duty with the college, pursuant to orders
from the War Department, shall be the assistant commandant of the
college.

4. The staff of the college shall consist of the assistant commandant
and the instructors in charge of departments. A majority thereof
shall constitute a quorum for business. All deliberations, discussions,
and individual votes of the staff are to be regarded as confidential.

5. There shall be a secretary of the college, appointed by the com-
mandant.

6. The instructors shall be assisted by such number of assistant
instructors, designated by the commandant, as may be required.

7. When practicable, the instructors and assistant instructors shall
be senior in rank to the officers of the student class; but when officers
assigned as instructors or assistant instructors are junior in rank to

163

154 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

officers of the student class, they shall, in the execution of such duty,
be respected accordingly.

8. The instructors and assistant instructors shall, as far as practi-
cable in the judgment of the commandant, be exempt from all duties
which would interfere with the performance of duty as instructors or
assistant instructors.

9. The officers and the enlisted force and equipment of the several
organizations on duty at the post shall be available for the practical
instruction of officers of the student class in field operations and drill
regulations at such times as may be determined by the commandant.

10. The officers designated as members of the student class shall be
detailed in orders from the War Department. As soon as a list of the
officers so selected has been furnished to the commandant of the col-
lege he shall cause the programme of instruction and the list of author-
ized text-books to be sent to them.

DISCIPLINE.

11. The college shall be governed by the rules of discipline pre-
scribed for military posts and by the regulations of the college. In
matters pertaining to the college and the course of instruction it shall
be exclusively subject to the control of the War College Board.

COMMANDANT OF THE COLLEGE.

12. The commandant shall from time to time apply to the War
Department for the detail of officers for duty at the college, and from
them he shall assign the assistant commandant, the instructors, the
assistant instructors, and the secretary.

13. The commandant shall make application to the War Department
for such articles of engineer, ordnance, and signal property as may be
necessary.

14. The commandant shall make annual report to the Adjutant-
General of the Army of the progress and wants of the college after
each yearly examination.

15. The commandant is authorized to order the expenditure of such
quantity of ammunition for field guns, machine guns, and small arms
as he may deem necessary for proper instruction.

ASSISTANT COMMANDANT OF THE COLLEGE.

16. The assistant commandant shall preside at the meetings of the
staff in the absence of the commandant.

17. The assistant commandant shall inspect the methods of instruc-
tion in the several departments and shall frequently visit the section
rooms during recitations or lectures. He shall make report-in writing

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR. 155

to the secretary of the college from time to time for the information
of the commandant. If occasion should arise, he will make immediate
report.

THE SECRETARY OF THE COLLEGE.

18. The secretary shall be the custodian of the records. He is
responsible for the college fund and for all property purchased
therefrom.

19. All official correspondence relating to the college from mem-
bers thereof shall be addressed to the secretary.

DEPARTMENTS.

20. The course of instruction shall be embraced in four departments,
as follows:

First. Department of tactics.

Second. Department of engineering.

Third. Department of law.

Fourth. Department of military sanitation and hygiene.

The instructors assigned by the commandant shall have charge of
these departments respectively. The chief medical officer at the post
shall have charge of the department of military sanitation and
hygiene.

21. The departments shall include the courses of study as follows:
Department of tactics: The courses of tactics and minor tactics,

organization of armies, field exercises with and without troops, hip-
pology, equitation, small-arms tiring regulations, lectures on the prin-
ciples of strategy, and drill regulations of the different arms.

Department of engineering: The courses of military topography
and sketching, field fortification , and field engineering.

Department of law: The courses of law and military administration.

Department of military sanitation and hygiene: The course of
military sanitation and hygiene.

INSTRUCTION.

22: The course of instruction shall be as provided for in the pro-
gramme of instruction, covering one year consisting of two terms.

23. The first term's course shall begin on the 1st of September,
unless that date fall on Saturday or Sunday, in which case the course
shall begin on the following Monday. It shall end on the 21st of
December, concluding with the semiannual examinations.

The second term's course shall embrace the period from the 4th day
of January to the 30th day of June following, concluding with the
final examinations.

156 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

24. The month of July following the final examinations shall be
devoted to such practical exercises in the field as may be ordered by
the commandant.

25. Recitations, including exercises in application, shall be held
daily excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. The period from
December 22 to January 4, both dates inclusive, shall also be excepted.

At stated intervals, to be determined by the commandant, during
the course of instruction in each department, theses shall be prepared
by the student officers in addition to their regular class-room work.
The subjects shall be assigned by the respective instructors with the
approval of the commandant. They shall be germane to the subject
under instruction and shall be such as will not involve unreasonable
labor in preparation. In determining the merit of such work, stress
shall be laid, not merely upon soundness of conclusions, but also upon
combined clearness and terseness of statement and of reasoning. The
aim shall be to make them models of military memoranda, as complete
and in as few words as will clearly express the ideas.

26. All student officers shall be embraced in one class, which shall
be divided into sections of convenient size and adaptation.

27. Record shall be kept of all recitations and exercises, and weekly
report of the same shall be made through the instructors to the
commandant.

28. Recitations shall be classified as " satisfactory " or u unsatis-
factory." Each unsatisfactory recitation shall be at once reported to
the commandant, who will require an explanation in writing from the
officer reported.

29. The study of text-books and recitations therefrom shall be
supplemented by lectures and exercises in applications. Recitations
shall not as a rule exceed one hour for each section, but this time
limitation shall not apply to practical exercises.

30. The allotment of time for instruction in each department shall
be fixed upon the recommendation of the staff, approved by the com-
mandant. Each instructor shall devote to practical instruction as
much as possible of the time allotted to his department.

31. Instructors and assistant instructors shall report in writing, on
the day of occurrence, all student officers late or absent from recita-
tion or exercise, or neglecting to make proper preparation for the same.

EXAMINATIONS.

32. Examinations shall be held in the months of December and June.

33. All examinations shall be written and shall be conducted under
the supervision of the staff.

34. When any subject upon which a student is to be graded is
weighted, its value shall be announced before the examination work is
begun.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 157

35. The instructor and his assistants in any one department shall
assign to the student a mark on his examination papers, the marking
varying between "0," for a complete failure, and "3," for a perfect
paper. The average of the marks given by the instructor and his
assistants shall constitute the examination mark in their department.
The instructor shall then submit to the Commandant lists of the
students under his instruction, arranged in order of merit by marks
received (a) in examination and (b) in practical exercises which have
been held during the previous .term.

36. In determining the order of merit in any subject, due credit
shall be given for problems, maps, and results of practical work per-
taining to such subject and required of student officers during the
course of instruction.

37. All members of the class shall be given identical questions and
required to draw the same maps and diagrams in examination. In the
case of an officer not examined with his class owing to sickness or
other cause, he shall be examined as soon as practicable after his return
to duty. For this examination the topics and questions shall be similar
to, but not identical with, those given in the general examination.

38. The examination papers, maps, problems, etc., with such excep-
tions as the staff may designate, shall, after action by the staff, be
tiled with the records of the college.

39. To assist in fixing the relative proficiency of officers, the
instructor in the department of tactics and his assistants, shall note
the manner in which students perform their duties in all military exer-
cises. The ability to impart instruction, to command, to see what is
required, and the soldierly bearing of an officer — all shall bo con-
sidered in marking, according to the rule prescribed for examination.

40. The maximum values assigned to the different departments in
ascertaining the figure of merit shall be as follows:

Department of tactics (350):

Practical work 175

Theoretical work 175

Department of engineering (300) :

Practical work 150

Theoretical work 150

Department of law 100

Department of military sanitation and hygiene 50

41. For record at the college and at the War Department, the class
upon graduation shall be arranged in order of merit, special proficiency
in any subject to be noted; but publication of the class standing shall
be limited to an alphabetical arrangement in two grades, viz:

(1) Distinguished.

(2) Proficient.

In determining the order of merit the marks received upon original
examination shall be considered.

158 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

42. Relative standing in the theory of the different subjects taught
in each department shall be based solely upon the examinations, but
all practical-work marks shall be considered in determining the order
of merit as contemplated in paragraph 41, as well as in deciding upon
the proficiency or deficiency of an officer at the close of each term.

43. An officer failing to pass a satisfactory examination in any sub-
ject (by which shall be understood the attainment of 70 per cent of the
maximum in the examination, as well as 70 per cent of the maximum
in the practical work of the previous half year) shall be reexamined
either in theory, in practice, or in both, at the discretion of the staff
of the college after such equitable time as may be fixed by it, and, if
then declared deficient, he shall be specially reported to the War
Department, with a statement by the commandant as to the cause of
failure as determined by the staff, and with a view to his being returned
to his regiment: Provided^ That if the deficiency occur at the semi-
annual examination the officer may be conditioned by the staff until
the final examination, at which he shall be examined on the whole
year's course of that subject in which the deficiency occurred.

44. The commandant shall forward to the War Department a report
of the final action of the staff at each examination.

GRADUATION.

45. The staff shall note the names of the students who may have
shown marked proficiency in any branch, and shall state the profes-
sional employments for which any of them appear to be specially qual-
ified. The staff shall also note the names of officers of the distinguished
grade, if any, not to exceed five, to be borne upon the Army Register
as '" honor graduates."

46. Officers who pass successfully through the entire course of
instruction shall receive a diploma setting forth their proficiency.
This diploma shall be signed by the commandant, the assistant com-
mandant, and the staff.

47. When an officer has graduated in the distinguished class, that
fact, with a transcript from the records of the college, setting forth
the branches in which he has been especially distinguished and the
recommendations given in his case by the staff of the college, shall be
communicated to the colonel of his regiment, who shall publish the
same in a regimental order.

MISCELLANEOUS.

48. Disbursements of the funds shall be made only upon the written
order of the commandant, and vouchers shall be taken for all expendi-
tures, one copy of which shall be filed with the college records.

49. The college library, consisting for the most part of professional
books, maps, and scientific periodicals, shall be maintained separate

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 159

and apart from the post library and for the convenience and improve-
ment of officers.

50. In case of loss or damage to any book, periodical, map, or other
property belonging to the college, the person responsible for such loss
or damage shall make the same good by the payment of the amount of
the damage or actual cost of the article lost or destroyed. The dam-
age shall be assessed by the secretary of the college, whose action,
when approved by the commandant, shall be final.

51. The authorized text-books and books of reference shall be selected
upon the recommendation of the staff of the college and with approval
of the commandant, but instructors and assistant instructors shall,
when required to do so, prepare essays on the subject-matter of their
courses of instruction, which, when recommended by the staff and
approved by the commandant, shall become authorized text-books and
be printed at the college.

52. Student officers shall be required to purchase their text-books.

53. Instructors and assistant instructors shall submit to the college
staff, immediately after the final examination, any suggestions or rec-
ommendations they may have with regard to the course of instruction
and the text-books used in their respective departments.

PROGRAMME OF INSTRUCTION.

DEPARTMENT OF TACTICS.

Programme of the Course in Tactics.

The course in tactics is divided into ten parts and embraces lessons,
lectures, and practical exercises with and without troops.

Part I. — Infantry drill regulations.

II. — Small arms firing regulations, supplemented by lectures on fire discipline.
III. — Cavalry drill regulations.
IV. — Equitation and hippology.
V. — Demonstrations of field artillery.
VI. — Manual of guard duty.
VII. — Troops in campaign.
VIII. — Security and information.
IX. — Organization and tactics.
X. — Practical work in the study and application of the principles of minor
tactics.

Detailed Programme of Studies.

Part I. — Infantry drill regulations.

(a) theoretical.

Definitions; signals; general principles; school of the soldier; school
of the company; school of the battalion; evolutions of the regiment;
the brigade; the division; the squad; fire discipline; instruction on

160 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

varied ground; the platoon; the company; the battalion; the regi-
ment; the brigade in battle; the division in battle; marches; camping;
ceremonies.

(6) PRACTICAL.

Exercises in command of the squad, platoon, company, and battal-
ion at drills and battle formations.

Part II. — Small arms firing regulations.

(a) Preliminary drills and exercises; sighting drills; position and
aiming drills; gallery practice.

(b) Range practice; suggestions to riflemen; skirmish practice; field
practice.

(d) The effects of fire; dangerous space; defiladed space; employ-
ment of fire in action.

(e) Estimation of distances.

(f) Revolver practice.

Recitations in this subject are to be supplemented by lectures on
modern developments in small arms with reference to caliber, ammu-
nition, and systems of loading, and lectures on ammunition supply.

Part III. — Cavalry drill regulations,
(a) theoretical.

Definitions; signals; general principles; school of the soldier; school
of the trooper; the troop; the squadron; the regiment; the brigade;
employment of cavalry; marches; camping; stable duty; ceremonies;
cavalry horses (instruction, care of, and shoeing); packing.

(b) practical.

Exercises in command of the squad, platoon, troop, and squadron
at drills and battle formations; exercises in packing.

Part IV. — Equitation and hippology.

(a) THEORETICAL.

The cavalry horse; age of horses; endurance of horses; framework
of the horse mechanically considered; gaits of the horse; bits; bitting
and training; saddles; cavalry saddles and packs; seats; forage; sta-
ble management; diseases and injuries.

Lecture on the description of the horse.

Lectures on conformation.

Lectures by veterinary surgeon on the bony framework of the
horse, muscles, ligaments, and tendons; the foot; the teeth; diseases;
the digestive system; soundness.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 161

(b) PRACTICAL.

Exercises in determining the age of horses. Exercises in examina-
tion for soundness. Exercises in judging conformation. Stable man-
agement and horseshoeing. Riding lessons.

Part V. — Demonstrations of field artillery.

The course consists of demonstrations on the manual of field and
machine guns; mechanical maneuvers of field pieces; ammunition;
marches; pointing and ranges, and the employment of United States
field artillery in field service and battle.

Part VI. — Manual of guard duty.

(a) THEORETICAL.

Rosters; commanding officer; officer of the day; commander of the
guard; sergeant of the guard; corporal of the guard; musicians of
the guard; orderly for the commanding officer; privates of the guard;
orders for sentinels on post; orders for all sentinels except those at the
post of the guard; orders for sentinels at the post of the guard; com-
pliments for sentinels; compliments from guards; special orders; color
line and sentinels; supernumeraries; prisoners; special orders for sen-
tinels in charge of prisoners; guard patrols; countersigns and paroles;
miscellaneous; stable sergeant and stable orderly; troop stable guard;
battery stable and park guard; police and fatigue duty; property
under charge, of the guard; flags and colors; reveille and retreat gun.

(b) PRACTICAL.

Tours of duty as officer of the guard and officer of the day.

Part VII. — Troops in campaign.

Organization of an army in the field; tents, baggage, and baggage
trains; headquarters, depots, etc.; intrenched posts; reconnoissances;
military occupation, contributions, and requisitions; safeguards; pris-
oners of war; marches; journals of marches; military maps; convoys
and their escorts; movements of troops by rail and water; advance
guards and outposts; sieges; battles.

Part VIII. — Security and information.

Preliminary definitions; introduction; the advance guard; outposts;
reconnoissances; the cavalry screen ; rear guards; spies; newspapers;
orientation and map reading; Indian scouting; advance guard drill,
infantry and cavalry.

war 1902— vol 1 11

162 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Part IX. — Organization and tactics.

Definitions; organization and discipline; characteristics of the three
arms; infantry in attack and defense; cavalry in attack and defense;
artillery in attack and defense; the three arms combined; convoys;
the transportation of an army corps; space and time required in forma-
tions and marches.

Part X. — Practical work in tlie study and application of Vive principles of minor tactics.

(a) Written tactical exercises, with and without maps.

(b) Exercises without troops; reconnoissances; tactical rides; selec-
tion, occupation, preparation, attack, and defense of positions outlined.

(c) Exercises with troops; a course in patrolling; relay lines;
advance guards; rear guards; flank guards; cavalry screen; outposts
(by day and by night); attack and defense of convoys; reconnoissances
in force; attack and defense of positions; marches; camps and bivouacs.

(d) Practice in writing military orders and reports and military
correspondence in general, as taught in lectures on this subject.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING.

Programme of the Course of Engineering.

The course of engineering is divided into three parts and consists
of lessons, lectures, and exercises in application, as follows:

Part I. — Military topography and sketching.
II. — Temporary 01* field fortifications.
III. — Military field engineering.

Detailed Programme of Studies.
Part I. — Topographical surveying (theoretical.)

Theoretical instruction in this subject will be by recitation, by lec-
tures, by questions, and by criticism of the work done, and will include
the following subjects:

General considerations; topographic surveying; military require-
ments; topographic sketching, principles involved and methods
employed; triangulation, how conducted; degrees of magnitude ahd
accuracy; advantages of first using accurate instruments, etc.; consid-
eration of a map; immediate object in topographic surveying.

Drawing papers, inks, and instruments, description of; how to use
them; the solution of problems involving their use.

Scales and verniers; construction, reading, and use of.

Selecting )>ase lines; measuring* them; use of odometer; ranging
lines over hills and across valleys; passing obstacles by direct meas-
urement; the expansion; selection of stations; erection of signals.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 163

Description and adjustments of transit; measuring angles with
transit; refraction; curvature; prolonging straight lines; measuring
angles of deflection; .traversing; plotting the traverse; determining
the true meridian.

Description and adjustment of the compass; errors of; declination
and variations; determining the true meridian; traversing; establish-
ing lines; converting bearings to azimuths, and vice versa.

Description of plane table; locations by intersection, and secondary
triangulation; traversing; locations by resection; resection from two
points, from three points, mechanically.

Object of leveling; description of Y level, and adjustments; leveling
rods; datum level; bench marks; differential leveling; profile leveling;
leveling for grade.

"Filling in" details; instruments and methods used; definition of
contours; what they show; method of explaining; definition of ground
forms, features, etc.; methods of surveying contour lines; scales of
horizontal equivalents, their construction and uses.

The sextant. — Description, adjustments, and uses of; theory of;
determining latitude; resection; setting off angles; determining dis-
tances; determining elevations.

The aneroid barometer. — Description, object, uses; determining dif-
ferences of elevation.

PRACTICAL STUDY OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.

The study of instruments by recitation, manipulation, ancj adjust-
ment will precede, as to each, its use on the ground. As instruction
in the course progresses, students will be required to use the instru
ments in the field, to solve problems depending upon their use, to
make the necessary calculations, and to plat the field notes to a given
scale. The plats will be submitted and marked according to merit.

The instruments in the use of which practical instruction will be
had are as follows:

For measuring distances: Steel tape, chain, odometer, and telemeter.

For measuring angles: Transit, sextant (mariner's and box), com-
pass (surveyor's, prismatic, and box), plane table, and sketching case.

For determining differences of elevation: Engineer's Y -level, transit,
clinometer, and barometer.

TOPOGRAPHICAL SKETCHING (THEORETICAL).

Measurement of distances , by range finders, by odometers, by pac-
ing, by sound, by estimation.

Measurement of directions, bjr the box compass, by the prismatic
compass; the plotting diagram; the use of protractors; resection with
the compass.

164 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Measurement of slope*, with hand clinometer, with slope board.

Conventional signs and symbols.

Finishing map*) lettering, title, scales, meridian, and border.

Ma-p reading, aids in. Using maps on the ground; sections and
elevations; the visibility of one point from another; the horizon visi-
ble from a given point; calculating height of objects just visible from
a given point.

Copying maps, same size; enlarging and reducing maps.

Methods of field work. — General idea; base line; intersections;
traversing in general; traversing with compass and topographic field
notebook; traversing with compass and drawing board; traversing
with cavalry or field sketching case; traversing without instruments;
sketching hill features; sketching mountains. Combined surveys,
general method of procedure, finishing and combining (1) of a large
tract not previously mapped, when time and instruments are available;
(2) of large tract when map is at hand, to show tactical capabilities
and recent changes; (3) of a tract when triangulation is impracticable
and no map is available. Civil maps as a basis for military topo-
graphical maps.

Map platting f ram data.

Military reconnoissance. — The sketch; the report. Reconnoissance
of roads, of railroads, of rivers, of outposts, of positions.

Exercises in Application of Topographical Surveying and Topographical

Sketching.

The object of these exercises is to familiarize students with the
principal processes of topograph}' and to engender skill and rapidity
in the representation of topographic features. Each exercise at first
is intended to involve the use of some one or more of the instruments
as they would be used in topographic work, the taking of notes, reduc-
tions, and platting the notes, at the same time studying forms and
features in relation to their military capabilities.

They consist in measuring base lines with tape and chain, on level
and undulating ground; passing obstacles; ranging out straight lines
over hills, across valleys; measuring angles with transit, compass, or
sextant; traversing with transit, by azimuths, by deflection angles;
prolonging straight lines; traversing with compass; determining tine
meridian; locating points by intersection and resection with plane
table; traversing and filling in details; measuring distances and eleva-
tions; pacing on level ground and on slopes of different degree.

Contouring with box compass, clinometer, and drawing board.

Traversing and sketching on foot, from 5 to 10 miles of road, with
topographic field notebook, box compass, and clinometer. Traversing
and sketching on foot, from 5 to 10 miles of road, with box cpmpass,
clinometer, and drawing board. Traversing and sketching on foot

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 165

with field sketching case. Traversing and sketching on horseback,
from 5 to 20 miles of road, with field sketching case. Traversing and
sketching on horseback, from 5 to 10 miles of road, with compass,
notebook, and county road map. Outpost or terrain sketching with
box compass, clinometer, and drawing board or field sketching case.
Position sketching with box compass, clinometer, and drawing board
or field sketching case. Combined surveys with box compass, clinom-
eter, and drawing board. The conversion of a small-scale civil map
into a military topographical map. Road sketching without distance
or angle measuring instruments.
Sketches and reports from memory.

Pabts II and III. — Temporary or field fortifications and military field engineering

(theoretical).

Theoretical instruction in this subject will be by recitation, by
lectures, and by criticism of work done, and will include the following
subjects:

General principles and definitions; classification of fire as regards
direction and trajectory; projectiles and penetration; field geometry;
use of field level in determining slopes; hasty intrenchments, gun
pits, and epaulements; loopholes; obstacles; field works, definitions
relating to, and classification of, forts and redoubts; sector of fire;
defilade in plan and in section; use of traverses; profiling; calculation
of width of ditch for a given parapet; laying out tasks; gun banks
and embrasures; the organization of working parties and method of
extending same preparatory to beginning work; revetting materials
and revetments; field casemates and magazines, blockhouses, caponiers,
and tambours; fieldworks in combination; continuous lines and lines
with intervals; redan trace with curtains; tenaille trace; cr^maillere
trace; choosing a defensive position; siege wTorks, the common trench
and flying sap; defense of localities, preparation for defense of walls,
fences, hedges, embankments, cuts, woods, buildings, farms, and
villages.

Use of cordage and spars; spar, trestle, and floating bridges; road
construction; railroads; demolitions; camping expedients.

Exercises in Application.

Hasty intrenchments. — These will embrace the actual construction of
rifle pits, shelter trenches, loopholes, obstacles, etc. , as well as the loca-
tion of trenches with reference to the configuration of the ground.

Fieldworks. — These comprise the tracing on the ground of fieldworks
to fulfill certain stated conditions and the determination of the height
of parapet so as to satisfy the requirements of defilade, the making and

166 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

placing of profiles, establishing cutting lines, extending and superin-
tending working parties, and the making of revetments. (In these
exercises whatever relates to the laying out of the work will be done
by student officers, but the manual labor, except such as may be required
of students, will be done by working parties of enlisted men under
direction of students, the instructor to exercise supervision of all the
work.)

Bridge* and roads. — This work will comprise the construction of
spar, trestle, and floating bridges, and the laying out of military roads.

Dernol itiom — Experiments before the class in the actual use of high
explosives in destroying walls, cutting mils, felling trees, etc.

DEPARTMENT OF IjVW.
Programme of the Course of Law.

The course of law is divided into three parts, and consists of lessons
in the section room supplemented by lectures.

Part I. — Military law and Constitution of the United States.
IT. — International law.
III. — Administration.

Detailed Programme of Studies.
Part I. — Wxlxtary law.

Military law proper. — The subject defined and divided; the written
military law; the unwritten military law; the court-martial; the con-
stitution and composition of general courts-martial; the jurisdiction of
general courts-martial; the procedure of general courts-martial; the
arrest; the charge; assembling and opening of the court; the presi-
dent and members; the judge- advocate; challenges; organization,
arraignment, pleas, and motions; evidence; the finding, sentence, and
punishment; action on the proceedings; the reviewing authority;
inferior courts-martial; the court of inquiry; articles of war sepa-
rately considered.

The law of war. — The law of war as affecting the rights of our own
people; the law of war as affecting intercourse between enemies in
g^eral; the law of war as specially applicable to enemies in arms; the
status of military government and the laws of war pertaining thereto;
the status of martial law, and the law of war applicable thereto; trial
and punishment of offenses under the law of war; the military com-
mission.

Civil functions and* relations of the military. — Employment of the
military in a civil or quasi-civil capacity; liability of the military to

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 167

civil suit or prosecution; other civil relations of the military; the Con-
stitution of the United States and lectures thereupon.

Part II. — International law.

Definition and history; States and their essential attributes; perfect
and imperfect rights; national character; extradition; private inter-
national law; the right of legation; treaties and conventions; the con-
flict of international rights; war; neutrality; contraband of war; block-
ade; the right of search; the laws of war on land; additional subjects;
instructions for the government of the armies of the United States in
the field; the Geneva convention for the amelioration of the condition
of the sick and wounded of armies in the field; declaration of St.
Petersburg; the treaty of Paris; the convention between the United
States of America and certain powers with respect to the laws and
customs of war on land. (G. O. 52, A. G. O., June 11, 1902.)

Part III. — Administration.

Military discipline; command; post administration; regiments —
organization, instruction, and records; company administration; coun-
cils of administration; regimental, bakery, company, and mess funds;
post bakeries, libraries, etc.; rosters, detachment and daily service;
honors, courtesies, and ceremonies; purchase of supplies and engage-
ment of services; money accountability; accounts current; public
property, accountability and responsibility; boards of survey; mili-
tary correspondence; orders; returns of troops; records; Quarter-
master's Department — general duties, records, returns and reports
required; Subsistence Department — general duties, ration tables, sav-
ings, sales, accounts, and returns; Pay Department — reenlistment and
continuous-service pay, forfeitures and deductions, deposits.

DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SANITATION AND HYGIENE.
Programme op the Course of Military Sanitation and Hygiene.

The course of military sanitation and hygiene consists of theoretical
studies of the authorized text-book (Woodhull's), practically illus-
trated and explained by lectures, drawings, microphotographs,
models, etc.

detailed programme of studies.
[Military sanitation and hygiene.]

1. Definition; necessity for the study. Selection of soldiers.

2. Military clothing.

3. Food and alimentation.

168 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

4. Barracks and quarters, hospitals, site, soil, dampness of, precau-
tions against; material; ventilation; floor and air space; heating of.

5. Camps; bivouacs; marches; cleanliness; exercise; amusements.

6. Disposal of waste; drainage and sewerage; plumbing, tests for
leaks in.

7. Potable waters, quality, quantity required; chemical and other
examinations of; common impurities and methods of purification. Ice.

8. Preventable diseases common to armies in campaigns and perma-
nent barracks, and precautions against the same.

APPENDIX H.

[Corrected copy.]

General Orders,
No. 94.

Headquarters of the Army,

Adjutant-General's Office,

Washington, August 9, 1902.
I. By direction of the Acting Secretary of War the following laws,
regulations, and instructions governing the detail of officers of the
Army at educational institutions are published for the information
and government of all concerned:

[As amended by act approved September 26, 1888.]

Sec. 1225. The President may, upon the application of any established military
institute, seminary or academy, college or university, within the United States,
having capacity to educate at the same time not less than one hundred and fifty
male students, detail an officer of the Army or Navy to act as superintendent or
professor thereof; but the number of officers so detailed shall not exceed fifty from
the Army and ten from the Navy, being a maximum of sixty, at any time, and they
shall be apportioned throughout the United States, first, to those State institutions
applying for such detail that are required to provide instruction in military tactics
under the provisions of the act of Congress of July second, eighteen hundred and
sixty-two, donating lands for the establishment of colleges where the leading object
shall be the practical instruction of the industrial classes in agriculture and the
mechanic arts, including military tactics; and after that said details to be dis-
tributed, as nearly as may be practicable, according to population. The Secretary
of War is authorized to issue, at his discretion and under proper regulations to be
prescribed by him, out of ordnance and ordnance stores belonging to the Govern-
ment, and which can be spared for that purpose, such number of the same as may
appear to be required for military instruction and practice by the students of any
college or university under the provisions of this section, and the Secretary shall
require a bond in each case, in double the value of the property, for the care and
safe-keeping thereof and for the return of the same when required: Proiided, That
nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent the detail of officers of the
Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors in scientific schools or colleges as now
provided by act of Congress approved February twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and
seventy-nine, entitled "An act to promote a knowledge of steam engineering and
iron shipbuilding among the students of scientific schools or colleges in the United
States;' ' and the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to issue ordnance and ord-
nance stores belonging to the Government, on the terms and conditions hereinbefore
provided, to any college or university at which a retired officer of the Army may be
assigned, as provided by section twelve hundred and sixty of the Revised Statutes.

169

170 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OE WAR.

An Act To amend section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the Revised Statutes, concerning details

of officers of the Army and Navy to educational institutions.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the Revised
Statutes, concerning details of officers of the Army and Navy to educational institu-
tions, be, and the same is hereby, amended so as to permit the President to detail,
under the provisions of said act, not to exceed seventy-five officers of the Army of
the United States; and the maximum number of officers of the Army and Navy to
be detailed at any one time under the provisions of the act passed September twemty-
sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, amending said section twelve hundred
and twenty-five of the Revised Statutes, is hereby increased to eighty-five: Provided,
That no officer shall be detailed to or maintained at any of the educational institu-
tions mentioned in said act where instruction and drill in military tactics is not
given: Provided further y That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent
the detail of officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors in scientific
schools or colleges, as now provided by act of Congress approved February twenty-
sixth, eighteen hundred and seventy-nine, entitled "An act to promote a knowl-
edge of steam engineering and iron shipbuilding among the students of scientific
schools or colleges in the United States."

Approved January 13, 1891.

AN ACT to increase the number of officers of the Army to be detailed to colleges.

Be it enacted by tlie Senate and House of Representative* of tlie United States of America
in Congress assembled, That section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the Revised
Statutes, concerning details oi officers of the Army and Navy to educational institu-
tions, be, and the same is heieby, amended so as to permit the President to detail
under the provisions of said act not to exceed one hundred officers of the Army of the
United States; and no officer shall be thus detailed who has not had five years' serv-
ice in the Army, and no detail to such duty shall extend for more than four years,
and officers on the retired list of the Army may, upon their own application, be
detailed to such duty and when so detailed shall receive the full pay of their rank;
and the maximum number of officers of the Army and Navy to be detailed at any
one time under the provisions of the act approved January thirteenth, eighteen
hundred and ninety-one, amending section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the
Revised Statutes, as amended by an act approved September twenty-sixth, eighteen
hundred and eighty-eight, is hereby increased to one hundred and ten.

Approved, November 3, 1893.

II. The following regulations, in regard to the detail of officers of
the Army at established colleges, universities, etc., within the United
States are prescribed by the President, under the above laws:

1. All institutions, within the meaning of section 1225, Revised
Statutes of the United States, and of the acts of Congress amendatory
thereof, shall, for purposes of the detail of officers of the Army as
military instructors and of the course of military instruction to be
pursued thereat, be divided into three classes, as follows:

First class. — All schools to which officers of the Army, active or
retired, may be detailed under the provisions of existing law, except
schools of the second and third classes.

REPORT 0? THE SECRET ARY OF WAR. 171

Second class. — Agricultural schools established under the provisions
of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and which are required by said
act to include military tactics in their curriculum.

Third class. — Military schools or colleges, i. e., those whose organi-
zation is essentially military and one of whose primary objects is the
acquisition of a high degree of military drill and discipline.

2. No officer who has not had five years' service as such, nor any
officer not of the line of the Army, shall be eligible for detail as mili-
tary instructor, nor shall any officer above the grade of lieutenant be
so detailed so long as there are eligible lieutenants available; nor shall
any officer on the retired list of the Army be detailed in the limited
number authorized by the act of November 3, 1893, so long as any
eligible officer on the active list be available, except at institutions of
the first class, for detail to which competent officers on the retired list
shall have the preference. All details from the retired list will, under
the provisions of said act, be included in the limited number of details
authorized by that act.

3. Details shall be made, first, from lieutenants who have graduated
at one of the service schools; second, from those recommended by their
regimental commanders. After September 1, 1903, no lieutenant shall
be recommended by his regimental commander who has not success-
fully taken the course at an officers' post school.

4. Details shall be made to begin with the school term and shall be
for a period of two years, except that in case of retired officers the
detail may be for four years.

5. When an officer is detailed to relieve another as military instructor,
he shall report at the institution to which assigned not less than two
weeks prior to the departure of his predecessor.

6. Applications for the detail of officers must be addressed by the
president of the institution to the Adjutant-General of the Army and
be accompanied by the last printed catalogue and a certificate as to the
number of male students the institution has the capacity in buildings,
apparatus, and instructors to educate at one and the same time; the
number of such students in actual attendance at the time of applica-
tion, or, if the application be made during vacation, the number actu-
ally in attendance during the session immediately preceding it; and
the number over 15 }rears of age. The certificate must also show the
grade of the institution, the degrees it confers, and whether or not it
is a land-grant school, or a military school as defined in the preceding
Paragraph 11, section 1.

7. Where a State has more than one school endowed by the national
land grant, under the act approved July 2, 1862, the school which is
reported by the governor of the State as most nearly meeting the
requirements of existing law will be held to have the first claim to the
officer allotted to the State for detail at a land-grant college.

172 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

8. When application is made for the detail of an officer of the Army
at an institution to which an officer had not theretofore been assigned,
it shall be visited by an inspector or other suitable officer, who, after
explaining to the president and the faculty the requirements of these
regulations, shall satisfy himself as to the intention and ability of the
school authorities to comply with them, and whether the general sen-
timent of the faculty is cordially in favor of military instruction as
herein required. The inspector shall then report to the War Depart-
ment whether such a detail should be made.

9. Officers detailed as military instructors shall, at the end of each
quarter, report in writing to the Adjutant-General of the Army as to
the exact compliance by the school authorities with these requirements
of the regulations, for such action as the Secretary of War may direct.
A similar report shall be made annually by an officer of the Inspector-
General's Department, after a careful inspection of the military
department of each institution, and if in any case the report is adverse
the military instructor shall be withdrawn.

10. No detail of military instructor shall be made at any institution
which does not guarantee to maintain at least 100 pupils under military
instruction.

11. Pupils under military instruction shall be organized into com-
panies and battalions of infantry, the drill and administration of which
shall conform in all respects to that of the Army. The officers and the
noncommissioned officers shall be selected by the military instructor
according to the principles governing such selection at the United
States Military Academy, and shall receive their commissions and
warrants from the president of the institution.

12. Pupils organized for military instruction shall be known as

"The company (or battalion) of cadets of Institution." Upon

occasions of military ceremony, in the execution of drills, guard duty,
and when students are receiving any other practical military instruc-
tion, they shall appear in the uniform prescribed by the institution.
They shall be held strictly accountable for the arms and accouterments
issued to them.

13. At every institution of the first class (see Paragraph III) at
which a niilitar}' instructor is detailed there shall be allowed a mini-
mum of four hours each week during each school term to the depart-
ment of military science and tactics; at every institution of the second
class there shall be allowed a minimum of five hours, and at every
institution of the third class there shall be allowed a minimum of six
hours. This time shall be occupied as the military instructor, in view
of the hereinafter-prescribed curriculum and such instructions as he
may from time to time receive from the War Department, may deem
best.

REPORT OF THE • SECRETARY OF WAR. 173

14. The officer detailed as military instructor shall reside at or near
the institution to which assigned, and when in the performance of
his military duties shall appear in proper uniform. He shall, in his
relations to the institution, observe the general usages and regulations
therein established affecting the duties and obligations of other mem-
bers of the faculty. Except at institutions of the first class, as
defined in Paragraph II, section 1, he shall not perform any other
duties than those of instructor in military science and tactics.

III. All rules land orders relating to the organization and govern-
ment of the military students; the appointment, promotion, and change
of officers, and all other orders affecting the military department,
except those relating to routine duty, shall be made and promulgated
by the professor of military science and tactics after being approved
by the president or other administrative officer of the institution.

IV. It is the duty of the professor of military science and tactics to
enforce proper military discipline at all times when students are under
military instruction, and in case of serious breaches of discipline, or
misconduct, to report the same to the proper authorities of the insti-
tution, according to its established methods. In case no suitable action
is taken by the authorities of the school, the military instructor will
report the facts to the Adjutant-General of the Army With a view to his
being relieved from an institution where discipline can not be main-
tained.

V. The following is prescribed as the minimum course of military
instruction, practical and theoretical, at all institutions to which a
military instructor is assigned:

1. Institutions of the First Class.

(a) PRACTICAL.

Infantry Drill Regulations, through the school of the battalion in
close and extended order.

Advance and rear guards, and outposts.

Marches.

The ceremonies of battalion review, inspection, parades, guard
mounting, and escort of the colors.

Infantry target practice.

Instruction in first aid to the injured.

Weather permitting, there shall be not less than one parade and one
guard mount during each week of the school term, and one battalion
inspection and review each month.

In no case shall target practice, to the extent permitted by the
allowance of ammunition, be omitted during the school year, except
on authority given in each case by the Secretary of War.

174 BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Target practice on the range should be preceded by instruction in
gallery practice, and at those institutions where range practice can not
be had, every effort must be made to substitute gallery practice for it.

(J) THEORETICAL.

The Infantry Drill Regulations covered by the practical instruction.

The Manual of Guard Duty.

Small-Arms Firing Regulations, Parts I, II, and VII.

The Articles of War, with special reference to articles 4, 8, 15, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 32, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 55, 57, 61, and 65.

And the following records: Enlistment and discharge papers, includ-
ing descriptive lists; morning reports; field and monthly returns;
muster rolls; rosters; ration returns; requisitions; property returns.

The articles of war specifically mentioned are among the most impor-
tant for the young officer to know on first entering the service.

The records prescribed for study should be thoroughly understood
by all graduating cadets, because they show how the soldier enters
and leaves the service, how he is accounted for, paid, fed, clothed,
armed, and how his military duties are regulated.

2. Institutions of the Second Class.

(a) PRACTICAL.

Same as the practical course for institutions of the first class, and,
in addition —

A guard shall be mounted five times (weather permitting) in each
week of the school year, and the guard shall be practically instructed
for one hour in the posting and relief of sentinels and their duties.

(b) THEORETICAL.

Same as the theoretical course for institutions of the first class,
and, in addition —

Ten lectures each year upon the following subjects, notes to be
taken by the students and to be made the basis of subsequent recita-
tions: Two lectures on the organization of the United States Army,
including volunteers and militia; one lecture on patrols and outposts;
one lecture on marches; one lecture on camps and camp hygiene; three
lectures on lines and bases of operations; two lectures on the attack
and defense of advance and rear guards and outposts, and convoys.

All of the foregoing to be illustrated by historical examples.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

175

3. InSTITUTIONS OF THE THIRD CLASS.

(a) PRACTICAL.

Same as the practical course for institutions of the second class,
and, in addition —

Light artillery drill regulations in the school of the cannoneer.

Mechanical maneuvers.

Aiming drill and, where practicable, target practice.

There should be a guard mount and parade daily (weather permit-
ting), except Saturdays and Sundays.

One-fourth of the time devoted to practical work should be given to
advance guard and outpost drill, reconnoissances, and patrols, con-
ducted as prescribed in any work accepted by the War Department as
a standard on security and information.

Instruction in lirst aid to the injured.

(b) THEORETICAL.

Same as the theoretical course for institutions of the second class,
and, in addition —

The elements of field engineering, to include practical exercises in
the determination of the military crest and the profiling of hasty
intrenchments for infantry; the study of an elementary work on the
art of war.

VI. The following apportionment, in accordance with the foregoing
laws and the census of 1900, having received the approval of the Act-
ing Secretary of War, is adopted, and details will be made in accord-
ance therewith:

Apportionment of details at colleges, universities, etc., under section 1225, Revised Statutes,
and the amendments thereof, based upon the number of officers of the Army available for
such details.

States.

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia.

Virginia

West Virginia

Population of

States arranged

in groups.

694,
411,
343,

466
ooo
641

428,

908,
7,268,
1,883,
6,302,

184,
1,118,

278,
1,864,

958,

556
420
894
669
116
735
044
718
184
800

Population of

groups and of

States not

arranged in

groups.

1,449,695

2,805,346
1,336,976

9,152,563

6,486,860

1,396,762

ii, oL£f vo4

Details
for land-
grant
schools.

Details
by popu-
lation.

Total de-
tails due.

7
5
1
2

3
3

176

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Apjxurtiontnent of detail* at colleges, atiirerstiiea, etc. — Continued.

static.

North Carolina..
South Carolina..

Georgia

Florida

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Arkansas

Texas

Oklahoma

Indian Territory

New Mexico

Tennessee

Kentucky

Ohio

Indiana

Michigan

Illinois

Wisconsin

Iowa

Missouri

Minnesota

North Dakota . . .
South Dakota . . .

Montana

Kansas

Nebraska

Colorado

Alaska

Washington

Oregon

Idaho

Wyoming

Nevada

Utah

Arizona

California

Hawaii

Population of
Population of groups and of
States arranged | States not
in groups. , arranged in
groups.

Details
for land-
grant
schools.

2.216,331 ')
528,542 J

3,048,710 )

308,331

392,060

195,310

2,020,616

2, 147, 174

4,821,550

2,069,042

2,231,853

3,106,665

1,751,394

319, 146

401,570

243,329

1,066,300

539,700

63,592

518, 103

413,536

161,772

92,531

42,335

276, 749

122, 931

1.485,053

154,001

1,893,810
1,340,316

2,744,873

1,828,697
1,551,270
1,381,625
1,311,551

4.034,411

4.167,790

4,157,545
2,516,462
2,420,982

6,890,592
5,338,518

2,716,439

1,470,495
1,606,000

1,691,549

1,639,054

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Details

"LET"

1
1

1
1
1
1

3
2
2

6
4

Total de-
tails due.

2
2

2
2
2
2

4
3
8

7
6

2
3

VII. The following are the regulations prescribed by the Secretary
of War for the issue of arms, etc., required for military instruction
and practice at colleges, universities, etc., under section 1225, Revised
Statutes, and the amendments thereof:

1. As the appropriations for the supply of ordnance and ordnance
stores to the Army are very limited, and as the language of the law
restricts the issues that can be made to colleges to such as "can be
spared for that purpose," issues of ordnance and ordnance stores to
colleges will be limited to arms and the equipments and implements
necessary to enable them to be used by the students for purposes of

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 177

drill, parade, and similar exercises, but not for field and encampment
purposes.

2. Only such ordnance and ordnance stores as are enumerated in
the following paragraphs will be issued for the purpose of military
instruction to each selected college and university having an officer of
the Army stationed thereat.

3. The field pieces of artillery, with their carriages and implements,
will be limited to the following, viz:

Two muzzle-loading wrought iron rifled guns, caliber 3 inches; 2
carriages and limbers for 3-inch guns; 2 gunner's haversacks; 2 trail
handspikes; 4 lanyards; 2 priming wires; 4 sponges and rammers,
3-inch; 4 sponge covers, 3-inch; 2 tube pouches; 4 thumb stalls; 2
tompions, 3-inch; 2 vent covers; 1 pendulum hausse, 3-inch; 1 pendu-
lum-hausse seat; 1 pendulum-hausse pouch; 2 paulins, 12 by 15 feet.

4. When in the opinion of the Chief of Ordnance the supply on
hand will permit, there may be issued in lieu of the foregoing two of
the 3.2-inch breech-loading steel field guns, with their carriages and
implements, as above.

5. The small arms issued to any college will be the Springfield
." Cadet" rifles, similar to those which were supplied the United States
Military Academy at West Point, but in no case will the number of
rifles issued be in excess of the number of male students in regular
attendance and actually receiving military instruction.

6. The accouterments to be issued with the Cadet rifles will consist
of a bayonet scabbard, cartridge box, gun sling, waist belt, and waist-
belt plate.

7. The service noncommissioned officer's sword can be issued for
the use of the officers and noncommissioned officers of the Corps of
Cadets. The sliding frog will enable these swords to be worn on the
ordinary waist belt.

8. A limited number of cavalry sabers and belts (for purposes of
instruction only) will be issued when satisfactory evidence of their
necessity is presented.

9. Issue of the above stores will be made b'v the Chief of Ordnance
to any selected institution upon its filing a bond in the penal sum of
double the value of the property, conditioned that it will fully insure,
take good care of, and safely keep and account for the same, and
will, when required by the Secretary of War, duly return the same,
within thirty days, in good order, to the Chief of Ordnance, U. S.
Army, or such other officer or person as the Secretary of War may
designate to receive them.

10. For practice firing, the following allowances of ammunition
will be made annually to each of the various institutions, viz: One
hundred blank cartridges and 300 friction primers for 3-inch, or for
3.2-inch breech-loading gun, as the case may be. Projectiles will not
be issued for the field guns.

war 1902— vol 1 12

178 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

11. Ammunition for rifle target practice will be issued annually at
the rate of 50 carbine ball cartridges (or their equivalent value in
reloading material, reloading tools, or target supplies) for each cadet
actually engaged in target practice, but there shall not be issued to
any college more than 7,500 ball cartridges in any one year. Where
it is not deemed practicable to have target practice, a limited quantity
of rifle blank cartridges will be furnished for instruction in firing.
This ammunition will be issued upon requisition, to be forwarded to
the Chief of Ordnance by the presidents or superintendents of the
institutions; and as annual allowances date in all cases from July 1 of
each year, requisitions should be forwarded before or as soon after
that date as practicable for the current year's supply. Undrawn
allowances of one year can not be drawn in the succeeding year.

12. The reloading material, reloading tools, and target supplies
which can be drawn as part of the ammunition allowance for target
practice are:

(a) Reloading materials, consisting of small-arms powder, carbine
bullets, round balls, cartridge primers.

(5) Reloading tools, consisting of one set of hand reloading tools.
(Bench reloading tools are not issued to colleges.)

(d) Target supplies, consisting of paper targets A and B, and
centers for these targets, paper targets for gallery practice, pasters,
white and black.

13. When tools for reloading rifle cartridges or implements for
casting lead balls for gallery practice have been issued to colleges, the
parts required to keep them in good order may be issued when
requested, and charged against the money value of the annual ammu-
nition allowance.

14. All ordnance and ordnance stores issued to colleges must be
kept insured by the college authorities for their full invoice value, as
shown in the bond, and the Chief of Ordnance promptly informed
when and where the insurance is placed.

15. The transportation of ordnance and ordnance stores from the
Government arsenals to institutions of learning, and from institutions
of learning back to the Government arsenals, is always without expense
to the United States.

16. The colleges to which issues of ordnance and ordnance stores
are made, under bonds given as required by law, will be required to
keep said property in like good and serviceable condition as when
issued by the Government, and for this purpose the spare parts, imple-
ments, and appendages necessary for this purpose will be sold to them
at cost price on application to the Chief of Ordnance.

17. When ordnance and ordnance stores are returned to the Ord-
nance Department by any institution of learning, they will be carefully

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 179

examined when received at the arsenal, and if they are found imper-
fect or unserviceable by reason of carelessness or other causes than
legitimate use in service the damage will have to be made good to the
United States.

18. The cost of all missing property must be made good to the
United States.

19. When any of the ordnance or ordnance stores become unfit for
further use the president of the college will report the fact to the
Chief of Ordnance, and be will authorize the college to send them to
an arsenal without expense to the United States. On reaching the
arsenal the property will be inspected by an officer of the Ordnance
Department, and if its condition is found to be due to the ordinary
incidents of service it may be replaced with serviceable stores of
like character; but if its condition is found to be due to carelessness or
other than legitimate causes the extent of damage or value of missing
stores will be determined by the Chief of Ordnance and must be paid
by the college before any new issue of stores is made.

20. The guns and carriages must not be allowed to remain outdoors
with only the paulins as a protection from the weather, but they must
be housed in a suitable shed and habitually kept there except when
used for drills or saluting purposes.

21. Regular property returns will be rendered quarterly to the Chief
of Ordnance by each president or superintendent of an institution
supplied with arms, etc., accounting for all ordnance and ordnance
stores issued to the institution under his charge. These returns will
be made on the blank forms to be supplied by the Chief of Ordnance.

22. Failure on the part of any institution of learning to comply
with the foregoing regulations, or any others that may be prescribed
by the Chief of Ordnance, for the care, preservation, or accountability
of any ordnance or ordnance stores issued to it by the United States,
will be considered sufficient cause for the prompt withdrawal by the
Secretary of War of the Government property in its possession.

23. Whenever any institution shall fail to return the public prop-
erty in its charge within thirty days after demand made by the
Secretary of War, the delinquency will be peremptorily referred to
the Attorney-General, that the bond of the institution may forthwith
be put in suit.

24. The following is the form of bond to be executed previous to
the issue of ordnance and ordnance stores, viz:

FORM OF BOND.

Know all men by these presents that we, the Knox College, located at Galesburg,
Illinois, a corporation duly organized under the laws of the State of Illinois, as prin-
cipal, and Clark E. Carr, of Galeslmrg, Illinois, and Edgar A . Bancroft, of Galesburg,
Illinois, as sureties, are held and bound to the United States of America in the penal

180 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

sum of a eight thousand four hundred and seventy-two dollars and ninety cents ($8,472.90),
for the payment of which well and truly to be made to the Secretary of War, or to
such officer or person whom he may designate, we do bind ourselves and each of us,
our successors, heirs, executors, and administrators, for and in the whole, jointly
and severally, firmly by these presents. Given under our hands and seals at Gales-
burg, Illinois, this 10th day of May, A. D. 1888.

The condition of the above obligation is such that, whereas the Knox College is an
established college b within the United States having capacity to educate at the same
time not less than one hundred and fifty male students, and whereas the said col-
lege h has heretofore applied to the President of the United States to detail an officer
of the Army to act as professor of military science and tactics thereof, and the Presi-
dent by virtue of the authority vested in him by section 1225, Revised Statutes, as
amended by the act of September 26, 1888, has detailed such officer to act accord-
ingly; and whereas the Secretary of War by the authority vested in him by said
section is about to issue to the said college b for the military instruction and practice
of the students thereof the following ordnance and ordnance stores, to wit:

2 muzzle-loading wrought-iron rifted guns, caliber 3 inches, at $450 $900. 00

2 carriages and limbers, for 3-inch gun, at $325 650. 00

2 gunner's haversacks, at $2.20 4. 40

2 trail handspikes, at $1. 10 2. 20

4 lanyards, at 10 cents .40

2 priming wires, at 10 cents .20

4 sponges and rammers, 3-inch, at $1 4. 00

4 sponge covers, 3-inch, at 30 cents 1. 20

2 tube pouches, at $1.50 3. 00

4 thumbstalls, at 20 cents .80

2 tompions, 3-inch, at 30 cents .60

2 vent covers, at 40 cents .85

1 pendulum hausse, 3-inch 2. 50

1 pendulum-hausse seat .60

1 pendulum-hausse pouch .70

2paulins, 12 by 15 feet, at $10.25 20.50

150 Springfield "Cadet" rifles, caliber .45, with appendages, etc., at $15.. 2,250.00

1 50 bayonet-scabbards, steel, Cadet, at 81 cents 121. 50

150 waist-belts and plates, at 60 (rents 90. 00

150 cartridge boxes, caliber .45, at $1.22 183. 00

being together of the value of four thousand two hundred and thirty-six dollars and forty-
fire cents ($4,236.45) ; all of which property, when issued, the said college0 hereby agrees
to take good care of and safely keep, insure, and keep insured against loss to the United
States, and account for quarterly on blank forms to l>e prescribed by the Chief of Ord-
nance, United States Army, and to return all of said property to said Chief of Ord-
nance, or such officer or person as may be designated to receive the same within thirty
davs after demand bv the Seeretarv of War.

Now, therefore, if the said college" shall take good care of and safely keep and insure
and keep insured against loss to the United States and account for the said ordnance
and ordnance stores, and shall when required by the Secretary of War duly return
the same within thirty days in good order to the Chief of Ordnance, United States
Army, or to such other officer or person as the Secretary of War may designate to
receive them, then this obligation shall lx?come inoperative and void, otherwise to
remain in full force and virtue.

In witness whereof, and in pursuance of a resolution of the board of directors*
passed on the first day of May, A. D. 1888, a- copy of which is hereto annexed, the

fl Double the value of the property.

''College or university.

c Board of directors or other governing body of the institution.

BEPOBT OF THE SECRET ABY OF WAR. 181

corporate seal of said corporation is hereto affixed and these presents dnly signed by

the president of the college. a

Knox College,

By Newton Bateman. [seal.]

President.
In presence of —

Geo. A. Lawrence,

Thomas A. Brown.

Clark K (-ark. [seal.]
In presence of —

Robert G. Sutton,

Chas. E. Bailey.

Edgar A. Bancroft, [seal.]
In presence of —
E. A. Skillman,
S. C. Hull.

State of Illinois, County of Knox, ss:

On this 10th day of May, 1888, personally appeared before me, a notary public for
the county aforesaid, Clark E. Carry one of the sureties named in the within bond,
who made oath that he is worth eight tliousand five hundred dollars over and above
all his debts and liabilities.

Clark E. Carr.

Sworn and subscribed before me on the day and date aforesaid.

George A. Lawrence,

Notary Public.

State op Illinois, County of Knox, ss:

On this 10th day of May, 1888, personally appeared before me, a notary public for

the county aforesaid, Edgar A. Bancroft, one of the sureties named in the within

bond, who made oath that he is worth eight thousand fire hundred dollars over and

above all his debts and liabilities.

Edgar A. Bancroft.

Sworn and subscribed before me on the day and date aforesaid.

George A. Lawrence,

Notary Public.

I, Elmer S. Dundy, hereby certify that the sureties who have signed the foregoing
bond are personally known to me, and that each is responsible and sufficient to insure
the payment of the entire penalty named therein.

Elmer S. Dundy,
Judge of the District Court of the United States in and for the State of Illinois.

The following instructions must be strictly observed in preparing
the bond required to be furnished the Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army,
before any arms, etc., can be obtained by any college:

25. A copy of the record of the adoption of the resolution of the
board of directors or governing body of the institution, including also
the record of the resolution itself, authorizing the president to execute
the bond on behalf of the corporation, authenticated by the signature
of the secretary and the corporate seal, must accompany the bond.

26. A copy of the charter or articles of incorporation, authenticated
by the secretary of state, is also required.

<* The president or officer authorized to sign for the institution.

182 BEPOBT OF THE SECRET ABY OF WAR.

27. The sureties must sign and seal the bond. The seal must be
attached opposite the signature of each person and must be a seal of
wax, wafer, or other adhesive substance, not a mere scroll with a pen.
Their names must be written in the body of the bond, together with
their residence, including town, county, State or Territory.

28. Two witnesses are required to each signature.

29. There must be two sureties when individuals are the sureties.
Each surety must make oath that he is worth some specific sum, equal
to the full amount of the penalty, over and above all his debts and
liabilities. Two persons must not join in one affidavit. Each one
must subscribe and acknowledge his own oath separately. The suf-
ficiency of the sureties must be certified to by some United States
judge or district attorney, whose official character must be certified
to by the clerk of his court, such certificate to be on or attached to
the bond.

30. Incorporated surety companies which have complied with the
requirements of the War Department will also be accepted as surety
on the bond, and in this case only one surety is required.

31. A college corporation desiring ordnance or ordnance stores for
the use of the college must furnish evidence that some one is author-
ized to execute in its behalf the bond which the law requires.

32. This authority can only be given by the governing body of the
corporation, i. e., the body invested with authority to employ the
faculty and make all other contracts in its behalf, and designated in
the charter of the corporation as board of regents, board of trustees,
etc., and this body must give the authority in the formal way in which
it does other business, the action taken being recorded as a part of
the proceedings of the meeting at which it was taken. The evidence
of this authority required to be furnished to this office will be an
extract from the record of the proceedings of the board of regents, or
board of trustees, showing that the board met in its official capacity,
that a resolution was offered authorizing some person by name to
execute the required bond for the corporation, and that this resolution
was adopted; and this extract must be certified, under the corporate
seal, to be a true extract from the record of the proceedings of the
board, by the secretory or other custodian of the records. His cer-
tificate that the authority has been conferred, or that such a resolution
was passed, is not sufficient. The record speaks for itself, and a copy
of so much of it should be furnished as will show that it purports to
be a record of the board, that the resolution was offered, and that it
was passed.

33. Great pains should be taken to use the name given the corpora-
tion by its charter, and to mention in the resolution the particular
bond to be given.

REPOBT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 183

34. It is desired that a copy of the charter be sent to the Chief of
Ordnance, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C; also, a copy (accompanied
by certificate under corporate seal) of so much of the record of the
election of the officers of the corporation as will show the election of
the particular officer who is to execute the bond.

In calling for form of bond it should be stated —

First. If the principals and sureties are individuals.

Second. If the principal is a corporation and surety an individual.

Third. If principal is an individual and surety a corporation.

Fourth. If both principal and surety are corporations.

As indicated above, there are four forms of bond, as follows:

Form K. — When both principal and sureties are individuals.

Form Z. — When principal is a corporation and sureties are indi-
viduals.

Form M. — When principal is an individual and surety is a corpora-
tion.

Form N. — When both principal and surety are corporations.

In calling for the blank forms of bond, they may be called for as
" Form K," "Form L," etc.

VIII. In the administration of each cadet battalion the adjutant,
assisted by the sergeant-major, shall keep a letter book, an order book,
a roster, and a consolidated morning- report book. The quartermaster,
assisted by the quartermaster-sergeant, shall keep a book containing a
record of all issues of Government property, with the receipts of those
to whom issued. Each captain shall keep a morning-report book and,
where necessary for the regulation of duty, a roster. At institutions
of the third class the morning report shall be made out by the captains
daily; at the other institutions on drill days or when the cadets are
ordered to parade.

IX. The professor of military science and tactics shall render a
quarterly report to the Adjutant-General of the Army of the whole
number of undergraduate students in the institution capable of per-
forming military duty, the number required by the institution to be
enrolled as military students, the average attendance at drills, the
number absent, and number and kind of drills, recitations, and lectures,
or other instruction had during the quarter, and the number reported
for discipline. He will retain copies of all reports and correspondence
and transfer them to the officer who may succeed him, or forward them
to the Adjutant-General's Office should the detail expire. On the
graduation of every class he shall obtain from the president of the
college and report to the Adjutant-General of the Army the names of
such students belonging to the class as have shown special aptitute for
military service, and furnish a copy thereof to the adjutant-general of
the State for his information. At those institutions which grade the

184 REPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

department of military science and tactics equally with the other
important branches of instruction, and which make proficiency in that
department a requisite for securing a diploma, the names of the three
most distinguished students in said department shall, when graduated,
be inserted in the U. S. Army Register.

X. The military department shall be subject to inspection under the
authority of the President of the United States; such inspections to
be made, when practicable, near the close of the college year. The
inspecting officer shall, upon his arrival at the institution, report to
the president or other administrative officer, in order to obtain from
him the necessary facilities for the performance of his duty. A copy
of the report of inspection will be furnished the president of the insti-
tution by the War Department.

XI. — The following are the laws providing for the detail of retired
officers at colleges, universities, etc. :

[Section 1260, Revised Statutes.]

Any retired officer may, on his own application, be detailed to serve as professor
in any college. (But while so serving, such officer shall be allowed no additional
compensation. )

[Extract from the act of Congress approved May 4, 1880.]

That upon the application of any college, university, or institution of learning
incorporated under the laws of any State within the United States, having capacity
at the same time to educate not less than one hundred and fifty male students, the
President may detail an officer of the Army on the retired list to act as president,
superintendent, or professor thereof; and such officer may receive from the institu-
tion to which he may be detailed the difference between his retired and full pay, and
shall not receive any additional pay or allowance from the United States.

[Extract from the act of Congress approved August 6, 1894.]

Provided, That nothing in the act entitled "An act to increase the number of
officers of the Army to be detailed to colleges,' ' approved November third, eighteen
hundred and ninety- three, shall be so construed as to prevent, limit, or restrict the
detail of retired officers of the Army at institutions of learning under the provisions
of section twelve hundred and sixty, Revised Statutes, and the act making appropri-
ations for the support of the Army, and so forth, approved May fourth, eighteen
hundred and eighty, nor to forbid the issue of ordnance and ordnance stores, as pro-
vided in the act approved September twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-
eight, amending section twelve hundred and twenty-five, Revised Statutes, to the
institutions at which retired officers may be so detailed; and said act of November
third, eighteen hundred and ninety- three, and said act of May fourth, eighteen
hundred and eighty, shall not be construed to allow the full pay of their rank to
retired officers detailed under said section twelve hundred and sixty, Revised Statutes,
and said act of May fourth, eighteen hundred and eighty.

[Extract from the act of Congress approved February 26, 1901.]

Section 1. * * * That section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the Revised
Statutes, concerning the detail of officers of the Army and Navy to educational
institutions be, and the same is hereby, amended so as to permit the President to
detail under the provisions of that act, and in addition to the detail of the officers

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 185

of the Army and Navy now authorized to be detailed under the existing provisions
of said act, such retired officers of the Army and Navy of the United States as in his
judgment may be required for that purpose, to act as instructors in military drill and
tactics in schools in the United States, where such instruction shall have been
authorized by the educational authorities thereof, and where the services of such
instructors shall have been applied for by said authorities.

Sec/2. That no detail shall be made under this act to any school unless it shall
pay the cost of commutation of quarters of the retired officers detailed thereto and
the extra-duty pay to which thelatter may be entitled liy law to receive for the per-
formance of special duty: Provided, That no detail shall be made under the pro-
visions of this act unless the officers to be detailed are willing to accept such position
without compensation from the Government other than their retired pay.

The details authorized by section 1260, Revised Statutes, as amended
by the act approved May 4, 1880, and by the act approved February
26, 1901, will be in addition to the number allowed by section 1225,
Revised Statutes, and the amendments thereof, and may be made to
incorporated institutions of learning of the requisite grade in any
State, without reference to population or to the number of officers
already serving therein.

By command of Lieutenant-General Miles:

H. C. Corbin,
Adjutant- General , Major- General, U. S. Army.

APPENDIX I.

General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army,

V Adjutant-General's Office,

No. 102. ) Washington, September «?, 1902.

To carry out the provisions of General Orders, No. 155, Adjutant-
General's Office, of November 27, 1901, which relate to officers' schools
at posts, the following instructions are published for the information
and guidance of all concerned:

1. Post commanders, subject to the supervision of department com-
manders, shall have immediate charge of the instruction and shall
cause detailed records to be kept of the operations of the schools in
order to facilitate the work of inspection.

2. All field officers and captains of over ten years' service as com-
missioned officers will be utilized as instructors, but failing a sufficient
number of these, post commanders will detail such other officers as in
their judgment possess fitness for such duties. Instructors of the last-
named class will be excused from recitations during the school term,
but at the end thereof will be required to take examinations in all sub-
jects completed during the course, except the ones in which they have
acted as instructors, and in lieu thereof a certificate of proficiency
from the commanding officer will be given them if the latter is satis-
fied that it is merited; otherwise they will be examined in these sub-
jects as well.

Whenever, in carrying out the provisions of this paragraph, it
becomes necessary to utilize the services of an instructor junior in
rank to the officers under instruction he shall, in the execution of his
duties, be given the respect due his position.

3. The officers from whom systematic recitations are required, and
who shall take the complete course, will include captains of the line of
less than ten years' service as commissioned officers, and all first and
second lieutenants, with the exceptions hereinafter noted.

Exceptions. — Graduates of the United States Military Academy at

West Point; the Infantry and Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth,

Kans. ; the Artillery School at Fort Monroe, Va., or the Engineer

School of Application, now at Washington Barracks, D. C, may be

excused from recitations in military law, international law, and field

187

188 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

engineering; but they will be required at the close of the term to
qualify in those subjects as well as in those in which they have made
systematic recitations.

Nothwithstanding the exceptions herein noted, department com-
manders shall require either systematic recitations or qualification by
examinations at the end of the school term of anv officer of their com-
mands, regardless of rank, when in their judgment such officer may be
in need of instruction in the course herein prescribed.

In the formation of classes for recitations lieutenants will constitute
one section and officers of higher grade another.

4. The annual period of theoretical instruction shall aggregate
ninety school days between November 1 and the 30th day of the fol-
lowing April. Two hours per diem shall be devoted to recitations,
exclusive of the time necessary for proper preparation.

5. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.

(ft) A DMINISTRATION.

Tluoreticdl. — Recitations in the U. S. Array Regulations and in
general orders and circulars amendatory thereof, including: Military
discipline; command; post administration; regiments — organization,
instruction, and records; company administration; councils of admin-
istration; regimental, bakery, company, and mess funds; post baker-
ies, libraries, etc.; rosters, detachment, and daily service; honors,
courtesies, and ceremonies; purchase of supplies and engagement of
services; money accountability and responsibility; accounts current;
public property, accountability and responsibility; boards of survey;
military correspondence; orders; returns of troops; records; enlist-
ments; Quartermaster's Department — general duties, records, returns,
and reports required; Subsistence Department — general duties, ration
tables, savings, sales, accounts, and returns; Pay Department — reen-
listment and continuous-service pay, forfeitures and deductions, and
deposits.

Particular attention will be given to the information contained in
the manuals of the three departments last named; a thorough famil-
iarity therewith will be insisted upon.

Practical. — Assignment to duty in turn as assistants to post staff
and recruiting officers and to orderly room work with their respective
company organizations for such periods as the commanding officer
may deem necessary to thoroughly acquaint them with the various
duties.

(b) DRILL REGULATIONS.

Theoretical. — Recitations in the prescribed manuals of the respective
arms.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 189

Practical. — Drill of troops — not necessarily during the term pre-
scribed for theoretical instruction. Lieutenants shall be given occa-
sional opportunity to act as captains, and captains as field officers at
drills.

Theoretical. — Recitations in the prescribed manual.
Practical. — Duty as officer of the day and as officer of the guard,
when practicable.

(d) SMALL- ARMS FIRING REGULATIONS.

Theoretical. — Recitations in the prescribed manual.
Practical. — Practice upon the range and in supervision of troops
during the regular practice season.

(e) TROOI*H IN CAMPAIGN.

T/teoretical. — Recitations in the prescribed manual.

(J) MINOR TACTICS.

Theoretical. — Recitations in Wagner's Security and Information.

Practical. — Exercises in patrolling, reconnoissance, formation and
use of advance and rear guards, outposts, attack and defense of con-
voys, etc., as frequently as possible for purposes of illustration during
school term and during the season of drill and field maneuvers.

(<j) MILITARY LAW.

T/ieoretical. — Recitations in Winthrop's Abridgment of Military
Law.

(//) FIELD ENGINEERING.

Theoretical. — Recitations in Beach's Manual of Field Engineering.

Practical. — Designing and superintending the actual construction of
rifle pits, shelter trenches, loopholes, obstacles, etc. , as well as locating
trenches with reference to configuration of the ground; making of
various kinds of revetments; establishing trace and profile of field
work, with reference to requirements of defilade; extending and super-
intending working parties as f requently as possible for purposes of
illustration during school term and during the season of field maneu-
vers; construction of models of various kinds of works to scale in clay
or sand.

(i) MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY AND SKETCHING.

Theoretical. — Recitations in Root's Military Topography and Sketch-
ing, as follows: Chapters I, II, III, V, XI to middle of page 170; from
"pacing, on page 257 to bottom of page 286; Chapter XXII to bot-
tom of page 312; Chapter XXIV."

190 BEPOBT OF THE SECBETARY OF WAR.

Practical. — Exercises in measuring lines with chains and tapes;
ranging out lines; measuring angles with box and prismatic compasses;
use of cavalry sketching case on foot and mounted in road sketching;
keeping of notes and map drawing.

(j) INTERNATIONAL LAW.

Theoretical. —Recitations in Davis's International Law.

(k) HIPPOLOGY (FOR ALL OFFICERS).

Theoretical. — Recitations in Carter's Horses, Saddles, and Bridles
(second edition).

Practical. — At posts where cavalry or field artillery is stationed —
stable management and horseshoeing; examination of horses for age;
conformation and soundness.

(/) METHODS, MATERIALS, AND IMPLEMENTS NECESSARY TO COAST DEFENSE (FOR

OFFICERS OF COAST ARTILLERY COMPANIES).

Theoretical. — General knowledge of guns, carriages, sights, quad-
rants, powders, fuses, and projectiles.

Text-books: Ordnance and Gunnery, Bruff; Artillery Circular L
series 1893; Drill Regulations for Coast Artillery; Handbook of Sights
for Cannon, Ordnance Department.

Thorough knowledge of exterior ballistics so far as relates to veloc-
ities and pressures; construction and use of range tables.

Text-books: Ingalls's Handbook on Ballistics; Artillery Circulars M
and N.

Construction and use of gun commanders' range scales, difference
charts, and platting boards.

Text-book: Drill Regulations for Coast Artillery.

Principles of construction, use, and adjustment of* position finders
and other instruments connected with fire control and direction.

Text- books: Artillery Note, No. 3; The Lewis Range Finder, Capt.
E. W. Hubbard, Artillery Corps.

General principles of construction, test, and operation of telephones,
telegraphs, and lines of communications.

Text-books: Artillery Circular C; Handbook for use of Electricians;
Telephones, Capt. S. Reber, Signal Corps, and publication about to
be issued by the Signal Corps.

General knowledge of the construction, use, and care of such elec-
trical apparatus as is usually found at artillery posts.

Text-books: Handbook for use of Electricians; Artillery Note, No.
4; Torpedo Manual.

Elementary cordage, setting up and rigging gins and shears; the
care and use of hydraulic jacks.

Text- books: Tidball's Manual; Best's Gunner's Manual.

BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAR.

191

Instruction in submarine mining as outlined in General Orders, No.
51, Adjutant-General's Office, 1902.

Practical. — As above by drills and practical work so far as the
armament and equipment of the post will permit.

Lieutenants to be occasionally assigned to duty as battery com-
manders and captains as fire commanders. At posts equipped with
electrical or other power plants officers will from time to time be
assigned to duty as assistants to the officer in charge thereof.

It is to be understood that nothing in this order relieves artillery
district commanders or other officers charged, under existing orders
or regulations, with the duty of securing efficiency in theoretical and
practical instruction in their commands from their present full
responsibility therefor.

6. Allotment of time in hours ftrr recitation in the several subjects.

FIRST YEAR.

Administration (complete)

Drill regulations (complete)

Manual of guard duty ( complete)

Small-arms* firing regulations (complete)

Minor tactics (partial)

Military law (partial)

Field engineering (partial) ,

Military topography and sketching (partial)

International law (partial)

Hlppology (partial)
Methods, i

ods, materials, and implements necessary to coast de-
fense ( partial )

Officers of—

Cavalry.

Total.

35
35
6
18
15
15
15
615
15
11

180

Field
artillery.

35
35
6
18
15
15
15
15
15
11

180

Coast
artillery.

35
a20
6
18
15
15

15
15
11

180

Infantry

35
35
6
18
15
15
15
15
15
11

180

SECOND YEAR.

General review of administration

General review of drill regulations

General review of manualof guard duty

General review of small-arms' firing regulations

Troops in campaign (complete)

Completion of minor tactics

Completion of military law

Completion of field engineering

Completion of military topography and sketching i>

Completion of international law

Completion of hippology

Completion of methods, materials, and implements neces-
sary to coast defense

Total.

25
25

14
35

180

a To include school of battery.

b Including practical work.

Should it be found necessary in certain instances to impart instruc-
tion of a more elementary character than here outlined, post command-
ers are directed to form classes therefor. The hours necessary for
recitations of these classes shall be in addition' to the hours herein
directed for the regular prescribed course, but shall be within the
school term.

192 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS.

7. Officers who are temporarily detached from their proper posts
or stations will be expected to so prepare themselves in the subjects
herein prescribed for the post school instruction of officers that, upon
rejoining at any time during the school term, they will be able to take
up the course and proceed with the regular classes. If for any reason
an officer joining a post during the school term lacks such necessary
preparation, he will be excused from participation in the prescribed
course until the beginning of the following term.

8. At the close of each school term every commanding officer will
appoint a board of competent officers, senior in rank to those under-
going examination, to examine each officer as to his proficiency in the
subjects completed during the course. Whenever this board certifies
to the proficiency of an officer in any subject and the proceedings are
approved by the commanding officer a statement to that effect shall
be entered in the post records, a copy of which shall be furnished to
the Adjutant-General of the Army and to the officer concerned, and
which shall entitle him thereafter to be excused from further recita-
tion in that particular subject. Whenever the number of officers at
any garrison is so small that a sufficient number can not be secured to
conduct the examination of officers who have pursued any portion of
the courses prescribed for their instruction, department commanders
are authorized to order officers to adjacent posts for examination, or
to order properly qualified officers from adjacent posts to complete
the number required for an examining board, which shall in all cases
consist of three members.

In case of officers who fail to acquire a proper degree of efficiency
in any subject, report will be made to the Adjutant-General of the
Army for note upon their efficiency records and they will be required
to repeat the course at the next annual term of theoretical instruction.
In event of a second failure, special report will be made by the com-
manding officer with a view to its consideration by the board which
may be thereafter designated to examine them as to their fitness for
promotion.

9. Those officers who exhibit the most aptitude and intelligence in
the course of instruction pursued will be reported to their respective
regimental or corps commanders (in case of artillery officers through
artillery district commanders to the Chief of Artillery) with a view to
their detail at the general service and staff college at Fort Leaven-
worth, Kans., for further instruction.

10. When an officer is transferred to a new station his record as to
the portion of the prescribed course completed and of proficiency or
deficiency therein shall be furnished through his regimental or artillery
district commander to his new post commander.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OV WAR. 193

11. This order is issued with a view to systematizing the instruction
of officers of the line of the Army during a limited period of the year
in accordance with the general scheme of progressive instruction, and
is in nowise intended to limit the authority of department commanders
to require additional work during the portion of the year herein only
partially occupied. The remaining portion of the year will be further
utilized by such commanders to the fullest advantage in the practical
instruction of their commands.
By command of Lieutenant-General Miles:

Wm. H. Carter,
Brigadier- General, U. S. Army,

Acting Adjutant- General.

war 1902— vol 1 13

APPENDIX K.

Headquarters Department of the Missouri,

Omaha, 2/ebr., October 31, 1902.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the concen-
tration of troops at Fort Riley, Kans., and of the encampment and
maneuvers held there during the latter part of September and the first
part of the current month.

When definite orders were received in the latter part of August
prescribing that maneuvers be held, I convened a board of officers to
meet in Omaha, Nebr., to prepare plans for utilizing the period of the
encampment to the best practicable advantage, and especially to pre-
pare the tactical problems which it was desired to have executed.
This board worked zealously, and its labors .met with my entire
approval. I have previously transmitted to you a report rendered
by the board, dated September 4.

The solution of both strategical problems and tactical exercises natu-
rally presented itself to the board for consideration. It was wisely
decided to be impracticable, at least at this time, to enter into the
question of strategy, which would require an extended theater of
operations as well as the expenditure of a greater amount of money
than was available, and, to be satisfactory, would also require a larger
number of troops than were ordered to participate. Moreover, that
part of the National Guard which had decided to take part was not
expected to arrive until a week or later after the regular forces had
reached camp. The board therefore decided to eliminate the subject of
strategy, and to confine its recommendations to tactical problems and
such instruction as time would permit in camping, camp sanitation,
methods of the supply departments, field engineering, including field
intrenchments, pontoon and spar bridge building, the duties of the
Signal Corps, etc. As the past demands of our service have generally
required that companies of the same regiment be widely scattered,
thus making it usually impracticable to give instruction in regimental
drill, it was decided to hold such drills in the early part of the
encampment and follow them by maneuvers of the brigades and the
division. This was done with decided profit, especially to the senior
officers.

Where the distances were not too great the troops in the Depart-
ment of the Missouri were ordered to proceed to Fort Riley by march-
es

196 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR

ing. Those thus included were the headquarters, band, and two bat-
talions, Twenty-second Infantry, from Fort Crook, Nebr., 197 miles;
the headquarters and two battalions, Sixth Infantry, with the First
Battalion of Engineers, the Second Squadron, Fourth Cavalry, and the
Twenty-eighth Battery (Mountain), Field Artillery, from Fort Leaven-
worth, Kans., a distance of about 140 miles. The lack of sufficient
wagon transportation caused the headquarters, band, and one battalion,
Sixth Infantry, to proceed by rail. On account of the great distance
of the following-named posts from Fort Riley, as well as of the limited
time, the troops brought from Forts Logan H. Roots, Ark., and Reno,
and Sill, Okla., were ordered to move by rail. The First Squadron of
the Eighth Cavalry, however, from the latter post, returned after the
encampment to its station by marching, as did the troops from Fort
Crook, and also from Fort Leavenworth, except the headquarters and
band, Sixth Infantry, and the dismounted portion of the First Bat-
talion of Engineers.

As it was early decided to divide the command from time to time
into two forces to represent opposing detachments in contact problems,
the troops were directed to take with them to Fort Riley both blue
(undress) and khaki uniforms, to enable them to represent either the
"blues" or "browns" as circumstances might require. The march
to Riley offered an excellent opportunity for certain training, and the
organizations which were directed to proceed overland were instructed
that marches would be conducted as if in the enemy's country, and
instruction and exercises given in all the ordinary measures for the
safety of the command, such as advance and rear guard, patrols, flank-
ers, and at night, outposts, etc. An itinerary and a map of the route
traveled was also prescribed. Commanding officers of troops moving
by rail were directed to give careful attention to entraining and
detraining their commands. Reports received indicate that material
instruction was given on the march in the several commands. The
map submitted by Second Lieut. N. E. Bower, Corps of Engineers,
U. S. Army, of the route taken by the First Battalion of Engineers,
deserves particular mention for the care and detail with which it was
prepared.

The 20th of September found the several organizations detailed from
the regular establishment to participate in the maneuvers at Fort
Riley, and an order was issued announcing the following organiza-
tions:

jfiirst Brigade. — Sixth United States Infantry, Eighteenth United
States Infantry, Twenty-second United States Infantry, Brig. Gen.
William A. Kobb6, U. S. Army, commanding.

Second Brigade. — The organizations composing this brigade and
the name of the general commanding were not announced until the
arrival of the troops from the State of Kansas, when the First and

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 197

Second regiments of infantry of the National Guard from that State
were assigned and the command given to Brig. Gen. J. W. F. Hughes
of the same guard.

Divisional Cavalry. — First and Second squadrons, Fourth United
States Cavalry, and First Squadron, Eighth United States Cavalry,
Col. C. C. C. Carr, Fourth United States Cavalry, commanding.

Divisional artillery. — The Sixth, Seventh, Nineteenth, Twentieth,
and Twenty-eighth Field Batteries, United States Army, and two skele-
ton batteries, Kansas National Guard, Col. George B. Rodney, Artil-
lery Corps, U. S. Army, commanding.

Engineers. — First Battalion of Engineers, United States Army, Maj.
Smith S. Leach, Corps of Engineers, commanding.

The Hospital Corps had one field hospital and one ambulance com-
pany in addition to the medical attendance assigned to the several
organizations, and the Signal Corps one maneuver field company.

Proper flags and pennants were prescribed to designate division and
brigade headquarters, the designs for which had been approved by the
War Department.

It was first intended to divide the regular regiments of infantry
between the First and Second Brigades, and brigade the volunteer regi-
ments with them. As the Kansas officers, however, expressed a strong
desire to retain their brigade organization, their wish was complied
with. The "Provisional Battalion" from Colorado requested to be
assigned to the First Brigade, which was done.

The camp was pitched on "Pawnee Flat," near the post, and had
good railroad terminal facilities. The ground chosen is gently rolling
and has fine natural drainage. This proved to be a very important
consideration, for 6n several days during the encampment the rain fell
continuously, but the water ran off rapidly and the ground dried
quickly. The necessary pipes were laid to bring water from the post
reservoir for camp purposes, and a sufficient and wholesome supply
was thus secured.

The chief quartermaster, Capt. C. B. Baker, the chief commissary,
Capt. Hugh J. Gallagher, the chief surgeon, Lieut. Col. John Van R.
Hoff, and the chief signal officer, Maj. George P. Scriven, were on the
ground for some days before the beginning of the encampment, and
made all necessary preliminary arrangements pertaining to their
respective departments in a most satisfactory manner. Major Scriven
was unfortunately painfully injured by the premature bursting of a
bomb, sent up to indicate the time of day, and was worthily succeeded
by Capt. Edward B. Ives, Signal Corps, U. S. Army.

Carefully drawn orders prescribing camp sanitation were prepared
before the date set for the encampment, and no effort was omitted to
impress upon all the importance of this subject. In order to avoid
detailing men away from their companies to act as police parties

198 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

throughout the day, the entire command was turned out morning and
afternoon to police the camp grounds. In this way the camps were
made clean in a few minutes and the companies were kept nearly at
their full strength for field exercises.

The question of the care of sinks was given much thought, and as it
was not desired by the War Department to give this camp the perma-
nence of form assigned to camps occupied in the latter part of 1898
and in 1899, I decided to adopt the pit sink, in which morning and
evening a sufficient quantity of lime was thrown, then a layer of straw
about 3 inches thick, on which crude petroleum was poured and ignited;
after this, such earth as was found necessary was spread over the bot-
tom of the sink. This method, if rigidly enforced, produces excellent
results, and can be applied in almost any camp in the field, and thus
officers and men had experience in handling this matter in a practica-
ble way. Carefully prescribed instructions for disposing of kitchen
refuse and the contents of slop barrels were also given. A good result
of care in above matters is shown in the excellent health enjoyed by
the command.

In addition to the two daily inspections prescribed in orders from
these headquarters to be made by company and battalion commanders,
brigade commanders were instructed to cause further inspections to
be made by their respective inspectors-general and chief surgeons,
and reports were submitted directly to division headquarters by
Lieut. Col. S. C. Mills, inspector-general, who made frequent tours
of the camp and who was authorized to give orders on the spot for
such work as seemed necessary to enforce my orders for camp sanita-
tion. As a result of these inspections, Lieutenant-Colonel Mills states
that —

Under all conditions of weather, I regard the general sanitation, police, and dis-
cipline of the camp as excellent; there was an earnest desire on the part of all organ-
izations to make the camp a success and to carry out to the letter the orders relative
to the care of the camp. The troops of the National Guard from Kansas and Colorado
seemed bent upon showing that the regulars could not best them in camp police and
sanitation.

He is of the opinion that the advantages of locating sinks and com-
pany kitchens at opposite ends of the company streets were observed
and appreciated by all before the camp was over. He also believes that
in semipermanent camps the best method to be observed in company
lavations is to place the necessary water in galvanized-iron cans kept
midway between the sink and the end of the company street, and to
require all men to wash in that vicinity, the dirty water being thrown
on the ground near by.

In connection with the burning of hay and crude petroleum in the
pit sinks, he states the system worked well and that he has never
before noticed so little odor in a tour of camp sinks, and that there

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 199

was also a noticeable absence of flies. The Inspector-General rurther
calls attention to the necessity for careful drill in the estimation of
distances, and states there was a great variety of opinion among
officers of the same organizations in judging distance.

In the matter of dress it was prescribed that when outside of their
tents officers and enlisted men appear at all times in proper uniform,
and that when the blouse was worn it be invariably buttoned through-
out. Except while representing a "blue" or "brown" force, regi-
mental commanders and commanding officers of separate battalions
were authorized to prescribe the dress for their respective com-
mands, which, however, would be uniform throughout the particular
command.

A list of calls were prepared and observed by the entire command.

In his interesting report the chief surgeon, Lieut. Col. John Van R.
Hoff, says:

The regulations governing the organization and equipment of the several medical
field units having been, promulgated just previous to the time the autumn maneuvers
were ordered, the Surgeon-General determined to take advantage of the opportunity
to submit the new organizations to as complete a trial as the conditions would per-
mit. * * * I was directed to at once make requisition upon the Quartermaster,
Ordnance, and Medical departments for the various materials needed for one field
hospital and one ambulance company for duty with the maneuver division.

•

He says it should be understood that a field hospital for a division
is intended to meet the requirements of 6,000 men for three months,
including the replenishment of the regimental field hospitals, and the
chesting of this material so that it would be easy of transportation
and access was no small undertaking.

Assuming that the strength of the maneuver division would be about
5,500 men, Lieutenant-Colonel Hoff thought a bed capacity of some-
thing over 200, or 4 per cent, should be provided for the sick.
With this end in view, and at the same time to complete the picture
of medical organization, the post hospital, Fort Riley, was designated
the base hospital, and tent wards capable of accommodating 100 patients
were pitched. The field hospital was organized to bed 108 patients,
and in emergency double this number could have been provided for by
extending tent flies and putting half the patients on bed sacks. The
regiments and battalions had field hospitals with a combined bed capac-
ity of 54. Thus the medical department was prepared with a grand
total of 256 beds, exclusive of two 12-bed regimental hospitals loaned
to the Kansas National Guard, and 4 beds brought in by the Colorado
battalion. Thus it will be seen that the Department was fully pre-
pared to meet any probable demands that would be made upon it.

The chief surgeon says:

To keep the field hospitals mobile, and enable them to take part in the hypotheti-
cal functions of the maneuvers those pertaining to the regiments were used simply
for observation of patients who, if pick twenty-four hours, were sent to the division

200 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

field hospital, and after twenty-four hours there to the base hospital. Upon reach-
ing the base hospital, if the ailment was of such a character as to indicate a disability
which would last beyond the period of the encampment the man was returned to
his permanent station. By this arrangement the sick were never permitted to
remain with the troops, and I doubt if many knew that the medical department was
caring for upward of 100 patients daily— small as the number was comparatively.

It was ordered that during field exercises when an umpire decided
that any men of a command were wounded he would, when practicable,
hand to the company commander a diagnosis tag for each with direc-
tions that tho3e who were thus tagged would fall out and be taken
back to the regimental aid station in the manner described on the tag.
At the aid station they were to be dressed and thence taken by men
of the Hospital Corps to the ambulance station, from which, whenever
the case required, the wounded man was to be transported in the
ambulance to the dressing station, and thence to the field hospital.
Medical officers were required to keep a record of the wounded pass-
ing through the several stations and report the same to division head-
quarters through the division surgeon. Company commanders were
required to forward a list of casualties. Thus a most valuable object
lesson in the care, removal, and report of the wounded was given both
to the medical department and to the line.

While Lieutenant-Colonel Hoff thinks the camp sinks were usually
kept in good condition, he is of the opinion that the use of the pit sink
is a mistake. He presents his views in the following words:

The sanitary arrangements of the camp were primitive, but the conservancy was
so excellently carried out that the requirements of the present occasion were well
met. I do not, however, believe that in view of our experience during the Spanish-
American war we can afford to continue the use of pit sinks in model fixed camp, no
matter how successfully they were used at Camp Root, where all the conditions were
most favorable to a perfect conservancy.

The chief surgeon expresses the opinion that no command was ever
provided with a more thoroughly organized and supplied medical
department than was the maneuver division at Camp Root. Officers
and men vied to promote its efficiency, and he particularly invite®
attention to the excellent work of two assistant surgeons — Capt. F. P.
Reynolds, commanding the division field hospital, and Capt. J. S.
Wilson, commanding the ambulance company. M ajs. George E. Bush-
nell and H. P. Birmingham, brigade surgeons, First and Second bri-
gades, rendered valuable service.

I am glad of this opportunity to express my appreciation of the
good work done by the medical department.

Capt. C. B. Baker, in his report as chief quartermaster, expresses
the belief that if the maneuvers are to be continued from year to
3rear the water system should be put in in a permanent manner and
the pipe sunk to a sufficient depth to prevent damage from frost or
other causes. This year it was laid hurriedly and only a sufficient

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 201

depth to prevent injury from passing wagons or animals, which
required it all to be taken up upon the completion of the encampment,
at considerable expense. The chief quartermaster is also of the opin-
ion that if the "Pawnee Flats" are to be used annually for a camping
ground a permanent sewer system should be established. Proper
sewerage and sinks of a semipermanent nature undoubtedly have their
advantage, but they also have the disadvantage of materially dimin-
ishing instruction to officers and men in camp sanitation as it will
usually have to be applied in case of war. Captain Baker states the
camp garbage was carried to a point about a mile and a half distant
from camp, emptied into deep trenches, and immediately covered. He
also says that owing to the almost continuous rains and the lack of
necessary facilities it was found impracticable to burn it. He rec-
ommends a crematory plant be provided for future use. In this
connection it may be stated that such a plant has already been recom-
mended for Fort Riley, and if it be authorized its capacity should be
such as to dispose of the garbage of future maneuver camps as well
as of the post.

He further recommends that "in case of future encampments a tem-
porary depot under canvas be established, entirely separate from the
post of Fort Riley, for furnishing and handling supplies and stores
intended for the use of the troops participating in the maneuvers,"
and "that all business of the camp and the post be kept entirely dis-
tinct," in which recommendations I concur.

With my sanction Captain Baker issued about 95,000 pounds of nay
in lieu of straw for bedding for the men. This was necessary to the
health of the command, in view of the exceedingly wet and inclement
weather. If future encampments are to be held late in the fall, it is
believed organizations might bring with them to advantage bed sacks.

In the earlier part of the encampment the supply of riding animals
being inadequate the necessities of the medical department were met
in part by mounting hospital stewards and orderlies on mules taken
from the pack train. The aggregate number of animals in the camp
was 1,166.

Arrangements were made with the railroad officials of the Union
Pacific Railroad whereby new sidings were put in at Pawnee Flats, to
the great convenience of the camp.

The hospital tents for the field and base hospital were floored as
well as the tents of the field depot commissary; other tents were
without floors.

Under the direction of the chief quartermaster a bureau of infor-
mation was organized for the convenience of visitors. This bureau
also had charge of receiving and shipping the baggage belonging to
visiting officers from the National Guard, and one member of the detail

202 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

met all trains arriving in order to look after the comfort of incoming
visitors.

Incoming organizations were met by a representative of the chief
quartermaster and conducted to the camp site assigned, and the com-
manding officer was furnished with a memorandum informing him as
to all preparations made, and as to the point from which and the man-
ner whereby all supplies required could be obtained, both from the
quartermaster and commissary departments. As I have stated above,
the manner in which these departments were conducted under Captain
Baker and Captain Gallagher were very satisfactory.

For the return movement arrangements were made by the quarter-
master's department for necessary freight and passenger equipment to
be in position on the siding at " Pawnee Flats" on October 9, and a
diagram was prepared showing the various locations on the side tracks
of each train, and indicating the troops to embark thereon, and the
hour scheduled for departure.

Upon the completion of the maneuvers, Captain Baker states it was
found practicable to turn in all property for storage at the post, pay
all accounts in form for settlement, and conclude all business con-
nected with the camp, including the policing of the ground, by the
afternoon of October 13.

1 am of the opinion that a storehouse of suitable dimensions should
be built at Fort Riley for storing from year to year property sent
there for the exclusive use of the maneuver encampment.

The work in the subsistence department was well thought out, the
necessary supplies reaching the troops promptly, and they were gen-
erally satisfactory.

In order to accommodate the National Guard officers who attended
without troops a wall tent was assigned to each, and the chief com-
missary procured and had erected a large mess tent, capable of seating
about 200 persons. With my staff I procured my meals at the same
mess and am pleased to say it was satisfactory. This mess, although
under the general control of a commissary officer, was in the immedi-
ate charge of a hired caterer who did very well, but I concur in the
opinion expressed in a report submitted upon the termination of the
camp by the chief commissary that hereafter the subsistence depart-
ment conduct the mess for officers and visitors at headquarters without
the intervention of a caterer, the quartermaster department supplying
the necessary ranges, cooking utensils, and tableware, leaving to the
former department to hire the steward, cooks, waiters, and supply the
food. In view of the fact that even a larger number of National
Guard officers will probably hereafter attend these maneuvers, if the
War Department decides to hold them, the chief commissary is fur-
ther of the opinion that to get the best results when an appropriation
is made by Congress providing for these encampments, one item should

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 203

cover the employment of cooks, stewards, and waiters. In this way
officers and visitors living at headquarters can be supplied with whole-
some food at reasonable rates; in fact, at the actual cost of the food
itself, increased by the cost of perhaps a few other minor necessaries
and paying for breakages and loss of tableware.

The Regular Army ration was supplied to the National Guard from
Kansas and Colorado, for which they paid cost price. It seems to have
proved satisfactory.

One evening was devoted to instruction of officers of the National
Guard regarding the workings of the subsistence department, and it
was intended to give on another night practical instruction in render-
ing accounts and returns, but bad weather interfered to prevent it. It
is thought such instruction should be made an important feature in
all future encampments.

The work of the Signal Corps is to be commended. The different
headquarters were connected by telephone. Practical illustrations of
the use of the searchlight were given, and information and orders were
transmitted on the field by means of the flag and hastily constructed
telegraph lines, the material for which was conveyed in wagons that
followed the different columns in the several exercises and kept in
close touch with all, except rapidly moving cavalry and field batteries.
The plant for the field searchlight was also used to furnish power for
a number of incandescent lights around division headquarters, and
especially in the large mess tent, in which several hundred officers
were assembled upon a number of evenings to listen to the reports of
the umpires and discussions upon the exercises which had taken place,
and on one occasion to hear an excellent lecture on strategy by Col.
A. L. Wagner, assistant adjutant-general. If in future one or more
carefully prepared lectures upon military topics be deemed advisable
it may be found useful to employ an electric stereopticon, such as is
used in the several departments of instruction at the United States
Military Academy. The improved methods for facilitating communi-
cation between different parts of an army were well illustrated by the
Signal Corps, and in future maneuvers it will be well to afford all rea-
sonable opportunities to show what can be done in this line and to
enable desired experiments to be tested.

The command was fortunate in having a battalion of engineers, and
the latter was equally fortunate in being given an opportunity to prac-
tically apply much that they had learned only in books. The practical
examples given in intrenching and in building spar and pontoon
bridges were most useful. Greater experience in the construction
and use of a pontoon bridge was undoubtedly had at Fort Riley than
has been seen in this country since the close of the civil war. The
Kansas River, swollen by recent heavy rains, had a swift current, and
could be crossed only by bridging. A pontoon bridge was constructed,

204 BEPORT OF THE 8E0BETABY OP WAR.

and three regiments and one battalion of infantry, three squadrons of
cavalry, and two batteries field artillery were passed over in forty-five
minutes. Engineers, infantry, cavalry, and artillery all alike profited
by this experience. On another occasion it is suggested a tactical
problem be prescribed to illustrate the forcing of a passage of a river
in the face of the enemy by means of pontoon bridges. As the Foil
Riley Reservation is of limited extent, and no very satisfactory point
can be found along the river where the reservation covers both sides
for the execution of such a problem, it will be well to select some site
a few miles from the fort and purchase the privilege from the sur-
rounding farmers to enter on their fields for the exercise. This
doubtless can be done very cheaply.

In connection with the size of the Fort Riley Reservation, about
20,000 acres, I desire to say it is doubtful if more than 10,000 men
can be concentrated there for maneuvers to advantage. As experi-
ence is gained in these maneuvers and public interest increases,
either money must be appropriated by Congress to hire the privilege
of entering upon farms for conducting field exercises, or the Govern-
ment must arrange to hold army maneuvers on some of its public
lands on the plains or near the slopes of the Rocky Mountains. We
should look to the time when two bodies of men, each representing an
army corps of 25,000 or 30,000 men, should approach each other from
a starting distance of about 150 miles or more. This would give an
opportunity for a study and illustration of strategy in the earlier part
of the movement, to be followed later on by a like experience in
battle tactics.

The reports of the umpires dwelt on several occasions upon evident
defects in our organization and equipment, and I deem the following
of sufficient importance for mention:

The necessities for mounted orderlies in regiments of infantry is
evident, even for administration in camp and garrison, and this need
is made greater in action, because under modern battle conditions a
regiment at full war strength covers, when deployed, such an extent
of territory that the commanding officer can not in the crisis of battle
impress his will upon the battalion and company commanders without
the liberal use of mounted men. Moreover, the colonel and his staff,
the lieutenant-colonel, battalion commanders, and their staff officers
must on occasions dismount on the battlefield and should have mounted
orderlies to take their horses to a place of safety and return with them
when wanted. If this statement of the case be correct, as I think must
be acknowledged, it becomes only a question as to whether the neces-
sary mounted orderlies be detached from troops of cavalry organized
and maintained at large expense for an entirely different purpose, or
if a certain number of mounted men be made a part of the organisa-
tion of an infantry regiment. In addition to the duties enumerated

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 205

above, they would be available in extreme cases as mounted scouts and
patrols. Eighteen to each regiment will probably be required.

The importance of clothing troops in the field with the most non-
conspicuous uniform was made very apparent, and it was observed
that under strong sunlight the scabbards of swords and sabers fre-
quently indicated the position of a command that might otherwise have
been unobserved. It is recommended that the scabbards of cavalry
sabers be given a dull or bronze finish and that when in the field
officers and noncommissioned staff officers of infantry discard the
swords and carry only the revolver. Staff officers, company com-
manders, and all senior officers should carry field glasses.

Capt. Lawson M. Fuller, ordnance officer, accompanied the troops
on marches, whenever opportunity offered, with a view of determining
defects in the equipments issued by the Ordnance Department, and he
submitted a report on this subject, under date of the 6th instant,
which has already been forwarded to the Chief of Ordnance, through
your office. Among other matters covered, he is of the opinion that
improvements can be made in the following, viz: The new wind-gauge
sight for the carbine, the cavalry link, curb strap, manner of marking
packing boxes containing ordnance stores, and snap for officer's saber
belt; and he suggests that the Ordnance Department have issued each
year a price list of stores for sale or, when not for sale, the prices at
which articles lost or destroyed are to be charged on muster and pay
roll, and • that when equipments are sent out from any of the several
arsenals differing in the slightest degree from the regular output a
printed or typewritten circular be sent with each explaining the differ-
ence and reason for the change. I concur in these suggestions.

The opinion seemed to be general among those who attended the
maneuvers that, notwithstanding the inclement weather during part of
the time, the camp and the field exercises were a success. The value
of such concentrations and maneuverings can not be overestimated,
either to the regular forces or to the National Guard, as it gives to
both an opportunity for observing the appearance and formation of a
division under various conditions, and affords to officers of the several
arms of the service a chance for seeing the evolutions and capabilities
of the other arms, and enables them to enlarge their circle of military
acquaintanceship, which can rarely be done without absorbing new ideas
upon military subjects. During the exercises under discussion young
officers had constantly impressed upon them the value of studying the
terrain with a view to protecting their commands by the accidents of
the ground and of seizing advantageous positions. The lessons learned
in this connection at Fort Riley may be the means of saving many lives
in future hostilities. The power of modern weapons was well illus-
trated and accentuated by each opponent maneuvering for position.

CoL A. L. Wagner, chief umpire, performed his duties in a highly

206 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

satisfactory manner. His comments on the problems executed and
his recommendations for future field exercises, written in his usual
clear and forcible style, will be submitted in print. As a number of
officers of the National Guard who attended the encampment expressed
a desire to be furnished with a copy of Colonel Wagner's report, and
as it will undoubtedly be interesting and instructive to officers in the
regular service, I have, with the verbal approval of the Assistant Sec-
retary of War, directed that 300 copies be printed, a number of which
will be forwarded as soon as practicable.

If the National Guard attends hereafter its organizations should, if
practicable, be in camp not less than ten days. As only two States
sent troops, a number of officers attended who were cared for, as above
stated, at division headquarters. Such officers can probably be taken
care of conveniently in the future, except in the matter of providing
mounts. To dismount troops of cavalry for this purpose is objectionable.
If there are to be several camps for maneuver purposes it is thought two
official representatives from the National Guard from any State will
suffice for each camp, with perhaps an additional representative for
each 3,000 men in the National Guard of a State, thus giving to those
with a considerable force a greater number of official representatives.
In selecting these representatives the best results can probably be
obtained if regimental officers are principally chosen.

It is recommended a number of specially selected field officers for
duty as umpires be made by the War Department, and that they be
ordered to report to the commanding general of the maneuver divi-
sion several days before the commencement of the field exercises, with
a view to studying the terrain, the necessary regulations, and to per-
mit an exchange of ideas.

The spirit shown throughout the command was most commendable;
officers and men alike united in their efforts to make the maneuvers a
success. 1 desire to make special mention of the valuable work done
by Brig. Gen. William A. Kobb6, upon whom devolved in a large
measure the practical application and solution of the tactical problems
prescribed. Maj. John G. D. Knight, Corps of Engineers, engineer
officer, served principally as an umpire, in which capacity he rendered
excellent service. My thanks are due and cordially given to Maj. E.
J. McClernand, adjutant-general, Capt. William M. Wright, Horace
M. Reeve, and First Lieut. Van Leer Willis, aids-de-camp, who labored
zealously and intelligently in their several duties.
Very respectfully,

J. C. Bates,
Major- General, U. S. Army, Commanding.

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Washington, D. C

APPENDIX L.

RESOLUTIONS ADOITED BY 0FFICEB8 OF THE NATIONAL GUARD OF VARIOUS

STATES AND TERRITORIES.

Camp Root, Fort Riley, Kans., October 7, 190°2.

Whereas we, the undersigned officers of the National Guard of the
various States and Territories of the Union, detailed by the governors
of the respective States and Territories (twenty-one of which are here
represented), in compliance with the request of the honorable Secretary
of War, to witness the maneuvers of the Regular Army and National -
Guard forces, assembled in camp of instruction at Camp Root, Fort
Riley, Kans., having observed the different military problems daily:
Therefore, be it

Resolved^ First. That we desire to thank the honorable Secretary of
War for permitting us to witness the maneuvers, from which we have
derived so much benefit.

Second. That we desire to express our thanks to Maj. Gen. John C.
Bates, U. S. Army, commander of the maneuver division, and his
staff for their unfailing courtesies to us at all times, thus enabling us
to perform our tours of duty most satisfactorily.

Third. That we desire to thank Col. Arthur L. Wagner, Assistant
Adjutant-General, U. S. Army, chief umpire, for the instruction he
has given us, and for his able discussion of the various problems, and
for his most practical and brilliant lecture on military strategy.

Fourth. We desire further to commend the policy of the National
Government, as indicated by this camp of instruction, and for its effort
to bring in closer contact the Regular Army and National Guard
forces; and we trust that these joint maneuvers may be continued
annually.

Fifth. That these resolutions be engrossed, one copy to be for-
warded to the honorable Secretary of War, one to Maj. Gen. John C.
Bates, U. S. Army, and one to Col. Arthur L. Wagner, Assistant
Adjutant-General, U. S. Army.

John J. Saunders, major-general, Maryland; William H. Stacy,
major-general, Texas; P. H. Barry, brigadier-general,
Nebraska; John A. Wiley, brigadier-general, Pennsylva-
nia; Q. O'M. Gillmore, brigadier-general, New Jersey;

207

208 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

E. S. Miller, brigadier-general, North Dakota; George H.
Brown, brigadier-general, Michigan; Herbert S. Tanner,
brigadier-general, Rhode Island; J. H. Whitney, brigadier-
general, Massachusetts; William F. McGurnin, colonel Sec-
ond Michigan; H. E. Mead, colonel Third Infantry, Ohio;
George W. McCoy, colonel, Indiana; James F. Fee, lieu-
tenant-colonel, Indiana; S. A. Bowman, lieutenant-colonel,
Indiana; Usher Thomason, colonel, Georgia; E. D. Hu-
guenin, colonel Second Infantry, Georgia; I. E. Webster,
colonel Second Infantry, Florida; Charles K. Darling,
colonel Sixth Massachusetts; H. L. Archer, colonel First
Infantry, Nebraska; Henry Hutchings, colonel First
Infantry, Texas; C. B. Young, colonel, Illinois; B. C.
Tilghman, lieutenant-colonel Third Infantry, Pennsyl-
vania; Bryce D. Armour, major and assistant inspector-
general, Rhode Island; J. H. Dockweiler, major and
engineer officer, First Brigade, California; O. C. Drew,
major and assistant adjutant-general, Texas; Joseph R.
Harrison; major, Third Infantry, Indiana; A. L. Kuhlman,
major, Third Infantry, Indiana; F. E. Stevenson, major,
artillery battalion, Indiana; P. J. H. Farrell, major and
surgeon, Illinois; De Witt Clinton Falls, captain and adju-
tant, Seventh Regiment, New York; S. E. Yoder, captain,
Battery A, Nebraska; W. L. Holland, captain, South Omaha
Cavalry Troop, Nebraska; W. R. Brooks, captain, engineer
signal corps, Nebraska; E. H. Jayne, major, First Infantry,
Oklahoma Territory; Frederick Gilkyson, major and assist-
ant adjutant-general, New Jersey; William J. Coleman,
major, First Infantry, Indiana; John Landstreet, captain,
Virginia.

iPPEHDIX M.

XEKORAVDUK FOB THE QUABTERXASTER-GENEBAL.

War Department,
Washington, October 18, 1902.
I am considering the expediency of asking Congress to authorize the
Department to furnish officers' quarters with the heavy furniture, such
as tables, bedsteads, bureaus, etc., and to charge the officers with a
small rental for the use of the articles furnished. It is clear that the
officer would save by this arrangement in three ways:

1. The interest on the money which he now expends for furniture.

2. The great cost of transportation of these heavy articles when he
is ordered from one station to another.

8. The rapid depreciation of the articles, caused l>oth by use and by
transportation.

On the other hand, it is clear that the Government, buying the fur-
niture in large quantities, could get it at a very much smaller first cost
than the officers can, and that the furniture remaining permanently in
the same quarters would depreciate much less rapidly than when it is
moved about from one post to another.

I have an impression that, considering the great saving to the offi-
cers and the smaller expense to the United States, the officers could
well afford to pay a rental which would constitute a sufficient renewal
fund in the hands of the Government aad would ultimatelv reimburse
the Government for the principal, so that the great expense and fre-
quent hardship to our officers would be prevented without ultimate
loss to the Treasury.

In order to test these views, I should be glad to have all the infor-
mation practicable bearing upon the subject, and particularly upon the
following points:

(1) A statement of the different articles of furniture which you think
could be advantageously supplied in this way for married officers'
quarters and for bachelor quarters, respectively.

(2) The difference between the average cost of such furniture when
purchased by an officer individually and what the same furniture
would cost if purchased by the Quartermaster's Department.

(3) An estimate of the annual average depreciation of officers'
furniture under the present conditions of frequent removals from
post to post, and an estimate of the probable annual depreciation of
the same furniture if furnished by the Government and permitted to
remain in the same quarters.

(4) Such facts as you can obtain tending to show the cost of trans-

209
WAB 1903— VOL 1 14

210

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

portation of furniture to officers when ordered from post to post under

the present system.

(5) An expression of your views as to the total first outlay which

would be required to inaugurate the new system, the rentals which

officers could reasonably be expected to pay, and the adequacy of such

rentals to create a renewal fund and ultimately retire the principal of

the original outlay.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

War Department,
Quartermaster- Genera l's Office,

Washington, November 5, 1902.
The following memorandum is submitted in reply to inquiries con-
tained in accompanying memorandum of the Secretary of War:

First. Articles of furniture thought to be necessary for married
officers' and bachelor officers' quarters.

The following is a list of furniture which it is thought covers all the
articles which should be supplied by the Government. These articles
comprise the bulky and heavy furniture which every married officer
must have and covers the essential articles required for kitchen, din-
ing room, parlor, sitting room and hall, two bedrooms, and one serv-
ants' bedroom, for which two beds are provided:

Articles.

Kitchen furniture:

1 table

4 kitchen chairs, at 50 cents each

1 refrigerator

Dining-room furniture:

Sideboard, 48 by 24 inches, with shelf and bevel glass

Dining table, pillar extension, 10 feet long, 48 inches diameter

Side serving table, with shelf and drawer, 87 by 17 inches

8 dining chairs, quartered oak, with cane seats, at 92.50 each

Hall furniture:

Ha track, with box seat and hinged lid, with mirror 18 by 40 inches

Parlor furniture:

1 divan, larm chair, and 2 side chairs

1 center table

Bedroom furniture:

2 iron beds with brass trimmings, including wire-woven mattress, or
national spring, at $15

2 servants' beds, iron, white enamel, 42 or 36 inches wide, at $4.75

Bureau, 48 by 23 inches, circular mirror, 82 inches

Washstand, 36 by 18 inches

4 bedroom chairs, at $1.50

Chiffonier

1 Morris chair, with cushions

Cost if pur-
chased by
Quarter-
master's
Depart-
ment

$3.50

2.00

17.00

31.00

18.00

9.00

20.00

18.50

69.00
25.00

30.00
9.50

36.00

12.00
6.00

31.00
9.75

347.25

Cost if pur-
chased by
officer.

$4.00

2.80

25.00

42.00
24.00
13.00
28.00

25.00

100.00
35.00

U42.00
ft 14. 50
48.00
17.00
C8.00
42.00
13.50

483.80

a At $21.

ft At $7.25.

cAt$2.

BEPOBT OF THE 8ECBETARY OF WAR.

211

These are of good serviceable quality, and it is deemed in the inter-
est of economy that such only should be purchased.

The following articles are believed to be necessary for a bachelor
officer's quarters:

Articles.

Hall furniture:

1 hall rack

Parlor furniture:

1 table

1 lounge or sofa.

1 armchair

• 4 chairs, at 18...
Bedroom furniture:

lbed

1 bureau

1 washstand

2 chain, at $L50.

1 chiffonier

1 Morris chair...

Total

Difference.

CoHt if
purchased
by Quarter-
master's
Depart-
ment.

Cost if pur-
chased by
officer.

85.00

$6.97

15.00

20.89

20.00

27.86

20.00

27.80

12.00

16.71

15.00

20.89

15.00

20.89

10.00

13.93

3.00

4.18

25.00

34.82

9.75

13.58

148. 75

208.58

59.83

Second. Assuming for the purpose of determining the cost of fur-
niture that only captains and first lieutenants of the line would be
supplied, this would give:

Captains of cavalry $225

Captains of artillery 195

Captains of infantry 450

First lieutenants of cavalry 225

First lieutenants of artillery 195

First lieutenants of infantry 450

Total 1,740

Deduct those in Philippines, 25 per cent 435

Leaves..... 1,305

Deduct those absent from posts, 20 per cent 261

Leaves a balance of 1, 044

Assuming that 75 per cent of this number are married officers and
25 per cent are bachelors, the cost of supplying the furniture for the
number of officers specified would be:

For married officers:

If purchased by officer $415,100.40

If purchased by Quartermaster's Detriment 297, 940. 50

Difference

117, 159. 90

212 BEPOBT OF THE SEOBETABY OF WAB.

For bachelor officers:

If purchased by officer 59,653.88

If purchased by Quartermaster's Department 42, 542. 50

Difference 17,111.38

This furniture could no doubt be obtained, if purchased by the
Quartermaster's Department in large quantities, at somewhat less cost
than stated above.

Third. Depreciation of furniture:

The allowance specified in the digest of insurance adjusters for the
annual depreciation of furniture where there is a large family of chil-
dren and the care of the properly is left to servants is 20 per cent,
and where carefully cared for by the owners, 10 per cent. Allowing
two removals in five years — a very low average — and 20 per cent
depreciation for wear and tear and breakage for each removal or
change of station, would make 40 per cent depreciation on account of
removals in five years, or 8 per cent per year; adding to this the
annual depreciation of 20 per cent on account of wear and tear in use,
makes the annual average depreciation to the officer under present
conditions 28 per cent, or a renewal in about four years, equal to
$120.98 per year for articles in above list for married officers at retail
prices, and $52.15 per year for bachelor officers. This would be about
$51 per year more in the case of married officers and $22.50 more in
case of bachelor officers than the amount of rental to be paid to the
Government for the use of the furniture at an allowance of 20 per
cent per annum depreciation.

It is remarked in this connection that under the present system of
transportation of officers' effects the expense of packing and crating
officers authorized allowance of furniture practically always falls upon
the Quartermaster's Department; under the proposed system the
department would be relieved of this expense, the percentage of which
it is difficult to estimate.

An allowance of 20 per cent depreciation per annum would retire
the original outlay of the Government every five years. With ordinary
use and small expenditures for repairs as needed, this Government fur-
niture would still have some value at the end of five years, although just
what this would be it is also difficult to estimate without some experience
upon which to base the calculations. It is therefore believed that, all
things considered, the Government would be adequately compensated
by a rental of 15 per cent per annum on first cost of furniture furnished
to officers, which is the mean between the highest and lowest estimate
for annual depreciation by insurance adjusters and equal to renewal in
about seven years.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 213

Fourth. The following is the cost to the United States of a change
of station allowance for a captain, 2,0<K) pounds:

Cost. Distance.

From Chicago to Washington $20.60

From 8an Francisco tc Chicago 70. 60

From San Francisco to Washington 77. 20

From FortThrmas, Ky., to Fort Assinniboine, Mont ' 76.60

From Fort Logan H. Roots, Ark., to Fort Bnolling, Minn 29. 60

Miles.

905
2,328
3.233
1,674

925

Making an average of $30.20 per 1,000 miles. It is believed that
the average amount of baggage transported by an officer atmve his
regulation allowance is 3,000 pounds, at an estimated average cost
ot $55.

It is believed that there will be no saving in transportation charges
to the Government for some years to come by the adoption of the
proposed method, as the authorized amount of baggage allowed to an
officer will still be shipped, at least in the case of married officers.
The furniture mentioned in the foregoing list would cover only that
part of an officer's personal baggage in excess of the amount now
allowed to him by the Government and for which he is required
under present conditions to pay transportation charges.

Fifth. Total first outlay, etc. :

Assuming the average amount of deterioration by wear and tear in
use and removal of the furniture in the foregoing list for a married
officer, amounting to $183.80, under present conditions, at 28 per cent
per annum, would be $135.46; adding to this the cost of excess bag-
gage, at the rate of $55 for each removal, two removals in live years,
costing $110 or $22 per annum, would make the total $157.40 as the
estimated saving to the officer by using Government furniture, from
which should be deducted the rental at the rate of 15 per cent per
annum on first cost of the furniture to the Government at $347.25,
equal to $52.08, thus showing a saving of $105.38 per annum to the
married officer after having paid a rental at the rate of 15 per cent
per annum under the proposed system. This saving would be only
about $36 to the bachelor officer because, as a rule, officers of this class
have no excess baggage over the authorized allowance transported
by the Government.

On the basis of the above estimate, the total first outlay, assuming
that only captains and first lieutenants of the line are supplied, on the
basis of 75 per cent married and 25 per cent bachelor, would be
approximately $340,483. As stated under paragraph 3, allowing a
rental of such furniture as may be used by an officer at 15 per cent on
its first cost, constituting a renewal in about seven years, it is believed

214 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

would be ample to compensate the Government for the first outlay
necessary to inaugurate this system.

Assuming that these articles of furniture are supplied to all officers
of the Army upon the basis as noted above, viz, 3,820 officers, less 25
per cent in the Philippines and 30 per cent of the remainder not
serving at posts, a total of 1,813, leaving 2,007 officers to be provided
for, will cost, upon the basis of 75 per cent married and 25 per cent
bachelor, a total of $595,260, to which must be added the cost of
transportation to the respective posts.

This system, if introduced at all, should be brought in gradually, so
as to enable the officers to become accustomed to and make their
arrangements to meet it, without being obliged to dispense, under dis-
advantageous conditions, with the furniture which they now have. As
above stated, the total estimated cost of supplying the articles of fur-
niture herein referred to, for all officers in the service likely to require
it, would be $595,260. It is believed, however, that not more than
one-half of this sum could be advantageously expended during the first
year of the inauguration of this system.

While the articles selected are by no means a complete list of furni-
ture that an officer would require in his household, it is believed that
they constitute all that is necessary, and still leave the officer a large
limit of choice for the exercise of his personal taste in completing the
furnishings of his quarters.

It is remarked that the necessity may arise for construction or
enlargement of storehouses at some posts in order to meet cases
where quarters provided with Government furniture are vacated by
an officer and another officer assigned to the same quarters brings his
own furniture with him, in which event either must be stored at the
post. This may, however, adjust itself in the course of time.

M. I. Ludington,
Quartermaster- General, U. S. Army.

186701.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

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APPENDIX 0.

PAFEB8 RELATING TO FRIARS' LAND NEGOTIATIONS.

INSTRUCTIONS OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR TO GOVERNOR WIL-
LIAM H. TAFT IN THE MATTER OF THE PURCHASE OF FRIAR
LANDS IN THE PHILIPPINES.

War Department,
Wa*ki nytipii * May .9, 1002.

Sir: It is now apparent that Congress will not have acted upon the
Philippine Commission's recommendations regarding the purchase of
friars' lands before the time of your departure for ?*Ianila, which
can not be longer delayed. You can not, therefore, as we had hoped,
now receive definite instructions, and proceed to take such steps, in
the execution of specific authority from Congress, as should properly
be taken before you return to Manila. The committees of both Houses
have, however, reported favorably upon the Commission's recommen-
dations, and it appears probable that Congress will confirm their action.
In view, therefore, of the critical situation of this subject in the Philip-
pines, and of the apparent impossibility of disposing of the matter
there by negotiation with the friars themselves, the President does not
feel at liberty to lose the opportunity for effective action afforded by
your presence in the West. He wishes you to take the subject up
tentatively with the ecclesiastical superiors who must ultimately deter-
mine the friars' course of conduct, and endeavor to reach at least a
basis of negotiation along lines which will be satisfactory to them and
to the Philippine government, accompanied by a full understanding
on both sides of the facts and of the views and purposes of the pirties
to the negotiation, so that when Congress shall have acted the business
may proceed to a conclusion without delay.

You are accordingly authorized, in the course of your return jour-
ney to Manila, to visit Rome, and there ascertain what church author-
ities have the power to negotiate for and determine upon a sale of
the lands of the religious orders in the Philippines Islands, and if
you find, as we are informed, that the officers of the church at Rome
have such power and authority, you will endeavor to attain the results
above indicated. Any negotiations which you may enter upon are
always subject to granting of power by Congress to follow the nego-

233

234 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

tiations by binding action. In any conferences and negotiations you
will bear in mind the following propositions, which are deemed to be
fundamental, and which should be fully and frankly stated to the other
side in the negotiations:

(1) One of the controlling principles of our Government is the com-
plete separation of church and state, with the entire freedom of each
from any control or interference by the other. This principle is
imperative wherever American jurisdiction extends, and no modifica-
tion or shading thereof can be a subject of discussion.

(2) It is necessary now to deal with the results of establishing a
government controlled by this principle in the Philippine Islands,
which have for centuries been governed under an entirely different
system, with church and state closely united, and having functions of
the one exercised by agents of the other; where the church has long
controlled and acted virtually as the agent of the state in the field of
public instruction and public charities, and has from time to time
acquired large properties held by it or by its subordinate corpora-
tions or officers for these public uses. A novel situation has been
created under which the adjustment of means to ends appropriate to
the former system entirely fails to produce the intended result under
the new system, and the separation of church and state requires to be
followed by a readjustment and rearrangement in the interests both of
church and of state, and for the attainment of the great ends of civil
government, of education, of charity, and of religion.

(3) By reason of the separation the religious orders can no longer
perform in behalf of the state the duties in relation to public instruc-
tion and public charities formerly resting upon them, and the power
which they formerly exercised, through their relations to the civil
government, being now withdrawn, they find themselves the object of
such hostility on the part of their tenantry against them as landlords,
and on the part of the people of the parishes against them as repre-
sentatives of the former government, that they are no longer capable
of serving any useful purpose for the church. No rents can be col-
lected from the populous communities occupying their lands unless it
be by the intervention of the civil government with armed force.
Speaking generally, for several years past the friars, formerly installed
over the parishes, have been unable to remain at their posts, and are
collected in Manila with the vain hope of returning. They will not be
voluntarily accepted again by the people, and can not be restored to
their positions except by forcible intervention on the part of the civil
government, which the principles of our Government forbid.

It is manifest that under these conditions it is for the interest of the
church, as well as of the state, that the landed proprietorship of the reli-
gious orders in the Philippine Islands should cease, and that if the
church wishes, as of course it does wish, to continue its ministration

BEPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 235

among the people of the islands, and to conduct in its own behalf a
system of instruction, with which we have no desire to interfere, it
should seek other agents therefor.

(4) It is the wish of our Government, in case (Congress shall grant
authority, that the titles of the religious orders to the large tracts of
agricultural lands which they now hold shall be extinguished, but
that full and fair compensation shall be made therefor.

(5) It is not, however, deemed to be for the interests of the people
of the Philippine Islands that, in thus transforming wholly unpro-
ductive tracts of land into money capable of productive investment,
a fund should thereby be created to be used for the attempted res-
toration of the friars to the parishes from which they are now sepa-
rated, with the consequent disturbance of law and order,

(6) The titles to the great amount of church lands and buildings
in the islands, other than those of the religious orders and now
apparently owned by the state, should be settled fairly.

(7) Provision should be made for ascertaining what rentals, if any,
ought to be paid for conventos and other church buildings which have
been occupied by United States troops during the insurrection, this
being of course subject to further specific action by Congress.

(8) The rights and obligations remaining under the various specific
trusts for education and charity which are nowr in doubt and contro-
versy ought to be settled by agreement if possible, rather than by the
slow and frequently disastrous processes of litigation, so that the
beneficent purposes of these foundations may not fail.

(9) Your errand will not be in any sense or degree diplomatic in its
nature, but will be purely a business matter of negotiation by you as
Governor of the Philippines for the purchase of property from the
owners thereof, and the settlement of land titles, in such a manner as
to contribute to the best interests of the people of the islands.

Any assistance which you may desire, whether on the part of offi-
cers of the civil government, or of military officers, to enable you to
perform the duties above described in a manner satisfactory to your-
self, will be afforded; but the business is left entirely in your hands,
subject to such action as may be taken pursuant to law upon }Tour
report.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

Hon. William H. Taft,

Civil Govern wr of the Philippines,

Washington* />. (\

236 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

[Copy of cablegram Rent.]

Washington, June 5, 1902.

Taft, Rome, Italy:

Referring to your dispatch of June third. The statements regarding

the religious orders on page 3 of the instructions are to be understood

as referring to the four orders named in your telegram. The system of

instruction mentioned in line twenty-three is to be understood as

referring to instruction in the parishes.

Root, Secretary of War.

Department of State,

Washington, May 10, 1902.
Most Eminent Sir: 1 take pleasure in presenting to your em i nance
the Honorable William H. Taft, one of our most distinguished citizens,
who is at present, and has been for several years, the civil governor of
the Philippine Islands, which important office he has filled with great
intelligence and success. He is now returning to the islands after a
brief stay in this country. On his way he will visit Rome for the pur-
pose of reaching, if possible, a basis for the just settlement of the
many pending questions relating to property held in the Philippine
Islands for religious and charitable uses. I beg to commend him to
your confidence and kind consideration with sincere hope for the attain-
ment of results which shall promote both the civil and religious welfare
of the people of the islands.

I profit by this occasion, Most Eminent Sir, to tender you the assur-
ance of my profound esteem and highest consideration.
Your obedient servant,

John Hay.
To His Eminence, Cardinal M. Rampolla del Tindaro,

Secretary of State to IL's Holiness, etc. , etc.

[Translation.]

Excellency: I have the gratification to signify to your Excellency
that you will be received by His Holiness in private audience, together
with the members of the honorable mission in your part}T, to-morrow,
Thursday, the fifth instant, at the hour of half past twelve.

I avail myself of the opportunity to assure your Excellency of the

distinct sense of consideration with which I have the honor to be of

your Excellency the most devoted servant.

M. Card. Rampolla.
Rome, June 4, 1902.

To Mr. William Taft,

Governor of the Philippines.

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 237

Text of address made hy Governor Taft to ITU Holiness the Pope.

Your Holiness: On my departure from Washington, President
Roosevelt committed to my hands an autograph note of personal greet-
ing and eight bound volumes of his literary works to be delivered to
Your Holiness. I now have the honor of complying with his direction.

I desire next to express my sense of the personal honor of this audi-
ence. I am not a member of the Roman Catholic Church; but one
who has marked the enlightened statesmanship, the limpid purity of
character, and the earnest seeking for the uplifting of all humanity
that have been the personal characteristics of the head of the Roman
Church during the quarter century of the present pontificate can not
fail, whatever his church or creed, to entertain the most profound
respect for Your Holiness.

The transfer of sovereignty and all governmental property rights and
interests from the Crown of Spain to the United States in the Philip-
pine Islands contained in the Treaty of Paris was a transfer- from a
government between which and the Church of Rome there had been in
those islands the closest association in property, religion, and politics,
to a government which by the law of its being is absolutely prevented
from having such sissociations with any church. To make the transfer
effectual, and at the same time just, it is obvious that the proper line
of division must be drawn between what were really civil property
interests of the Crown of Spain and what were religious trusts of the
Catholic Church, and that all union of civil and clerical agencies for
performance of political functions must end.

It is said that many churches and conventos are on United States
land. It is said that rental is due from the United States for occupa-
tion of churches and conventos. Of the very nice questions thus aris-
ing, some might be settled, perhaps after years of litigation in the
ordinary courts of Justice, though others could not be disposed of in
this way. Especially is this true of certain questions which I shall
now briefly state: The transfer of sovereignty from Spain to the
United" States had been preceded by two revolutions among the Philip-
pine people against Spain. The popular hostility was chiefly mani-
fested against the members of four religious orders who had, in
addition to their clerical duties as parish priests, been charged by the
Spanish Government with the performance of a burden of local polit-
ical and police duties, and in the performance had been held responsible
by the people for the oppression of which it was said that Spain was
guilty.

Three of these orders were owners of large tracts of valuable agri-
cultural lands, and in each revolution the hostility toward the mem-
bers of the religious orders was, in provinces where this land lay,
agrarian as well as political. The justice or injustice of this hostility

238 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

is, as I conceive, aside from the issue. It exists and is the result of
years of peace and war. It can not be ignored. The members of these
orders have not yet returned to their parishes, which are being
administered by the native clergy, and they have not yet resumed
possession of their lands. An attempt by them to assume the rights
of landlords or to become parish priests again will, it is confidently
believed, seriously disturb the peace and order of the islands.

On behalf of the Philippine government, it is proposed to buy the
lands of the religious orders with the hope that the funds thus fur-
nished may lead to their withdrawal from the islands, and, if necessary,
a substitution therefor, as parish priests, of other priests whose pres-
ence would not be dangerous to public order. It is further hoped that
church titles, rentals, and prices might all be fixed either by arbitration
or in a general compromise. Authority to purchase the agricultural
lands of religious orders must ultimately come from the Congress of
the United States, but a bill granting such authority has been favor-
ably reported to both Houses of Congress, and there is every pros-
pect of its passage before the close of the session, which will probably
end in July. The bill leaves the method of purchase to the Philippine
government, so that the negotiations concerning such a purchase are
not now premature.

We now have in the Philippine Islands a Christian people of
6,000,000 souls, substantially all Roman Catholics, just awaiting the
dawn of a new political and business life. What a burden upon them,
what a burden upon their church, to which they are devoted, that deep-
seated political and agrarian hostilities growing out of the troubles of
a previous regime should be permitted now to cast their shadow upon
their religious and political welfare. Should such questions be left
open to a continued discussion with all the unfortunate heat likely to
be engendered? Is it not wise that in a straightforward business
method a basis for a general settlement and compromise should be
reached in an amicable conference between the representatives of the
head of the Roman Catholic Church and agents or officials of the Phil-
ippine and United States Governments? In such a conference conces-
sions and compromises may be expected if they do not involve a
violation of principle, and the supreme benefit, both to the state and
the church, of an amicable settlement will make each side bend to
reach it.

I do not need to assure Your Holiness that the attitude of the United
States and of the Philippine government is not one of unfriendliness
toward the Roman Catholic Church. The policy of separating church
from state, as required in the Constitution of the United States, does
not indicate hostility to religion or to the maintenance of any church.
On the contrary, the founders of our government were profoundly
convinced that religion must be upheld for the benefit of the state, and

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OV WAR. 239

that it was the true basis for the morality of the citizen; and in prac-
tice it will be found that in the United States the rights of all churches,
both as to property, administration, and practice of religion, are ob-
served and protected with even more scrupulous care than in some coun-
tries where church and state arc said to be united. 1 venture to point
to the prosperity of the Roman Catholic Church in America as indicat-
ing that it has nothing to fear from the extension of the same rule
over the Philippine Islands. The Government of the United States
treats all churches and creeds alike. It protects them all, but favors
no one against another. It is not engaged in proselyting for one
church or creed, and an}' officer using his office for such a purpose,
directly or indirectly, ought to forfeit his office.

I do not intend further to weary Your Holiness with a detailed
statement of the questions likely to arise in the conference now at
hand. When Your Holiness shall refer us to dignitaries of the
church authorized to enter upon the negotiation, the questions will
then be stated at length, as set forth in instructions given to me by
my immediate superior, the Secretary of War.

Under my instructions I am authorized to call others to my assist-
ance as my advisers and counselors in the negotiations. I have asked
the Right Rev. Thomas O'Gorman, bishop of Sioux Falls, the Hon.
James F. Smith, associate justice of the supreme court of the Philip-
pines, and Maj. John Kiddle Porter, judge-advocate department,
United States Army, to assist me in this way, and, with Your Holi-
ness's permission, I now present them.

Letter referred to in the foregoing «/Mre*#.

White House,
Washington, May «9, 1902.
Your Holiness: In felicitating you upon your entry into the
twenty-fifth year of your Pontificate, I beg to ask your acceptance of
the volumes which Governor Taf t will present to you from me.

I most cordially thank %you for your repeated expressions of good
will to this country; and, trusting that you may have many happy and
prosperous years of life, I am,

With regard, faithfully yours,

Theodore Roosevelt.
His Holiness Pope Leo XHL

240 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

The instructions of May 9 with the construction included in dis-
patch of June 5 were thereafter presented to Cardinal Rampolla, who
replied to the views therein expressed by the following memorandum:

[Translation.]

June 22.

Excellency: After a mature examination of the instructions which
Your Excellency received from Mr. the American Secretary of War
concerning the religious questions in the Philippine Islands, the Holy
Father has commanded me to address to Your Excellenc}T the accompa-
nying document, in which are expressed the appreciations of the Holy
See on that subject.

With feelings of particular regard, I have the pleasure to subscribe

myself^ with the most distinguished consideration,

Your Exccllcncv's most devoted servant,

M. Card. Rampolla.
H. E. Mr. W. H. Taft,

Civil Governor of tlw Philippine Islands.

The decision of the Government of the United States of America to
send to Rome a commission for the purpose of treating with the supreme
authority of the Catholic Church concerning various questions of com-
mon interest about the Philippine Islands and of settling them by
means of amicable accord has been welcomed by the Holy See with a
special pleasure. For if the Government of the United States has by
a wise and approved principle judged this manner of direct under-
standing to be preferable in order to regulate the situation created for
a population of several millions, exclusively Catholic, that has entered
the sphere of its political dominion, likewise the Holy See on its
part deems that this method of direct understanding answers best of
all others the reciprocal interest of both parties, and that as at present
so also in the future it will be of aid to the good government of those
people.

The Holy See, animated by a friendly disposition toward the Ameri-
can Government, has hastened to examine with benevolent deference
the views and wishes of said Government set forth in the instructions
of the Secretary of War to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands,
and does not hesitate to declare that, saving the religious interests of
those people, to the protection of which she can never be wanting, it is
disposed to second them in the just measure; and it confides in the feel-
ings of justice and equity of the American Government and believes
that it likewise will hold in due consideration the views and wishes of
the Holy See to secure the rights of the church and the spiritual wel-
fare of the Catholics in the Philippine Islands.

The Holy See is not ignorant of the fundamental principle of the
American Government in regard to peoples subject to its dominion,

REPOBT OF THE 8ECRETABY OF WAR. 241

which require the separation of the church from the state. However,
the Holy See can not suppose that in the application of these princi-
ples the Government does not take into account the situation de facto
of the peoples governed by it. Now, the fact is that in the Philippine
Archipelago its sovereignty is exercised over a population of 7,000,000
entirely Catholic, deeply attached to their faith, and for many centu-
ries educated and formed in their traditions, habits, aspirations, in their
very life, according to this faith. It is to be hoped, therefore, that the
American Government, not only for reasons of equity, but also for
reasons of social and political order, will know how to find a way of
reconciling the requirements of its fundamental system with the
requirements of the situation de facto and to live in good harmony
with the Catholic Church and the authorities that represent and pro-
tect its interests.

Regarding the religious orders, of which mention is made in the
instructions of the Secretary of War, the Holy Sec can not give its
adhesion to all the views contained therein; nor does it consider oppor-
tune to enter into a discussion on that point. Placing itself entirely
on the practical ground of the provisions required by the new situa-
tion, the Holy See admits first of all that the system obtaining under
the Spanish domination and the mixing up of the religious in the civil
administration might have created for them in a portion of the people
a certain ill will. How to eliminate this antipathy the Holy See has
already devised means, gradual^ by opportune measures to recall the
regulars to the life proper to their institute, to devote themselves
exclusively to spiritual ministry, to abstain from any kind of interfer-
ence in things appertaining to the civil authority, to consolidate mutual
peace of life between the people and clergy of the islands, to uphold
the principle of authority, to imbue the masses with morality, and to
make themselves the instruments of civilization and social order.

It is also the intention of the Holy See to introduce in the Philip-
pine Islands religious of other nationalities; and, so far as possible,
from the United States, and to intrust to them, when sufficiently
instructed in the local dialects, the spiritual care of the faithful. As
to the Spanish religious in particular belonging to the orders men-
tioned in the instructions, not even they should be denied to return to
those parishes where the people is disposed to receive them without
disturbance of public order; and, if in some parishes where it is evi-
dent that they are desired, or are favorably regarded by the whole or
the great majority of the people, obstacles and difficulties should be
interposed on the part of some disturber of peace, the Holy See trusts
that the American authorities by the ordinary means of civil justice
will know how to protect the rights of the religious themselves and
the wish of the people. Finally, the Holy See will not neglect to pro-
mote at the same time the better ecclesiastical education and training
wab 1902— vol 1 16

242 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

of the native clergy in order to put them in the way, according to
their fitness, of taking gradually the place of the religious orders in
the discharge of the pastoral functions.

The Holy See likewise recognizes that in order to reconcile more
fully the feelings of the Filipinos to the religious possessing landed
estates the sale of the same is conducive thereto. Therefore it adheres
in principle to the request made by the American Government saving
the right of property of the legitimate possessor and an estimate of
the value of the lands conformable with the principles of justice and
equity. Considering, however, that this is a complicated question,
requiring special study of the facts of the case, and can not be solved
with precipitation, the Holy See declares it is disposed to furnish the
new apostolic delegate who is to be sent to the Philippine Islands with
necessary and opportune instructions in order to treat amicably this
affair in understanding with the American Government and the parties
interested, and so to arrive at fixing a satisfactory accord, whether on
the value of the lands or the conditions of the sale.

In the same way wherever there exists a doubt as to the legitimate
ownership of lands or buildings actually standing in the name whether
of the state or of the church, the Holy See admits that by common
accord the civil and ecclesiastical authorities take under examination the
respective titles of property, naturally not omitting the title arising
from legitimate possession; and the lands or buildings will be adjudged
according to these titles to whom by right. On this point also the
Holy See will not fail to give due instructions to the apostolic delegate.

The damages sustained by the Catholic Church in the Philippine
Islands on account of the war constitute an object worthy of special
attention in an amicable arrangement with the American authorities.
Besides the acts of vandalism perpetrated by the insurgents in the
destruction of churches and the appropriation of sacred vestments,
there were occupied by the American Government episcopal palaces,
seminaries, convents, rectories, and other buildings intended for wor-
ship, and these were also partly damaged. The Holy See learns with
satisfaction that the American Government is not disinclined to indem-
nify according to justice the Catholic Church for such losses and dam-
ages; and this may be effected either by the restitution of buildings so
occupied or by just compensation. On these matters the apostolic
delegate will be instructed to come to an understanding with the
American authorities and secure a just settlement.

As for what concerns Pious Trusts, the Holy See understands
very well that the American system of government demands the sep-
aration of those belonging by right to the civil authorities from those
belonging to the church authorities. To this end, however, it is
proper first of all to observe that if the American Government suc-
ceeded to the Spanish Government in the sovereignty of the State and

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 243

in the political rights inherent thereto, it did not in the same way suc-
ceed in the attributions of a special and ecclesiastical character which
that Government exercised in its capacity as patrons.

The new state of affairs has caused to cease radically everything
connected with that patronage; nay, the American laws would not
allow the governors of the Philippine Islands to exercise the powers
of the civil governors of Spain as vice-regal patrons, whence it follows
that the church can not renounce the right and the liberty of adminis-
tering the pious'trusts of ecclesiastical origin or of Catholic foundation
which do not owe their existence to the civil power exclusively.
Therefore there will be needed an accurate and impartial examination
as to the origin of such foundations in order to ascribe to the state
those that shall be recognized being within its competence, leaving the
church to administer all others freelv. And in order that such an
examination be thorough, there should be determined the obligations
and imposts which perchance burden the properties, whether private
or public, in favor of the pious trust, educational or charitable, in order
that by removal of every doubt and contest these obligations and
imposts may be restored to their destination.

Finally the Holy See can not abstain from asking the American
authorities suitable provisions for religious teaching in the public
schools, especially the primary, and that the choice of teachers be
made according to equitable principles, and principles such as do not
wound the rights and feelings of a people entirely Catholic.

Response of Governor Toft to Cardinal Ram polio** communication.

July 3.

Your Eminence: I beg to acknowledge receipt of your favor of
the 21st of June, No. 70,963, inclosing a communication of the views of
the Holy Sec upon the questions arising between the Roman Catholic
Church and the Philippine government, and discussed by the Secre-
tary of War of the United States in his instructions to me, submitted
through your eminence to His Holiness. It is a source of much grati-
fication to note that the Hoty See welcomes with especial pleasure and
approves the coming of a representative of the President of the United
States to Rome for the purpose of securing a direct understanding
upon the questions mooted; and that in general the views of the Holy
See are in accord with those expressed by the Secretary of War,
though in one important particular, to wTit, that of the religious orders,
there seems to be a difference as to the method to be adopted to meet
a recognized difficulty.

It is further observed in the communication of the Holv See that
many questions are proposed to be referred to a new apostolic dele-
gate to be sent to Manila. It is respectfully suggested that in this
manner much of the benefit of the direct understanding between the

244 BEPOBT OF THE 8E0BETARY OF WAB.

church and the Philippine government, which is properly valued by
both parties, will be lost. The only efficient method of securing such
a direct understanding would seem to be the making and signing of a
definite contract between the parties or their representatives, which
should leave as little as possible to uncertainty and future negotiation,
and which should determine the main lines along which harmony and
cooperation between the state and the church may be secured. The
main purpose of the present communication is to formulate such a
contract.

An analysis of the instructions of the Secretary of War will show
that the purpose of the President of the United States and the Philip-
pine government is to make an agreement with the supreme head of
the church, under which the former shall perform four separate stipu-
lations in consideration of the compliance with certain conditions by
certain religious orders and their members, over whom the Holy See,
it is expected, can exercise control and for whose conduct in respect
to such conditions it can contract.

First. The most important stipulation of the United States is to buy
the agricultural landed estates of the three religious orders, the Domin-
icans, the Augustinians, and the Recoletos. The United States Gov-
ernment and the Philippine government desire to submit the question
of the fair value of the lands to be bought to a tribunal of arbitration
to be composed of five members, two to be appointed by His Holiness,
two to be appointed by the Philippine government, and one, the fifth,
to be selected by an indifferent person, like the governor-general of
India. The expenses of this tribunal, including the compensation to
each one of its members, the Philippine government is willing to pay.
The time within which the tribunal should meet in the city of Manila
should be fixed not later than January 1 next, for the situation pre-
sents an emergency .

The tribunal should be given power to hear evidence; to view the
lands, as may be convenient, and to render an award in accordance
with a majority vote of the members. The valuation of the lands
should be fixed in Mexican dollars, because that is the usual standard
of value which now prevails in the islands and is the one in which esti-
mates of experts will naturally be given. The terms of payment, it
is suggested, should be one-third cash within thirty days from the
report of the award and the delivery of the deeds of the land pur-
chased, one-third in nine months after the first payment, and the
remaining one-third in eighteen months after the first payment. The
Philippine government would have no objection to paying the whole
price in cash at the delivery^ of the deeds, except that, because under
the proposals about to be made the performance of certain conditions
by the religious orders is to be postponed, it is fair that payment of
delayed installments should correspond to the performance of such

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 245

conditions. It would seem that interest at the rate of 4 J per cent on
the delayed payments would be fair. The payments ought to made to
the person designated by the Holy See to receive the same.

Second. It is understood that a large number of the parish churches
and conventos or rectories, as well a.* some diocesan churches and
buildings, stand upon land the title to which was in the Crown of
Spain, and passed by the Treaty of Paris to the Government of the
United States. The Philippine government is willing to convey such
lands to any officer of the church to be designated by His Holiness for
the use and benefit of the Catholic people of the respective parishes
in which such churches and conventos stand, or for the use of the
proper diocese, as the case may be. In some few cases the titles to the
parish churches and conventos are claimed by the respective munici-
palities in which they are situate. Under the treaty of Paris the
United States Government is bound to respect equally the titles of the
ecclesiastical corporations and of municipal corporations. The convey-
ance by legislative act herein proposed must therefore be subject to
the claims of title, if any, made by the respective municipalities, which
claims can be tried in the ordinary courts of justice.

Third. It is hoped that when the apostolic delegate competent to act
for the Holy See visits the islands he may take up with the Philippine
government the educational and charitable trusts now in dispute, and
that they may agree by compromise on those which should be con-
ducted under the direction of the civil government and those which
should be conducted under the direction of the church; but should it
be impossible to agree upon such a compromise, then it is proposed to
submit all the disputed questions of this character to the tribunal of
arbitration constituted under the first head, which shall hear the causes
as in a court and make the award as above provided, and that among
the questions to be submitted to such tribunal shall be the one arising
upon the San Jose foundation now pending in the supreme court of
the islands.

Fourth. The United States Government has occupied many churches,
conventos, and other buildings of the Roman Catholic Church and its
orders in the islands for a year and sometimes for a longer period, and
has as yet, it is understood, paid no rental therefor. It is proposed to
ascertain the reasonable rentals and a certain class of damages, if any
are proven, for the buildings thus occupied by means of a finding of
the persons constituting the tribunal of arbitration already described.
The United States, it is understood, has never included and paid in
compensation for such occupancy as this any damages, except for
injury or alteration to the property authorized by the commanding
officer of the occupying troops, either expressly or tacitly, nor is com-
pensation ever allowed for injury done to buildings in the train of war.

It will perhaps turn out in some cases that the churches and con-

246 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

ventos were in villages in which the whole population was engaged in
insurrection against the United States, including the priest in charge,
and in such a case it is proposed to leave open to the United States the
defense that it was occupying only enemy's property during the time
of war and was not liable therefore to pay compensation. Of course
the validity of such defense must be submitted to the members of
the tribunal. The Secretary of War, under whose general authority
the buildings were occupied has authorized me to agree to this method
of ascertaining the amount due, but as there is no present authority
in the laws of the United States to submit the question for final arbi-
tration, the Secretary can only agree to submit the ascertained result
to Congress for its action. The money to be paid in these instances
is not the money of the Philippine government, but the money of
the United States, and it can only be drawn from the Treasury on the
appropriation of Congress. There is no probability that Congress
would refuse to provide the money to satisfy the conclusion thus fairly
reached.

The Philippine government proposes to comply with the preceding
stipulations on certain conditions. An obviously just condition is that
no money shall be paid for the lands to be purchased until proper
conveyances for the land shall have been made to the Philippine gov-
ernment. The fact is well known to the Holy See, as to the Philippine
government, that the three orders — the Dominicans, the Augustinians,
and the Recoletos — have transferred their landed estates to promoters
or promoting companies with a view to the carrying on of agriculture
or to the rental or sale of the lands; but it is also well known that the
three orders have retained a very large interest in the lands by becom-
ing holders of the stock in the promoting company or by contract with
the original promoter, and that the Holy See may therefore control
the sale of these lands and the making of the proper conveyances by
its power to control religious orders.

By the next condition it is to be agreed on behalf of the Pope that
all the members of the four religious orders of Dominicans, Augus-
tinians, Recoletos, and Franciscans now in the islands shall withdraw
therefrom after two years from the date of the first payment upon
the purchase price of the lands under this agreement. A sufficient
number of them, it is provided, may remain to continue the schools,
university, and conventual churches now conducted by them until the
close of such two years, when they shall withdraw. It is further pro-
vided that the remainder shall withdraw from the islands, one- half
within nine months after the first payment of purchase money and
one-half after eighteen months. An exception is made in favor of
any member of these orders who has been able to avoid the hostility of
the people and to cany on his duties as parish priest in his parish out-
side of Manila from August, 1898, to the date of this agreement. It

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 247

is certain that such a priest is popular with the people, and it is not
desired to separate him from them.

This exception is not extended to friars who have acted as parish
priests in the city of Manila, because no such inference of popularity
can be drawn as to them from their immunity from molestation in
a city always occupied by American forces. It is further in effect
agreed that no Spanish members of these orders shall bo substituted
for those withdrawn. The only purpose that the American Govern-
ment has in proposing this condition is to secure political peace and
an absence of disturbance. The Filipino people as a whole are deeply
incensed against the members of these four orders in the islands, because
responsible, as they suppose, for the alleged oppressions of Spain.
The members of the hierarchy of the church were all selected from
these orders, and the people understood that in the heads of the orders,
resident in Manila, where were their churches, conventos, and colleges,
was deposited almost the whole of the political power exercised by
Spain.

Nor was this understanding without foundation, for bjr the laws in
force under the Spanish regime the heads of the religious orders and
the head of the hierarchy, the archbishop of Manila, were of the
council of the governor-general of the islands. These orders have a
newspaper which is still published by them, and which is in spirit
anti- American, anti- Filipino, and pro-Spanish; and they thus confirm
in the minds of the people the reason for their continued hostility. It
may be added that the assessed valuation of the real estate and build-
ings of the religious orders in Manila is $5,901,978 Mexican, while
the estimated value of the property owned by the Roman Catholic
Church is only $3,678,927 Mexican, a fact full of significance in a dis-
cussion of the power of the religious orders in Manila, especially
when it is considered that in addition to their Manila property they
own a large amount of invested personal property as well as the agri-
cultural lands now proposed to be bought.

It may be added that the Manila lands and buildings of the religious
orders have largely increased in value in the last two years, and can be
sold quickly if desired. Should the agreement now proposed be carried
out, and the large sum which will undoubtedhr be awarded as the purchase
price of the agricultural lands in question be paid, the people will
expect that with such a nucleus and such great financial power the
four orders will continue the powerful influence always exercised by
them from Manila over the clergy in the parishes. The retention of any
considerable number of the Spanish members of such orders in Manila
will, therefore, very much neutralize the good effect of the assurance
that the Spanish members of such orders will not return to the
parishes.

It is, of course, well understood that His Holiness desires to retain
the churches of these orders in Manila, and also to retain the schools

248 , REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

and university established and conducted by them; but it is suggested
that these churches, schools, and university may under this agreement
be conducted by the Spanish friars of other and less unpopular orders,
or, if need be, by non-Spanish members of the same orders. The
changes proposed, however, it seems to the Philippine government,
to be necessary to convince the Filipino people that the old regime of
the Spanish friars of these four orders is ended.

Under (c) it is provided that in all parishes except the missionary
parishes of the Jesuits and those in which popular members of the four
orders have remained unmolested, only secular priests or members of
religious orders that are not Spanish and whose presence in the parish
will not disturb the peace or order thereof shall be appointed as parish
priests and that secularized Spanish members of religious orders shall
not be appointed as secular priests under this paragraph.

It would be simpler, and more certainly secure the purposes of the
Philippine government, if the members of the four religious orders —
of any nationality — for the immediate future should not come into
the islands; but in deference to the understood reluctance of the Holy
See to acquiesce in what might be construed as a criticism of the four
religious orders as such, the clause has been drawn with a narrower
restriction.

It is hoped that the restrictions in (b) and (c) will meet the views of
His Holiness, and that he will understand that they are inserted solely
for the purpose of securing what is absolutely essential to the progress
both of the church and government, peace and contented feeling
among the people. The Philippine government has not the slightest
desire to interfere with the progress of the Catholic religion or its
teaching in the Philippine Islands.

The most careful consideration has been given to what is said in the
communication of the Holy See in respect to the religious orders in
the Philippines and the means proposed to be adopted by the Holy See
for avoiding the antipathy which the regulars now encounter in the
islands, but with the utmost deference, it seems to the Philippine gov-
ernment that the means are not adequate to meet the emergency which
alone justifies it in taking any interest in the matter. Nothing will
calm the fears of the people and nothing produce contentment with
church and government except the definite knowledge from such a
contract as that here proposed that the Spanish friars of the four
orders are to leave the islands at a definite time, and are not to return
to the parishes or exercise from Manila a controlling influence there
over the parish priests. It is hoped that in view of these facts, which
are recited not to reflect on the friars, but only to show the de facto
condition, the Holy See will deem it proper to assent to the proposed
provision on this subject.

I accompany this letter with a form of agreement proposed for sig-
nature. The Philippine government bill, which authorizes the pur-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 249

chase of the lands of the religious orders, has passed both Houses of
Congress and has received the approval of the President and is now
the law.

In closing this communication I desire to refer to the last clause of
the communication of the Holy See with respect to the religious
instruction in the public schools. My instructions do not permit me
to discuss the subject, but I majr property refer Your Eminence to sec-
tion 16 of the general school law of the Philippine Islands, a copy of
which I inclose.

It is not improper for me to say that I have submitted by cable the
full text of the views of the Holy See, as communicated by Your Emi-
nence to me, and also the form of contract which accompanies this
letter, and that I have been directed to submit the proposed contract
as that which the President of the United States and the Philippine
government desire in the premises.

I avail myself of this opportunity to assure Your Eminence of my
most distinguished consideration, and to subscribe myself,
Your Eminence's most obedient servant,

Wm. H. Taft.

[Extract from Philippine scliool law (act 74) mibmittc<l with foregoing document.]
Section 16 of the General School Law of the Philippine Islands.

No teacher or other person shall teach or criticise the doctrines
of any church, religious sect, or denomination, or shall attempt to
influence the pupils for or against any church or religious sect in any
public school established under this act. If any teacher shall inten-
tionally violate this section, he or she shall, after due hearing, be dis-
missed from the public service.

Provided, h/>wev^ That it shall be lawful for the priest or minister
of any church established in the pueblo where a public school is sit-
uated, either in person or by a designated teacher of religion, to teach
religion for one-naif an hour three times a week in the school building
to those public-school pupils whose parents or guardians desire it ana
express their desire therefor in writing tiled with the principal teacher
of the school, to l)e forwarded to the division superintendent, who
shall fix the hours and rooms for such teaching. But no public-school
teacher shall either conduct religious exercises or teach religion or act
as a designated religious teacher in the school building under the fore-
going authority, and no pupil shall be required by any public-school
teacher to attend and receive the religious instruction herein per-
mitted. Should the opportunity thus given to teach religion be used
by the priest, minister, or religious teacher for the purpose of arous-
ing disloyalty to the United States, or of discouraging the attendance
of pupils at such public school, of creating a disturbance of public
order? or of interfering with the discipline of the school, the division
superintendent, subject to the approval of the general superintendent
of public instruction, may , after aue investigation and hearing, forbid
sucn offending priest, minister, or religious teacher from entering the
public-school building thereafter.

250 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

FORM OF AGREEMENT.

This agreement between Cardinal Rampolla, cardinal secretary of
state to His Holiness Leo XIII, representing His Holiness, and Wil-
liam Howard Taft, civil governor of the Philippine Islands, repre-
senting the President of the United States and the Philippine
government, witnesseth that:

First. The Philippine government agrees to buy all the agricultural
lands, buildings, irrigation plants, and other improvements thereon,
situate in the Philippine Archipelago, of the Dominican, Augustinian,
and Recoleto orders, and to pay therefor a reasonable and fair price,
to be fixed in Mexican dollars by a tribunal of arbitration to be com-
posed of five members, two to be appointed by His Holiness the Pope,
two by the Philippine government, and the fifth to be appointed by
the governor-general of India. The tribunal of arbitration shall begin
its session in Manila on the first day of January, 1903, shall receive
evidence on the question of value to be adduced by the two parties to
the controversv, shall view such of the lands as the tribunal shall deem
necessary and convenient, and shall make and certify an award of the
value of such lands to the civil governor of the Philippine Islands,
and to the Archbishop of Manila or the apostolic delegate of His
Holiness. A majority of the tribunal may make the award. The
lands to be appraised and purchased shall include all the agricultural
lands owned by the three orders named on the first day of May, 1898,
in which said orders or other associations, subject to the control of
the head of the Catholic Church, still retain a majority interest by
virtue of ownership of stock in the company or companies now hold-
ing title to the same, or by contract with the individuals in whom is
now the legal title. The expenses of the tribunal of arbitration,
including reasonable compensation to each of the members, shall be
paid by the Philippine government. The price shall be paid in three
installments — one-third cash within thirty days after the certifying of
the award to the civil governor of the Philippines and a tender of the
necessary deeds of the land to him; one-third in nine months after
the date of the first payment, and the remaining one-third in eighteen
months after the date of the first payment, the deferred payments to
bear four and one-half per cent interest from the date of the first pay-
ment. The purchase money shall be paid to the representative of the
Roman Catholic Church to be designated by the Pope, and the receipt
of such representative shall be a full acquittance to the extent of the
amount paid of the Philippine government.

Second. The Philippine government agrees to release by legislative
act to the representatives of the Roman Catholic Church, designated
by His Holiness the Pope, all lands or enclosures upon which Roman
Catholic churches and conventos now stand, which were never by deed

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 251

or formal grant conveyed by Spain to the Roman Catholic Church,
the name to be held bj' such representatives for the use of the Roman
Catholics of the parishes in which such churches and conventos, respec-
tively, stand; without prejudice, however, to the title, if any, of the
municipality in which any such church or convento may stand, to such
land to be asserted in ordinary courts of law.

Third. The Philippine government and the Holy See will by com-
promise, if possible, reach an agreement in respect to the charitable,
educational, and other trusts, concerning which there is now dispute
as to the proper trustee, by determining which of the trusts, if any,
shall be administered by the civil government and which of the trusts,
if any, shall be administered by the Roman Catholic Church or its
agents, and on failure to reach an agreement said principals will abide
by the finding of the tribunal of arbitration mentioned in the first
paragraph, to whom all such questions shall be submitted as a court
of final jurisdiction, and shall include the issue arising in respect to
the San Jose foundation now pending in the Supreme Court of the
islands.

Fourth. The reasonable rentals, if any, which ought to be paid for
conventos and other church buildings which have been occupied by
United States troops during the insurrection, shall be ascertained, for
the information of both parties, by the persons who constitute the
above-mentioned tribunal of arbitration. In each case they shall take
into consideration the question whether or not the church or convento
was enemy's property and was properly occupied in time of war with-
out incurring obligation to pay rent. Jt is understood that the rental
to be ascertained may include allowance for injury done, or alterations
made in course of occupation, to the buildings occupied when expressly
or impliedly authorized by commanding officers of the occupying
troops, but should not include injury arising from the torts or unau-
thorized acts of individual soldiers, and should not include damages,
the result of the train of actual war. The Secretarv of War undertakes
to present to the Congress of the United States the results of the
inquiry herein provided for, with request for authority and means to
pay the rentals so ascertained to be due.

The foregoing stipulations are made on the following conditions:

(a) That titles of the three religious orders to the agricultural lands
mentioned in paragraph one, and of any subsequent grantees thereof,
shall be duly conveyed by deeds of usual and proper form to the
Philippine government, and no part of the purchase price shall be
paid until this provision is complied with.

(b) That all members of the four religious orders of Dominicans,
Augustinians, Recoletos, and Franciscans now in the Philippines shall
withdraw, one-half within nine months after the date of the first pay-
ment and one-half within eighteen months thereafter, and meantime

252 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

they shall not teach, preach, do parish work, or work of inspection in
the parishes of the archipelago; except that for a period of two years
after the first payment a sufficient number of such members may
remain to conduct the schools, university, and conventual churches
now conducted by them, withdrawing, however, from the islands at
the close, of such period; and except, further, that any such member
who shall have continuous^ discharged his duty as parish priest in
any parish outside of Manila, from August, 1898, to the date hereof,
may continue as such and not withdraw from the islands; and that no
Spanish members of said four orders shall hereafter be sent to the
islands.

(c) Except as provided in (b) and in missionary parishes now con-
ducted by Jesuits, only secular priests or non-Spanish members of
religious orders whose presence in the parishes will not disturb the
peace or order thereof shall be appointed as parish priests. The term
"secular priests" as used in this paragraph shall not include secular-
ized Spanish members of religious orders.

His Holiness on his part hereby agrees to the stipulations and con-
ditions hereinbefore set forth, and contracts that the four religious
orders herein named, and their members, shall comply with the stipu-
lations and conditions on their part to be performed.

[Translation.]

Answer to communication from, Governor Taft of July 3.

Mr. the Governor-General: I have the honor to acknowledge
the receipt of the letter which you were kind enough to address to me
on the 3d of this month with a scheme of agreement which the Ameri-
can Government would desire to arrange with the Holy See, to regu-
late, in the Philippine Archipelago, the situation on certain points
which touch the Catholic Church. I hasten to thank you for the two
documents, and in my turn I permit myself to transmit to you inclosed
a counter project, which expresses the intentions and the point of view
of the Holy See on these same points, and in adding to it in this letter
certain explanations.

By the simple reading of the counter project you may, Mr. the
Governor-General, observe that on the economical points the views of
the Holy See accord almost entirely with those of the American and
Philippine governments. The modifications which have been intro-
duced, and which }rou will observe, only complete and make more pre-
cise, it seems to me, the text of the convention. If, in your opinion,
any point may be made still more clear, I should be happy to consider
your views. The principal difference between the two projects is in
relation to the religious of Spanish nationality in the archipelago.
The Holy See finds it impossible to admit that which is proposed under

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 253

the letters B and C at the end of the project. To begin with, the Holy
See can not admit that there is a connection between the stipulation
of the first articles of the convention and the measures which it (the
Holy See) proposes to take in order to cooperate in the pacification of
the archipelago. In reality, these measures are part of the mission of
the church in the world and arc independent of the solution of eco-
nomic questions. This solution must be inspired solely by the princi-
ples of natural justice.

If we now pass to an examination of the difficult}' itself, it is very
easy to prove that the Holy See can not accept the proposition of the
Philippine government to recall from the archipelago in a fixed time
all the religious of Spanish nationality — Dominicans, Franciscans,
Augustinians, Recoletos, and to prevent their return in the future.
In effect such a measure, not justified by a reason of force majeure,
would be contrary to the positive rights guaranteed by the Treaty of
Paris, and would put, consequently, the Holy See in conflict with
Spain, who would have every reason to protest. Much more, such a
measure would be, in the eyeti of the Filipinos and of the entire Cath-
olic world, the explicit confirmation of all the accusations brought
against the said religious by their enemies, accusations of which the
falsity, or at least the evident exaggeration, can not be disputed.

Finally, if the American Government, respecting as it does individ-
ual rights, does not dare interdict the Philippine soil to the Spanish
religious of the four orders above named, how could the Pope do it,
he, the common father of all, the support and born defender of the
religious? On the other hand, without having recourse to this violent
and extremely odious measure, the means which the Holy See counts
upon taking are sufficient to set aside any fear or any preoccupation.
The number of the Spanish religious remaining in the archipelago has
much diminished, and as I had the honor to say to you, Mr. Governor-
General, in my memorial of the 21st of June, the Holy See will try to
introduce therein religious of other nationalities, and particularly, as
much as possible, of the United States of America, and to confide to
them the parochial ministry, hardly will they be sufficiently instructed
in the language of the country. Besides, the representative of the
Holy See will carefully see that all the religious of no matter what
nationality, order, or congregation consecrate themselves exclusively
to their spiritual work, without inserting themselves in any way in
political questions, and in abstaining from any opposition to the estab-
lished power.

This result will be all the more easy to attain since the resources of
the religious will remain under the control of the supreme authority,
to be devoted also to the spiritual needs of the church in the archi-
pelago, besides which the representative of the Holy See, in accord
with the diocesan authorities, will not permit the return of the Spanish

254 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

religious of the above-named orders in the parishes where their pres-
ence would provoke troubles or disorders; that if in such and such
parishes, the totality or the great majority of the population desiring
the return of the religious, certain disturbers should seek to create
obstacles and difficulties, the Holy See again expresses its confidence
that the American authorities will know how, by the ordinary means
of justice, to protect the rights of the religious and the will of the
population. Finally, not to retard the execution of this convention,
the Holy Father consents that the school question in the Philippines
be not insisted upon for the moment, but His Holiness hopes that his
representative in the archipelago may have an understanding with you,
Mr. the Governor-General, on this point of an importance so capital
in a country almost exclusively Catholic.

Please accept, Mr. the Governor-General, the assurance of my high
consideration, with which I am of your excellency the very devoted
servant.

M. Card. Rampolla.

Rome, July 9, 1902.

Counter Project of Convention.

Article I. The Philippine government buys, and the religious
orders Dominican, Augustinian, and Recoleto, owners, sell, by the
intermediary and authority of the Holy See, the lands to them belong-
ing in the Philippine Archipelago.

Art. II. This contract comprehends all agricultural lands in Spanish
haciendas, with houses, irrigation works, machinery for various
industries thereon owned by the three above-mentioned orders, but
does not comprehend houses and churches, parochial or conventual,
with or without garden, nor country houses, with or without annexed
property, which these orders may own outside of towns for their per-
sonal use.

Art. III. If the ownership of those haciendas has been transferred
by shares to industrial corporations constituted for the exploitation
thereof, then the object of this contract shall be all the shares retained
by the three orders; and therefore such shares shall be passed over
to the Philippine government.

Art. IV. The equitable price for these lands shall be fixed by a tri-
bunal of arbitration composed of five members, of which two shall be
named by the Holy See, two by the Philippine government, and the
fifth bv the common accord of the other four; and if such accord can
not be reached, His Holiness the Pope and the President of the United
States shall come to an understanding as to the choice of said fifth
arbiter.

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 255

Art. V. The .tribunal of arbitration shall begin its sessions the first
day of January, 1903; shall gather more information as to the value
of the lands; shall even, if it judges proper, inspect personally the
lands, and afterwards shall remit to the civil governor of the Philip-
pines and to the apostolic delegate a documented catalogue of the
lands with their respective prices. The price shall be fixed by a
majority of the tribunal, and such decision shall be without appeal.

Art. VI. The shares, or the title deeds of the lands which are the
object of this contract, shall be duly transferred according to the
forms used in American jurisprudence to the Philippine government
before any payment therefor is made.

Art. VII. The price shall be paid by the Philippine government in
Mexican dollars and in three payments, one-third thirty days after
notification of the price and the delivery of shares and title deeds,
one-third nine months after the first payment, one-third eighteen
months after the first payment. The two last payments shall bear
interest at 4 per cent, dating from the first payment. The payments
shall be made to the representative of the church designated by His
Holiness, and the receipt of the same shall )>e to said the Philippine
government a receipt for the sum paid.

Art. V11I. The Philippine government by legislative act shall
transfer to the person designated by His Holiness as representing the
church full ownership of lands or enclosures on which are churches,
cemeteries, or conventos, which were never so transferred by Spain
formally and by written deed. Remain, however, safeguarded the
rights of municipalities in the premises, which shall be duly proven in
the ordinary courts of law.

Art. IX. The Philippine government and the Holy See shall come
to an amicable accord as to existing trusts of charity or education
which are in dispute, and shall determine which hereafter are to be
administered by the civil power and which by the church or its
agents. If such accord should not be reached in any given case, the
tribunal of arbitration mentioned in Article IV shall decide the ques-
tion. Said tribunal shall be competent, especially in the question rela-
tive to the San Jose trust now pending in the supreme court of the
islands.

Art. X. The same tribunal of arbitration shall fix the equitable rent
for conventos and other religious buildings that were occupied by the
American troops during the insurrection. It is understood that such
rent shall comprehend a just compensation for the deteriorations
caused to said buildings by the American troops. In doubtful cases the
tribunal shall decide whether the rent and the compensation are due.
The Secretary of War will present to the Congress the conclusions of
this investigation and ask the authorization and the funds to pay the
jsums fixed by the tribunal.

256 REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

Art. XL An equitable salary to the members of _ the tribunal of
arbitration, as well as all expenses of the same in the execution of the
above articles, shall be paid by the Philippine government.

Art. XII. The Holy See, in that sphere of action which is of its
competence, shall use all its influence in the pacification of the archi-
pelago and in favor of adhesion to the established government, and
shall prevent all political opposition on the part of the clergy, regular
and secular.

Governor Taft\s response to Cardinal Rampolltfs communication of

July 9.

Rome, Italy, July 15r 1902.
Your Eminence: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of
Your Eminence's communication of July 9th and to say that I have sub-
mitted the same in full by cable to the Secretary of War. His reply
is so full upon the points touched upon in Your Eminence's letters of
June 22d and Julv 9th that I venture to transmit the same to Your
Eminence in the language of the Secretary's dispatch to me, which
is as follows:

[Telegram.]

War Department,
Washington, July lh 1902.
Taft, Hotel Quirinal, Rome:

I am much gratified by the expression of intention on the part of
the Holy See to take the measures which are indicated by Cardinal
RampollVs memoranda of the 22d of June and of the 10th of July to
recall the religious in the Philippine Islands to the life proper to their
institutes, and to an exclusive devotion to spiritual ministry, abstaining
from any kind of interference with things appertaining to the civil
authority, and to introduce as much as possible the religious of nation-
alities other than Spanish, and particularly the religious of American
nationality, and to concede to them the parochial ministry as soon as
they shall be sufficiently instructed in the languages of tne country.
These measures, so plainly indicated as wise by tne recognized facts
in the Philippine Archipelago, are quite independent of any business
or monetary consideration, and I feel that such contribution as you
have been able to make to a full understanding of the facts, and the
development of the purposes described, is sufficient compensation for
your visit to Rome. It is believed that there will result a sure basis of
mutual consideration and just treatment in the future relations between
the church and state in the Philippines in regard to all specific ques-
tions which will have to be settlea there.

Regarding the withdrawal of the members of the religious orders
from the Philippines, it should not be understood that the Philippine
government is asking to modify or in any manner affect the conduct of
religious matters on tne part of the Holy See, or on the part of the heads
of the orders, or for any compulsory exclusion or proceeding whatever.
It is rather that the Philippine Government, desires social results which
it deems of great importance to the welfare of the Philippine people,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 257

and which can be accomplished only by the withdrawal of this class of
persons who have fortuitously been thrown into special and antago-
nistic political relations with the people. That government has pro-
posed an arrangement which it supposed to be very advantageous to
the church, and worth its own while to carrv out, if the ecclesiastical
authorities having the direction of the religious orders should see lit
voluntarily to withdraw them from the islands. Such a voluntary
withdrawal can* not be considered a violation of any rights under the
treaty of Paris or otherwise, or any reflection either upon the nation
or upon the orderts to which the persons withdrawing happen to belong.

The reasons making the withdrawal desirable are not religious or
racial, but arise from the political and social relations which existed
under the former government, and which have created personal antip-
athies menacing to the peace and order of the community. Such a
voluntary withdrawal would not involve any confirmation of anv accu-
sations against the persons withdrawing or the orders to which they
belong; and it is to be observed that we have made no such accusations.
It would simply recognize the existence of the conditions which for sev-
eral years past have been and now are preventing these particular
agents from serving the church in the stations to which they were
assigned and which would make their reemployment injurious to the
community. In this matter the United States representatives in the
Philippines are merely endeavoring to meet the wishes, as well as
the needs, of the Philippine people.

It is not the United States Government which objects to the presence
of the friars; it is the Catholic population of the Philippine Islands.
The lay Catholic population ana the parish priests of native and non-
Spanish blood, are practically a unit in desiring both to expel the f rial's
and to confiscate their lands out of hand. This proposed confiscation
without compensation of the church lands was one of the fundamental
policies of the Insurgent Government under Aguinaldo. Recogniz-
ing the intensity and practical unanimity of this feeling among the
Filipinos, and at the same time desiring to avoid causing loss to the
church, the United States Government representatives proposed to pay
for the lands out of the public funds if the friars would retire from the
islands and give place to other religions of their own faith who might
be able to accomplish for their religion what they themselves had so
signally failed to accomplish. In making this proposal the United
States representatives were well aware that financially it was only of
benefit to the church, for the lands are unproductive and held in adverse
possession by the natives, who refuse to pay rent, while the former
congregations of the objectionable friars now refuse to receive them,
and they could only be henceforth restored to their parishes by such
affirmative governmental action as under our Constitution can not be
taken.

It is the desire to accomplish the removal of this cause of disturb-
ance and discord that has led me to approve that clause of your pro-
posal which would involve the government of the Philippines in a
targe and undefined obligation, for the purchase of lands in advance
of a specific ascertainment of their values, and of the estimated prices
which we can reasonably expect to receive* from them when we in turn
offer them for sale; and to the clauses which would anticipate the
authority of Congress in regard to the ascertainment of rentals and
damages in the course of occupation, and the conveyance of church

war 1002— vol 1 17

258 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

lands provided for in your proposal. If this object is not to be
assured, then the arrangement sought should be quite different in form,
and should more closely follow the suggestions of Cardinal Rampolla
in his memorandum of June 22d, wherein he says that an estimate of
the value of the lands, conformable with the principles of justice and
equity, is a complicated question, requiring special study of the facts
ot the case, and can not be solved with precipitation, and declares the
disposition of the Holy See to furnish the new Apostolic Delegate, who
is to be sent to the Philippines, with necessary and opportune instruc-
tions, in order to treat amicably this affair in understanding with the
American Government and the parties interested, and so to arrive
at fixing a satisfactory accord whether on the value of the lands or the
conditions of the sale; and wherein he further says that the Apostolic
Delegate will be instructed upon all the matters touched upon in the
memorandum to come to an understanding with the American authori-
ties and secure a just settlement.

Following the course thus proposed by His Eminence and having
secured a full and definite enumeration of the various parcels of prop-
erty in which the religious orders are interested, and which they are
willing to sell, it will be the duty of the Philippine government to
determine for itself what price it is willing to pay. That price will of
course be largely affected by the practical benefits to be derived from
the purchase in view of all the facts then existing. This course also
makes it possible to take into due consideration the fact which now
appears, that contrary to our former supposition the real and substan-
tial title to the lands in a great measure has passed out of the religious
orders and is vested in corporations which they can not entirely control,
and which hold the lands for the purpose of lawful gain and are alone
competent to sell them. It may well be that the prices which you will
feel justified in offering for the lands will be acceptable.

The whole matter may thus be disposed of by friendly agreement,
in conformity with the ordinary methods pursued in business affairs.
I believe that the good understanding which has been reached between
you and the ecclesiastical authorities in Rome can not fail to do away
with the probability of friction or difficulty. In the same manner I
will direct the General Commanding in the Philippines to ascertain, by
the customary methods, what buildings belonging to the church have
been occupied by American troops, and for what periods; what dam-
age has been done, and in each case what reasons, if any, exist for
denying an obligation to pay rentals and damages; and I shall hope
that the conclusions thus reached will be satisfactory to the church.

A similar treatment of all the subjects mentioned in your propo-
sition may with equal readiness be followed.

While it is to be regretted that the authorities having control of the
religious orders do not now see their way to make a definite agree-
ment for the withdrawal from Manila of the friars formerly in the
parishes, yet it is hoped that pending the settlement of these various
matters they will reach the conclusion that it is wise to do the same
thing of their own motion and irrespective of any agreement to that
effect. However that may be, you should assure the authorities of
the church that we shall at all times do all in our power to continue
the good understanding already reached and to agree upon such action
as shall be for the benefit of all; and further assure them of our high
appreciation of the courtesy and consideration with which the expres-
sion of your views and wisncs has been received.

REPORT OK THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 259

As preliminary to the treatment now proposed it is desirable that
the authorities of the church should arrange to forward to vou as soon
as practicable full and definite lists (a) of the property which they are
willing to sell, and of the precise relations which they hold to the title
of those properties. If tneir relation to the title is by ownership of
the stock, then the total stock of corporation, amount of stock which
they hold, and the officers of the corporations, (b) Of the churches,
convents, etc., which they claim to have been occupied by American
troops, and for which rentals or damages are claimed, and with the
details of the claim, (c) Of the chur<*h properties, formal title to
which remained in the Spanish Crown at the time of cession, and formal
conveyance of which from the Government is desired. It should be
observed as to these that no authoritv has been granted bv Congress
to make such conveyance unless it be as a part or a general settlement,
including purchase of the lands, (d) A statement of the various char-
itable and educational trusts which the authorities of the church con-
sider should be regarded as devolved upon the church rather than
upon the state.

Root, S,<ntar;f *»f War.

I have much pleasure, Your Eminence, in accordance with the
instructions of the Secretarv of War. to assure vou. and through vou
the Holy See, that the officers of the Philippine government and of the
United States Government in the Philippines will at all times do all in
their power to continue the good understanding already reached, and
to agree upon such action as shall be for the benefit of all. I desire
sincerely to express my high appreciation of the courtesy and consid-
eration with which the IIolv See has received mv communications, and
the promptness with which, in order to accommodate my early official
engagements in Manila, they have been considered and answered on
subjects that might reasonably have occupied a longer time.

In compliance with the suggestion of the Secretary of War, 1 have
the honor to request, if it is in accord with the wish of the Holy See,
that negotiations concerning the various subjects touched upon in the
proposals and counter proposals be continued in Manila between the
Apostolic Delegate and myself on the broad lines indicated in this cor
respondence, after the information under the four heads referred to
by the Secretary shall be secured and presented. I much regret that
we can not now reach a more precise agreement under which less
should be left to future adjustment ; but I venture to concur in the
expression of satisfaction by the Secretary that we have reached a
general basis for solution of so many of the questions awaiting settle-
ment in the Philippines between the Church and the State.

I have the honor to assure Your Eminence of mv most distinguished
consideration, and to subscribe myself,

Your Eminence's obedient servant,

W. II. Taft.

His Eminence Cardinal M. Kampolla del Tindaro,

Secretary of State to //is- //rV/we&v.

260 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Cardinal RampollcPs reply to Governor Taffs communication of

July 15.

Mr. the Governor-General: I hasten to acknowledge the receipt
of the letter by which you have kindly communicated to me the cable-
gram which the Secretary of War of the United States, Mr. Root,
has sent in answer to my last note of the 9th instant, which accom-
panied and explained a counter project of the Holy See for the regu-
lation of the religious affairs of the Philippine Islands. While thank-
ing you, Mr. Governor-General, for this important communication, I
am happy to be able to assure you that the Holy See has learned with
the most lively satisfaction the high consideration by which Mr. Root,
in the name of the Government of the United States, recognizes the
fitness of the measures which the Holy See, independently of the solu-
tion of an}T economic question, designs taking to ameliorate the religious
situation of the archipelago and to cooperate in the pacification of the
people under the American sovereignty — measures indicated in my
memoir of the 21st of June and in my letter of the 9th of July.

These declarations of the Secretary of War do honor to the deep
political wisdom of the Government of the United States, which knows
how to appreciate the happy influence of the Holy See for the religious
and civil elevation of peoples, especially of Catholic peoples. With
equal satisfaction, the Holy Father has taken into account the assur-
ance given by Mr. Root that the American authorities in the Philip-
pine Islands and the Government of the United States will put forth
all possible efforts to maintain the good understanding so happily
established with the authorities of the Catholic Church. On his part
the sovereign Pontiff will not fail to give to the Apostolic Delegate who
will be soon sent to the Philippine Islands the most precise instruc-
tions conformable to my memoir of the 21st of June and my letter of
the 9th of July.

The main lines for future negotiations indicated in the views of
these two documents having been accepted by the Secretary of War,
the representative of the Holy See in the archipelago will enter into
relations with the American authorities in the Philippines on the four
points indicated by the Secretary of War at the close of his cablegram.
The Holy See does not doubt that the mutual confidence and the com-
bined action of the representatives of the Holy See and the American
Government will easily produce a happy solution of the pending ques-
tions and inaugurate for that noble country a new era of peace and
true progress.

It is to me, Mr. the Governor-General, an agreeable duty to be able
in ending this letter to render homage to the very great courtesy and
high capacity with which you have filled the delicate mission that the
Government of the President of the United States had confided to

REPORT OF TlfE SECRETARY OF WAR. 201

you and willingly do 1 add that the favorable result of the negotiations
must be attributed in very large part to your high personal qualities.
While flattering myself with the hope that this first success will bo a
guaranty for the happy issue of the ulterior negotiations in Manila, I
have the honor to renew the homage of the high consideration with
which I am of Your Excellencv the most devoted servant.

M. Card. Rampolla.
Rome, July 18th, 1902.

APPENDIX P.

PHILIPPINE IMPORTS DURING THREE CALENDAR TEARS OF

AMERICAN OCCUPATION.

The following is a comparative statement of the commerce of the
Philippine Islands during three calendar years of American occupation
ended December 31, 1901, showing the imports from the United States
and leading countries arranged under twelve distinct groups and a
miscellaneous group; similar comparison of the principal articles of
exportation is shown.

Gboui* 1. — Animals and animal products.

Imported from —

1899.

United States

Hongkong"

United Kingdom . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indie*
All other countries

Total

$5,408

16,906
22,586

7,263

158,264

21, 706

1,156
60,697
33,622

327.548

1900.

1901.

!Total3years,!

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec.31,1901,

inclusive.

Ratio
per cent.

$19,041

$74,451

$98,900

31,091

42,490

73,581

20, 525

31,406

68.837

74,254

57,192

153,982

27,721

33,127

68,101

106,953

187,305

452, 522

8,270

55,080

85,056

5,671

8,142

14,969

97,164

166,510

324,371

19, 107

36, 606

89,335

409,797

692,309

1,429,654

100

« Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
lair to presume, however, that a large i>ortion of this trade should bo credited to the United States.

( t ro i'p 2. — Foodxt uffx.

Imported from—

1S99.

1900.

United States $232,080 $267,762

Hongkong a 2,136,079

United Kingdom 99,490

Germany 14, 176

France 20,737

Spain 320,190

China ! 4,458,819

Japan 7, 564

British East Indies 375, 43 1

All other countries 53, 490

124,731
71,738
42,259

179,629

2, 648, 692

11,371

355,221

876,278

1901.

$638,367

484.801

200, 148

76,586

32,592

236, 451

2,228,205

29,589

955.986

ft 3, 114, 164

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec. 31, 1901,

inclusive.

$1,138,209

2,620,880

424,369

162,500

95,588

736,270

9,735,716

48,524

1,686,641

ft 1,043.932

Ratio
per cent.

8
20

Total ' 5,581,980 1 6,713,760 I 7,996,889

i I

20,692,629

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

ft Including 1685,801 worth of rice from Si am and $3,025,202 worth from French East Indies.

263

264

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Group 3. — Liquors and beverages.

Imported from—

I 1899.

United States $394, 97C

Hongkong"

United Kingdom 54,827

Germany 21 , 915

France 28, 495

Spain 354, 111

China 130, 415

Japan 15, 675

British East Indies 12,607

AH other countries 14, 455

Total 1, 027, 476

1900.

$1,067,102

202,474

69,046

47,690

84,365

161,344

2,886

5,468

44,391

26,477

1901.

$899,655

36,793

108,538

33,501

124,577

193,680

28,975

11,379

49,225

73,098

1,711,243

1,559,421

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec. 31, 1901,

inclusive.

Ratio
per cent.

$2,361,733
239,267
232,411
103,106
237,437
709,185
162,276
32,522
106,223
114,030

5
•>

5
17
4
1
2
3

4,298,140

100-

<« Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900: subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a" large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

Group 4.— rColton, silk, and vegetable fibers.

Imported from-

$27, 492

United States

Hongkong «

United Kingdom 2, 226, 215

Germany 317, 905

France 00. 995

Spain 1 , 304, 194

China 742, 672

13, 678
141,751
355,323

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

Total

5, 190, 225

1900.

$109,
997,

4,250,
739,
218,

1,281,
235,
136,
757,

1,006,

074
823
653
141
907
842
459
449
732
060

9, 733, 140

Total 3 years,

1901.

Jan. 1, 1899-

Ratio

Dec.31,1901,

per cent.

inclusive.

$152,816

$289,382

20,841

1,018,664

3,637,345

10,114,213

883,146

1,9-10,192

430, 327

710,229

900,640

3,486,676

696, 646

1,674,777

291,160

441,287

765, 683

1,665,166

1,074,878

>> 2, 436, 261

8,a")3,482

23,776,847

100

"Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1. 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the countrv < f origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

*> Including $1,487,225 from Switzerland.

Group 5. — Metals and manufactures.

Imported from —

1899.

United States | $57,646

Hongkonga

United Kingdom 303, 402

Geimany 118, 102

France 65, 755

Spain 49, 864

China 108, 672

Japan 6, 468

British East Indies 15,247

All other countries ] 28, 686

Total 783, 842

1900.

$266,
159,
756,
327,
388,
31,
17,

58,

96,

080
248
183
941
360
259
184
113
632
571

2, 108, 571

Total 3 years,
1Qn1 1 Jan. 1, 1899-
,W1, Dec. 31, 1901.

1 inclusive.

Ratio
percent.

$741,920

29.086

868, 385

549.1M2

951,415

32,038

81,643

22,190

$1,065,646

188,334

1,927,970

1,025,985

1,405,590

113, 161

207,499

85,771

367,643

245,451

£9

293,764
120, 194

6
4

3,690,577 | 6,582,990

100

"Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900: subfequcrt to that date it is shown
separately, although the countrv of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

RKPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

265

Group 6. — Chemicals, drug*, dye*, paints, etc.

Imported from—

1900.

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom

Germany

France
In.

1901.

Total 3 years.

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec. 31,1901,

inclusive.

Ratio
per cent.

Spain.
China

Japan ,

British East Indies 4
All other countries . .

388,353

140,394

33.299

65,384

534,550

5.286 i

33.860

8,088 '

$46,546

454,482

137,553

84,030

31,360

24,238

111,558

12,141

133,886

14,407

Total i 1,234,440 1,053,201

$57, 222

$128,994

46,323

500,805

1*7,823

7 J 3, 729

99,845

324,269

38,961

106,620

18,397

108,019

351,043

997,151

9,411

26,868

690,964

858,710

16,000

38,495

1,516,019

3,803,660

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan, I. 1900; subsequent to that date it in shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the united States.

Gboup 7. — Clays, earths, and manufactures.

Imported from—

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

1899.

1900.

$85

Total

12,239

8,711

1,380

2,638

121,819

1,789

116

36,779

$1,215

86,017

12, 375

9,864

2,354

4.930

18,468

18,942

9,113

13,057

1&S556 ! 126,335

1901.

$11,989

20,020

63,808

29,057

7.280

3,399

66,432

5, 608

16, 542

21,599

2 15, 734

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1,1899-

I)ec.31, 1901,

inclusive.

Ratio,
per cent.

$13,289
r*>,037
W.422
•47,632
11,014
10.967

206,719
26,339
25, 771

ft 71, 435

557, 625

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1. 1900: subsequent to that date it is shown
separately. Although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known, it is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United states.

& Including $31,402 from Belgium and $27,339 from Netherlands.

Group 8. — Afarble arid stone.

Imported from—

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies ,
All other countries ,

1899.

Total

$611

5, 185

829

714

9,537

2,855
11,459

31,190

1900.

$332

2,342

1,619

1,014

169

230

2,318

277

332

9,946

18,579

1901.

17,441

Total 3 years,
. Jan. 1,1899-
j Dee. 31, 1901,
inclusive.

Ratio,
per cent.

$3,058

320

1,341

2-, 100

964

2,602

4,682

2,244

$3,390

2,662

3,571

8,299

1,962

3,546

16,537

318

3,276

&23,649

67,210

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately. Although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known, it is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

t> Including $7,680 from Switzerland and $11,000 from Netherlands.

266

REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OP WAR.

Group 9. — Glass and glassware.

Imported from—

1899.

1900.

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom ..

Germany

France .*

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies
All other countries

9294,264

Total

10,385
58,580

7,022

31,439

122,856

22,942

1,582
30,150

679,220

$201,349

48,592

24,197

54,190

8,371

18,977

2,172

4,020

10,486

27,419

399,773

1901.

$303,413
5,708
52,997
124,088
22,113
40,702
13,899
14,374
11,222
36,185

624,701

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec.31,1901,

inclusive.

9799,026
54,300
87,579

236,858
37,506
91,118

138,927
41,336
23,290
93,754

Ratio,
per cent.

50
3
f»

15
2
6
9
3
1
6

1,603,694

100

Group 10. — Paper and manufactures.

Imported from —

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom . .

Germany :..

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies
All other countries

1899.

$215,631

Total

37,955

105,155

33,542

273,603

87,623

3,752

804

64,691

822,756

1900.

$62,764
24,407
16,049
84,168
73,421

103,855

19,408

4,773

3,156

71,104

1901.

$299,541

1,951

23,385

103,911

75,614

143,212

42,138

9,788

5,985

73,068

Total 8 years,

Jan, 1, 1899-

Dec.31,1901,

inclusive.

$577,936

26,358

77,389

293,234

182,577

520,670

149, 169

18,313

9,945

b 208, 863

463,105 778,593

2,064,454

Ratio,
per cent.

28
1
4

14
9

26
7
1

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however: that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

b Including $160,887 from Austria-Hungary and $37,131 from Belgium.

Group 11. — Wood and manufactures.

Imported from —

United States

Hongkong a ,

United Kingdom . . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

Total

1899.

$4,617

4,182
11,629

3,601
20, 522
65,663

1,841
48,014
34,532

194,601

1900.

$10, 692

36,030

8,557

56,171

11,042

16,198

8,604

4,180

43,563

28,462

223,504

1901.

$81,716
14,932
14,905
86,237
23,556
14,614
41,643
26,973
123,917
104,079

532,572

Total 3 years,
Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec.31,1901,
inclusive, i

997,025
50,962
27,644

154,037
38,199
51*334

115,910
32,994

215,499
M67,073

950,677

Ratio,
per cent

10
5
3

16
4
5

12
4

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1. 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It 'a
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United Suites.

^Including $34,104 from Australasia, $36,131 from Dutch East Indies, and 922,721 from Canada.

BEPOET OK THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

267

(iw)ri' 12.— Oi7*.«

Imported from —

United States

Hongkong &

United Kingdom...

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

Total

1899.

$37,710

16, 150

654

144

7,811

36,914

310 .
14,671
116,573

16,066
258,573

1900.

$12,003 !

71,609

58,528

4,337

260

2,005

5,830

1901.

$124,342

10,589

10,587

10,459

1,860

40,662

61,237

14,423

285,146

Total 3 years,.
Jan. 1,1899- ! Ratio,
Dec. 31, 1901, percent,
inclusive. .

230,937

429,211

559, 315

$174,055

82, 198

85,265

15,450

2.261

50, 478

103.981

320

45,160

<* 660, 292

1,219.4m

14
7
7
1

4
9

4
54

100

a Exclusive of olive oil and linseed oil, which are grouped with foodstuffs and with chemicals,
drugs and dyes, respectively. .

& Hongkong trade included under China prior to January 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it i*.
shown separately although the couutrv of origin in the cose of importations is not definitely known.
It is fair to presume, however, that a 'large portion of this trade should be credited to the United

States.
c Including $653,947 from Russia.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Imported from —

1899.

1900.

1901.

$57,951

United States

Hongkong"

United Kingdom

Germany

France

Spain

China j 1,892,197

Japan 103,937

British East Indies 76,?25

All other countries 588, 314

73,394

67,902

29,371

113,424

Total 3,003,215

$89,238

5145,765

$292,954

410,719

451,884

862, 003

96,915

191.911

062, 220

77,278

1 49, 631

291,. si 1

86,506

104. 6«8

280, 565

57. 775

120,549

291,748

46,720

213,343 •

2,152,260

230,914

632, 436

967, 287

215. 377

289.755 |

581,857

162, 1 18

435,456 !

f> 1,185,888

1,473.560

3,095,418

7, 572, 193

Total 3 years.'
I Jan. 1. 1899. to. Ratio per
Dec. 31.1901.! cent,
inclusive. '

11
9
4
4
4

13
8

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to January 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is
shown separately, although the country of origin in the case of imputations is not definitely known.
It is fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United
States.

t> Including $911,531 worth of coal and coke from Australasia.

RECAPITULATION.

Articles imported.

Animals and animal products. . .

Food stuffs

Liquors and beverages

Cotton, silk, and vegetable fibers

Metals and manufactures

Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc ,

Clays, earths, and manufactures. .

Marble and stone [

Class and glassware

Paper and manufactures

Wood and manufactures i

Oils

Miscellaneous

Total

Jan. 1, 1899, to Dec. 31, 1901.

United
States.

Hongkong.''
$73,581

United
Kingdom.

$68, 837

Germany.
$153,982

France.

$98,900

$68,101

1,138,209

2,620,880

424,309

162,500

95. 588

2,361,733

239,267

232,411

103. 106

237, 437

289,382

1,018,664

10,114.213

1.940,192

710.229

1,065,646

188,334

1,927,970

1.025,985

1,405,530

128,994

500,805

713, 729

324.269

106, 620

13,289

56, 037

88, 422

47, 632

11,014

3,390

2, 602

3, 571

8.299

1,962

799,026

5-1,300

87, 579

236,858

37, 500

577,936

26, 358

77, 389

293,234

182, 577

97,025

50,962

27.614

154,037

38,119

174,055

82, 198

85, 265

15.450

2. 264

292,954

862, 003

602, 220 •

291,811

280, 565

7,040,539

5,776,651 ! 14,513,619

4,760,355 i 3,177,512

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to January 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is
shown separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known.
It is fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United
States.

REPORT Ob' THE SECRETARY OV WAR.
Group 12.— OUt— Continued.

Jli

. 1. 1599. k

Dec 31. IB

Article* lmp..ri.-.I.

—■

<»,„,

Japan.
(11, WW

::■<', ,W2
::■:,. 771
■jti! pi
11. Ski
112! ww
967.2*7

dies.

.-. .m,i rL1.— .

tmssw

l,0i:l,932

UK, 4 SIT.
71.43.1
2S, 649
93.754
■J*, -17,1
h;7,ii7:i
MO, i»U
1,185.8*8

„.,.,

Ani nulls Hi?-' animal ;— Kin ■■" . .

so. 270

.09.13.".
ik,;,67U
IIS, 161
08.019

io.w;

9l!'llK

h'.xa

■*. -17*1

791, 74S

i.i-i.;;;

.117. IJfl

■ji^71'.'
16,637

HiV'ii'ii
103, 9K1

SfeJ.;|7i

;■>.;. t;.w

'i\ 771
3. -2711

iB. 2-jtl

215. 499
111.160

UUj

Uitiun,itlk.iii»lvFK>>bibli- >U«.

M.'Ih1*U11(I lunQahrt'.irva

Cimmtenls. .!nur»,dye*.et«

:;!v_:,i;,Vji

I'nper ana mBnulartUTH

j.'i-i.i.i

Total

■ ■.'.-.. r; 11

i...;i.-..'.v>

1.686,848

V.'l-i.'"J

'.'. :17V l.'i.-

71, 619, IM

mportatlon nf gold and silver amounted lo ni.174.200 and Is not i)

Exported to—

urn.

1900. ' 1901.

Jan. 1, IBM-'
Inclusive.

Ratio per

13,015,726

$2,796,668

i, osa, :m

$4,167,313

217^722
126,864
213,392

(9. 969,707
2, 715, 170

2, 574, ;«1

£
IS*

'Si

48!

121
500
754

749

3,600

58,460

1, 972, 175

22. 095

224| 44S

lie! 254

215^ 932
82ft[l38

China

Total

7,993,574

13,290,400

15,976,640

37,260,614

loo

SUGAR.

(S3.525

1.U07.97I

(1,276,334

2,319,280

742,232

III

167

1,163,096

2, 7S£>, 501

127,857

102

.... 978.958

oi, m

137, sn

1 .

Total

3,460,743

A 397, 213

"*"l

8,414,506

100

TOBACUO.

1 ».»

(5,669
3(3.674

187,72s
5.1.324
52,748

646.649
36,177
14.993

1W, 672

(984

607] 169
2ft!043
99! 335

57l! 144

(10,058
792.599
1.152,018
98,239
102,230

335,729
4*. 124

636,747

PC-:::::::::::::::::

602,039

,.| 700,217

12
1

**"

... j 1.931.2M

2.261,232

2, 631, 941

9,834,4311

100

k HimfFkonjt trade imluded under China
BrliaraMv. AILiiijIlKii tin- I'lumtty (if llltliu
ills luir id presume, however, that a large [

1. 1. 1900. Subsequent to that date It la shown

1 .rit,.|t,a exported li not definitely known.

shun Id beeredttcd lo the United State*.

BKPOBT OK THE SECRETARY OK WAR.

260

Philijtpim exjunis during three tttlendnr yearn of American fjccupation — Continued.

COPRA.

Exported to—

"UOQ

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom..

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies ,
All other countries ,

930,976

1900.

1901.

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1, 1899-

I>ec. 81, 1901,

inclusive.

Ratio per
cent.

494,111

156,115

2,818

1,514

Total

41,119

14,450

5,574

$537

103,950

36,888

480

4,8X2

2,364,736

1,1 IK, 576

471,494

340, 452

13,263

184

45,000

92,023

54,344

127,461

10,975

726, 653 3. 182, 4*1 1 , 61 1 , 838

94,450

6,111

171.814

5,362

3. 977, 423

965,061

16,265

46,564

145,357

179,555

5,520,972

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom.

Germany

France

HIDES AND SKINS.

9990

914,625
595

307

976, 945
1, 139

9990 .
121,570 ,
1,734 '
307 .

72
1H

1
3
3

100

23
1

Spaii
Chin

lina

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

Total

22,542

690
30
26.20S ' 265.243

78. 623

23, 232

370,074

50.047

311,183

159,707

520,937

METALS AND MANUFACTURES.

United States

Hongkong"

United Kingdom . .

Germany

France

8pain

China

Japan

British East Indies
All other countries

920,935 j
""7,"506"!

9620

17, 128

5.940

9670

56, 359

5, 560

922, 225
73,487
19,000

Total

5,750 I
47,367 I.
37,328 '
10,224

3,000
650

250
219*

1,797
510

1,511 i
3,713 |

6,000

47,367

37,554

10,224

6,308

4,903

132, 754 26. 032

68, 282

227,068 |

SHELLS.*

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom.

Germany

France

Spaii
Chin

92,715 .

10,307 I
4,872
2,239
1,500 |

92,599 I

13,264

9,053

5,090

4, 625

372

95,314

23,571 ■

13,925 i

7,329

6,125

372 ..

lina

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

100

3
21
16
4
3
2

100

2
11
6
3
3

46,909 ;
1,320 ,

Total

69,862

117.959

537

153,519

20 ..
164,868 !
1,857

223,331

(SUMS AND RESINS.&

United States

Hongkong" 95,090

United Kingdom ! 18,071

Germany
France . .

Spa
Chii

in.

1,968
1,900

91,170

10,625

31,227

2,585

1.758

91, 170

15, 715

49,298

4,553

3,658

71
1

100

lina

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

16,879

Total

43,908

« Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900. Subsequent to that date it is shown
separately. Although the country of ultimate destination of articles exported is not definitely known.
It isfair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

*In 1809 these articles were included under " Miscellaneous" in the schedule of classification.

270

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Philippine exjxjrtat \luring three calendar years of American occupation — Continued.

STRAW MANUFACTURES, HATS, ETC.*

Exported to

1899.

United States. . . .

Hongkong ft

United Kingdom

Germany

France

China

1900.

$1, 100
2,605
1,925

1901.

Total 3 years,
Jan. 1,1899-
! Dec. 31, 1901,
i inclusive.

27, 107

British East Indies .
All other countries .

7,870
10

Total

40, 617

OILS.

United States....

Hongkong ft

United Kingdom

Germany

France

&>, 982

250
15,930

)am.

pa
China

Japan

British East Indies

Total

$1,923

$62,353 ;

9,482 !

8,763

414

62,383

770

2,752

146,917

$3,638

6,810

225

2,943

61,323
1,213

$63,453

12,087

10,688

414

89,490

770

10,622

Ratio per
cent.

6
6

187,534

100

114

800
1,150

4,923

25,276

78,102

$3,638

13,792

225

3, 193

77,253

1,213

4,923

800

1,264

106,301

100

MISCELLANEOUS.

United States

Hongkong ft

United Kingdom . . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British Ea«t Indies.
All other countries.

Total

$4,744

$56,104

191,207

106, 518

392, 306

20,247

66,468

50,033

55, 186

117,823

332,575

186,607

5,686

1,039

12, 072

36, 268

169, 253

23,356

63,312

546,635

1,344,169

$24,211

$85,059

511,379

702,586

(3,229

562,053

1,228

87,943

28,143

133,362

223,422

673,820

9,080

201,373

39,618

52,729

58,978

264,499

5,769

92,437

965,057

2,855,861

100

RECAPITULATION.

Articles exported.

Hemp

Sugar

Tobacco and manufactures

Copra

All other articles

Total

January 1, 1899, to December 31, 1901.

United
States.

Hongkong, ft

United King-
dom.

Germany.
$25,121

France.

$9, 969, 707

1,276,334

10,058

4,450

181,849

$2,715,170

2,319,280

792,599

6,111

962,808

$20,037,454

742,232

1,152,018

171,814

659,923

$36,500
12

98,299

5,362

103,739

102,226

3,977,423

315,888

11,442,398

6, 795, 968

22,763,441

232,621

4,432,049

Articles exj>ortcd.

January 1, 1899, to December 31, 1901.

Hemp

Sugar

Tobacco and manufactures.

Copra

All other articles

Total.

Spain.

China.

$186,754

353

1,929,288

968,061

722,772

3,807,228

$2,087,394

1,163,096

835,729

16,265

267,852

4,370,336

Japan.

British
East In-
dies.

$455,749

2,785,301

49, 124

46,564

63,953

$483,787

536,747

145,367

939,955

All other | T_f_|
countries louu-

$1,262,978 $37,260,614

127,857 8,414,506

1,318,338 6,824,426

179,565 6,520,972

101,052 04,319,791

3,400.691 . 2,105,896 2,989,780 i 62,840,308

aln 1899 these articles were included under "Miscellaneous" in the schedule of classification.

ft Hongkong trade included under China prior to January 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it i»
shown separately, although the country of ultimate destination of articles exported fa not definitely
known. It is fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the
United States.

<?The exportation of gold and silver amounted to $9,663,302 and is not included in these figures.

APPEHDIX G.

Revenues and exjtenditure* in the Philippine Archijteleujo from dale, of American omifnition,

AuguM 20, 1898, to June SO, 1902.

Fiscal year cimIcmI Juno 30—

1W*9. 1900. 1901. 1««.

— ■ Total.

CuHtomH !•», tw7, hm. in j$r>, 7:?.», 297. 40 f j, io5, 7.M. 67 $*, 550, 7:*. 19 $26, 493. 674. 71

Portal I 42, 954. 87 101, 2*2. 51 122, K16. S3 1 37, *\ 1 . 99 | 407. mi. 23

Internal ' '240.7M.00 561.993.1* 966,400.47 225, 505. 09 ' 1,994,652.74

Provincial 1,993,270.97 1.993.270.97

City of Manila 1.199,590.01 1,199.590.01

Miscellaneous 127, 109. xl 357.9M.A1 491, 217. (JO 521.4K2.97 1 . 500, 7fi4. 39

Total 3,508.682.83 6, 76:*, 527. 73 10,6X6,188.97 12. 631, 119.52 3X.5Kg.Kl9.05

EXPENDITURE*.

Customs 28,817.90 100,194.09 267, 446. W 490,126.40 8X6,58.*). 27

Postal 30,410.75 H9.149.51 155,347.77 175,156.57 450.064.60

Provincial ' < 716,5X6.80 | 746,5K6.K0

Refund* to provinces ' 321,479.35 324.479.35

City of Manila ; 1. 744, 341. 56 1. 714, 344. 56

Other expenditure* | 2, 316, 779. 97 ' 4, 569, 334. 15 5. 650, 971 . 79 (J, 564, 426. 64 19. 101 , 512. 55

Total I 2, 376, 008. 62 4, 758, 677. 75 6, 073, 766. 4 1 10. 045, 120. 32 23. 253. 573. 13

I I

These figures represent the revenues and expenditures expressed in
United States currency values, transactions in Mexican currency being
reduced to American currency values at the uniform rate of exchange
of $2 Mexican for $1 United States currency up to and including
December 81, 1901; and at the current rate of exchange which pre-
vailed from Januar}7 1 to June 30, 1902, which was for the first three
months $2.10 Mexican to $1 American currency, and $2.27 Mexican
to $1 American currency in the last three months.

In addition to the expenditures shown in the foregoing statement
there has been expended by the insular purchasing agent for supplies the
sum of $1,058,037.30 under reimbursable appropriations, and there has
actually been reimbursed to this fund from sales the sum of $835,81)8.40,
the difference representing the stock now in the hands of the purchas-
ing agent. Also under reimbursable appropriations there has been
spent for commissary supplies for the insular constabulary the sum of
$105,726.97, to which fund there has been reimbursed from sales the

sum of $75,072.72, the difference in this case also representing stock

271

272 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

on hand. There was a net shrinkage in gold values on funds in the
hands of the treasurer of the sum of $592,691.38 by the changes in the
ratio between insular and United States currency.

The city of Manila was incorporated by an act of the Philippine
Commission approved on July 31, 1901. The provincial revenues to
June 30, 1901, are included in internal revenues.

The accounts are audited for the period from the date of American
occupation to June 30, 1901, and estimated by the auditor for the last
fiscal year. In submitting the report the auditor states that the fig-
ures are " subject to change by audit nearing completion." As far as
possible, these figures have been verified by other reports received in
the Bureau of InsularAffairs, with the result that it is believed no
material changes will be made. The total revenues for the current
year have increased over those for any previous year, but there is
shown a decrease in receipts from customs. On March 17, 1902, quar-
antine was declared against vessels coming from Hongkong, and the
importation of green fruits and vegetables therefrom. The prevalence
of cholera in China, and subsequently in the Philippine Archipelago,
affected the commerce generally.

APPEHDIX E.

CUBAN IMPORTS DURING AMERICAN OCCUPATION.

The following is a comparative statement of the comnie, ui-4&uh&
during the period of American occupation, showing, by groups, the
imports from the United States, as against all other countries, and a
similar comparison of the principal articles of exportation:

Group 1. — Animals and animal products.

Imiiorted from—

Live stock.

R/ivItw. Horses.

vltrli mules, and Hokh. All other.

tame. donkeys.

Hides and
skins.

United States $6,324,916 $1,363,7x9 S6.tO.9M' $353,759, 8170,2X3

All Other countries 22, 578. 015 803. 502 23. 79:3 I 1M, 783 \ IMS, 1H1

Total 28,902,931 2.167.291

674. 747

372,512

358,461

Imported from—

United States

All other countries

Total

■ — Tor* ! y HEr. : A»»r

i anots- , saddlerv. ♦ """ products.

$81,087 $1,742,823 £19,283 $211,739 $197,893

162.761 5,069.194 ' 13,517 265.118 95,320

243,851 6.812.017

62, 830

476.857

293,213

Group 2. — FoodMuff*.

Cereals and products.

Imported from —

Wheat ,.„__ M_. ij.,pi..i- Bran and

flour. (orT1- °ats- Bor,,,>- mill feed.

United States 87, 612, 955 ' $2,467,205 ' $446,317 i 812,932 $119,563

All other countries 19,075 15,016 16,680 75,977

Total - 7,632,030 2.182.221 463.027

88. 909

119,563

Imported from —

Cereals and products.

Macaroni «r<Mu1 nml Table food
andvermi- >!<"', ,?, prepara- Rice,

eelli. , t,lS(Ult- , tions.

United State*

All other countries.

$1 8, 567 '. $59. 179 $1 1 3, 489 . $111, 790
13,792 , 51.273 122,681 11,623,030

Total.

32.359 110.752 236.173 11.734.820

All other.

$71,890
63. 572

135,462

WAR 1902— VOL 1

273

274

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Group 2. — Foodstuffs — Continued.

Imported from—

United States

All other countries.

Total.

Meat and meat products.

Fresh
meat.

9552,460
218

552,678

Bacon,
hams, and
shoulders.

91,220,812
85,901

1,306,713

Canned
meats.

912,426
956

13,382

Jerked
meat.

97,515
5,014,581

5,022,096

Salted and
pickled.

93, 975, 332
392, 40J

4,367,732

Imported from —

Uni
All

Total.

Imported from —

United States

All other countries.

Total

Meat and meat products.

Mutton.

934,349

v4, «$4"

Poultry and
game.

9232,983
3,416

236,399

Lard, tallow,
etc.

99,350,756
55,277

9,406,033

All other.

92,493,950
2,288,674

4,782,624

Fish.

% Butter
and oleo-
marga-
rine.

Imported f rom—

Dried cod,
hake, etc.

Allother
dried.

Canned.

Shell-
fish.

All other
products.

United States

9435,767
1,285,735

954,527
26,317

99,453
304,784

918,357
3>826

9412,231
386,091

9428,479

All other countries

359,889

Total

1,721,492

80,844

314,237

22,183

798,322

788,368

Cheese.

Con-
densed
milk.

Fruits.

Imported from—

Apples.

Raisins.

Canned
and pre-
served.

All other,

green or

dried.

United States

9304,297
1,321,489

9791,486
145,956

952,625
8,001

95,596
108,195

984,731
209,635

9249,041

All other countries

527,777

Total

1,625,786

937,442

60,626

113,791

294,366

776,818

Vegetables.

Beans
and
peas.

9833,962
663,299

1,497,261

Onions.

941,690
489,297

Potatoes.

91,507,769
873,464

530,987 ; 2,381,233

Dried
pulse.

Canned.

931,971
582,149

935,242
277,400

614,120

312,642

All other,

including

pickles and

sauce.

9807,575
1,343,312

2,150,887

Imported from—

United States

All other countries.

Total

Sugar.

977,971
2,878

80,849

Molasses
and sirup.

'9632
9

641

Candy and
confec-
tionery.

9123,547
295,801

419,348

Cocoa.

995,646
31,673

127,918

Coffee.

93,269,481
a 2, 191.804

5,461,285

Imported from—

United States

All other countries.

Total.

Eggs.

91,979,936
24,201

2,004,137

Nuts.

94,196
60,447

64,643

Olive oil.

934,362
2,851,038

2,885,400

8pices.

Tea.

949,775
846,341

91,306
18,580

396,116

14,886

All
other.

95
9C

101

a Of this 91,984,112 worth is from Porto Rico.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

275

Group 3. — Liquors and beverage*.

Imported from—

United States

All other countries .

Total

Malt | WranHv ! Whi«- , Wines and' A,J1,{i|lcr
liquors. ! Brandy> ky. cordials. tid £

tilled.

Miner-
al
waters,
etc.

$1,160 $1,668,242 $104,419 $12,661 $63,K43 $4,145 I $47,636
138,128 1 847,559 j 285,808 ; 6,424 6,719.498 j 2X6, 794 I 217,690

139,278 I 2,515,801 | 390.227 19,085 6,783,341 i 290,939 j 295,326

Group 4. — Cotton, silk, ve-gftahle filters, wool, etr.

Imported from —

All other countries.
Total

Cotton.

Raw.

Cloths.

Closely Loosely
woven. woven.

Ill '

Velvet- I w

cSdHu-l^n!r| ^it ''in"
(n^U , laces. fabri^ »PR"-
etc. I

el.

United States $10,073' $185,277! $442,281 : $6,045 $3,164, $28,385 $6X,273

41,2-17 , 1,737,475 4,815,573 108,057 611,709 I 1,172,878 213,685

51,320 1,922,752 | 5,257,854 114,102 614,873 ' 1,201,263 281,958

ill i

Imported from—

Cotton.

Silk.

Yarn i

and j All other. ,
thread. '

Raw

Yam

and

thread.

Tulles and
laces.

All other
manufac-
tures.

United States I $93,559 $1,583,913

All other countries I 860,293! 8.415,919

$1,663 $10,028
2,543 I 6.907

$236
49,533

Total.

953,852 ; 9,999.832

4,206 i 16.935

49, 769

$105,232
1,483,615

1.588,817

Imported from—

Vegetable fibers.

Esparto, rlothH ' Yarn,
Raw i cane, ' £££ twine,

Sugar

Wear-
ing

flax and' oziers,. (f"" cordate. V""1 '"*

hemp. , straw i 255 ftn(* I ?l

Ipalm.etc. a8K" ei*

United Stales

All other countries.

Total

rope, i

$214,922 $49,122, $4,192 $120,674 I $182,081 $5,381
381,461 ,' 41,960 964,425 ' 301,597 I 1,594.168 27,779

596,383

91, 082 ! 968, 617 422, 271 I 1 , 776, 249 33. 160

_ _■ ' •_ l _ !

Wool.

All other.

$131,564
4,606,664

4,738,228

Imported from—

Uiited States ,

All other countries ,

Total

Raw.

$1,488
2,177

3,665

Cloths
spun or
twilled, blank-
i ets.

Flan-
nels
and

$11,420
299,097

$5,735
45.875

310,517 51.610

ap^rcT ^nuta Al1 oth^

$25,785 $5,826 ' $81,910
103,868 ; 31,256 . 1,768,272

129,653 ' 37,082 ■ 1,850,182

Hats and
caps.

$79, 983
590. 5:53

670.516

Group 5. — Metal* and metal manufactures.

Imported from—

United States

All other countries.

Total

Copper.

Gold and silver and manu-
factures.

nuS?ndlB^rdi
iminufac-^" Inputs,
tures. lurcs' bars, and
I sheets.

Mann-

' ^haTI AH other
factures. Jewelr>- deliers, '"J™'™"
I etc. umHl

$8,381 $44,826 ; $66,110 $575,630 $6,792 $694

1.788 69,698 138,574

10,169 114,524 , 204,684

229, 158 : 200, 804

289

$40, 133
292,972

804,788 I 207,596

983 I 833,105

276

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

Group 5. — Metals and metal manufactures — Continued.

Imported from —

Iron and steel.

Pig
iron.

United States

All other countries

Total

$14,259
5,416

19,675

Bars, rods,
sheets,
plates.

$1,668,257
630,321

2,298,578

Hoops,

bands,

and

scroll.

$75,385
112,340

187,725

Rails.

$1,223,804
695,158

1,918,962

Cutlery.

Fire-
arms.

$108,595
184, 116

292,711

$34,012
50,188

Nails,

spikes,

and

tacks.

$280,272
140, 212

84,200 ! 420,484

Imported from—

Iron and steel.

Wire and
cables.

Pipes

and

fittings.

Safes.

Scales
and
bal-
ances.

Needles,

pins,
pens, sur-
gical in-
stru-
ments,
etc.

Machinery

Elec-
trical.

United States

All other countries

Total

$395,568 $198,476
33,654 48,019

429, 222 246, 495

$21,828
1,693

$96,638 I $100,421 $221,064
8,034 286,888 | 19,588

Metal
working.

$164,042
22,300

23,521 . 104,672 j 387,309 240,647 186,342

Imported from-

Iron and steel.

Machinery.

Pumps |
ana •

pump Sewing,
machin-
ery.

United States $117,629 $288,716

All other countries ; 26,630 16,561

Total 144,259 1305,277 936,273 2,278,206

Locomo-
tives, en-
gines,
and
boilers.

$918, 569
17,704

Sugar and
brandy.

$1,924,063
354,143

Type-
writers.

$73,721
813

74,534

All other

and parts

of.

Cars,

car-
riages,
and ve-
hicles.

For
steam

rail-
ways.

$2,020,580
369,039

2,389,619

$220,262

220,262

Iron and steel.

Imported from —

(Tars, carriages, and
vehicles.

Tools and implements.

For oth-
er rail- [ Cycles,
ways.

All
other.

United States $107, 157 $28, 353

All other countries 415 | 1, 601

Total

107,572 29,954

$254, 110
32,742

286,852

Agricul-
tural.

$738,112
299,602

Builders'
hard-
ware.

1,037,714

$85,996
70,673

156,669

All
other.

$358,014
179,214

537,228

All other

and
manufac-
tures of.

$1,367,227
472,555

1,839,782

Imported from —

Lead

and

manu-

Tin and
man ii-

Zinc
and
manu-

factures. faetures- factum*.

United States.

$56,292 $219,596
All other countries i 47,298 213,878

Total 103,590 433,474

$22,109
54,393

76,502

Clocks I Watches

and
parts.

and
parte.

$54,517 i $40,975
21,290 I 190,142

75,807 I 231,117

Plated
ware.

$107,067
89,191

196,248

All other

metal
composi-
tions and
manu-
factures.

$429,260
359,099

788,359

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OK WAR.

277

(tROl'l* fi. — Chemical*, t/rna*, dye*, jutintx, tic.

Imported from —

Aeids. I HlMckliiK. ■ ''X1

Inks.

All other conntriew 40, 657

11,940

Total 12). 26U

4h. 156

Linseed
oil.

United Btatea $84,612 ' 836.216 ' $137,454 $ 10. 129 812,352

3.637 20,733 97,21*

Medicines,
patent and
proprie-
tary.

8230,028
298,222

141. (KM 37.162 109.570

528,250

Imported from—

1 PaintH and Hoot*. Quinine
opium. ,a","JJ l herbs, and and ein- Varnish. All other.
°°,,,|K (writ*, chona.

United state* 826,747 $335.0*0 $13,2*3 819,501 $lo»,689 $1,260,906

All other countries 144, :ifio 461 , 6*5 *o. o5i ,V), 562 is, 600 1 . 190, 3*3

Total 171,112

796. 7tiT)

93.331 75,063 127,2»9 2,751,289

(iwui' 7. — ^ */«#/, earth, and manufacture*.

ImjMirted from —

Cement.

I Earthen,
itriek. ' stone, and Crockery
i ehina ware.

All other.

rnited States

All other countries ,

Total

$292, 592
84.512

:r77, KM

$256,6*2 '
35. 315

881,111
547, 192

291,997 .

628, :wt>

870.617

101,086

174, 703

818.313
9*. 457

116, *00

(iiion* H. — Marble, and shtne.

Imi>orted from-

Marblc.

All other
stone.

Lime.

rnited State*

All other eonn tries ,

Total

83, :;o5

30, 072

816*. 6X]
242. US

• K>. .W t

410.799

86, *56
2.708

9. ."Hi I

(iKori* *'. — tila** and glaxxtran:

Imported from-

Onited State*

All other countries

Total.

Window
glass.

Incandes-
cent elec-
tric lami>.M.

<tlaxs eover- |
ings paying i

duty Mpa- I All other.

rate from

eon t elite.

83, (lis 81 iit :*35

46.960 1.**!

50. 57s

21.219

81 Oli. 115 8550,241

1SM.579 922,725

294,694 1, ATI, 9m

(iRorr 10. — Paper and manufacture*.

Imfiorled from —

l»ulp

For Writing {""">
print- ' paper ™»f

]>osc.h. velopes. /

Wrap-
ping

paper,
bags,
and

Ijoxc.h.

Straw
pa[»er
and
straw
lM»ird.

Hooks.

maps, sci-

entilie .n ♦». _

iiihtrn- ]A" «»lher

ments,
I etc.

Cnlted State* : 8276, 084 $16, 893 841,140 $32. 101 $4*. 5*1 $24,170

All other conn tries 915,13M I 29, 946 75,397 40.616 3s.il 19 175,025

Total 1,191,222 j 46,839 116.537 72.747 87.230 199. 495

$239, 9*9 8397, 133
563.088 ' 799,247

*O3,077 . 1.195,380

278

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

Group 11. — Wood and manufactures.

Imported from —

Logs and
hewn tim-
ber.

Pine wood,
unplaned.

Boards,

deals, and

planks.

Shoots.

All other
unmanu-
factured.

United States

$16,257
423

$2,372,086
101,447

$71,173
55

$158,316
4,338

$718,839

All other countries

39,037

Total

16,680

2,473,533

71,228

162,654

757,876

Imported from —

Furniture
and cabi-
net ware.

Empty bar-
rels and
hogsheads.

Wood cases

containing

imported

goods.

Wooden-
ware.

All other
manufac-
tured.

United States

$588,495
158,802

$414,600
508,802

$148,976
201,919

$135, 176
34,867

$740,535

All other countries

118,633

Total

747,297

923,402

350,895

170,043

859,168

Group 12. — Oils.

Animal.

Mineral.

Vegeta-
ble oils.a

Imported from —

Crude pe-
troleum.

Illumi-
nating.

Lubricat-
ing.

All other.

United States

$176, 953

$1,112,901

$277,514

$144,961
1,800

$282,930
10,311

$122,875
163,621

All other countries

29,629

251 | 2

Total

206,582 1.113.152

277,516

146,761

293,241

286,496

« Except olive and linseed.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Imported from —

United States

All other countries .

Total

Brooms

and
brushes.

Candles.

Celluloid
and man-
ufactures.

Coal.

Anthra-
cite.

Bitumi-
nous.

Coke.

$37,763
55,382

$15, 937
500,463

$8,843
54,275

$246, 179
a 435

$2,063,025
16,392

$110,419
23,787

93, 145

516,400

63,118 > 249,614

2,079,417

134,206

Imported from —

Cork and

manu-
! factures.

Natural
fertil-
izers.

United States i $24, 706

All other countries 108, 057

Total 132,763 506,703

$19,415

487,288

Fans.

$11,417
78,293

Gun-
powder
and ex-
plosives.

89,710

$209,233
19,988

Games
and
toys.

$33,387
150,466

229,221

183,863

Hay and
fodder.

$298,140
28,965

327,105

Imported from —

United States

All other countries

Total

Scientific
and electri-
cal instru-
ments and
apparatus.

$87,691
13,559

Matches.

$15,630
39,437

Musical instru-
ments.

Pianos

and
organs.

All
other

$32,286
73,892

101,250

55,067

106, 178

$13,001
70,406

K3,407

Oilcloths.

$62,985
10, $69

73,854

Perfum-
ery and
cosmetics.

$29,182
321,440

350,622

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OB
Group 12.— Oibr-Contimtod.
HISCELLAKEO U8— Continued.

1 Rubber ! *»P-

TobaCCO.

Imported I rom—

' ™- 1 HWd"' 1 Com-

All

Cigem
and cig

«H7 m I

$32,457 1 $46, 879
109,931 777, 152

822,394

. 1 -

(116,803

| 121,045 |

39,220 210,6TB 26,633

142, » 822,831

58,614 333,44* 22,330

116,304

Imported from—

'Tobacco.
'All other

Vessels.
Sti-nm. Sailing.

Walking

umrllETl Broom 1 All other

United Btates

1S1

(91,249 (178,243

816,180 (51,419 SB, (181,106
108,565 2,109 1 6,090,324

All other countries

; u.928

650, MI j 189,163

119,7+5 j 63,628 I 15,171.432

1 ' "

RECAPITULATION.

-mm,

Articles Imported.

United

""''■"•

All.rtluT

Percent.

Total.

Animals and animal products.

(11,146,526
40,656.444
1,902,696

14!777|W2
2,281,297

i.offiiavi

iJ.Ji>t.4W

a. m 134

13,434.766

28
64

71
46
40
29

S-JJ.aiK.ai;

t, S3U 901

' ft! 9S\ l*

'U69!662
1,163, 148

v>,ia-i',2i:s

54
63

(40,364.743

10,433,1197

■

Cotton. HU. vegetable Alien'.

jHakatd metal man ula.turr-
Chemli»la, drug", dp*, pulnw.

20, 765, 690

Ctav. earth, and :-■«■ - ■■ r.--

'' 453' 740

Paper and m>nahuture> .

Wood and maDulartur.*. . . .
Oill

3,71;, V-'7
t.i, -W2. 77r,
2,323.748

Total

97,790.1110

127,646,825

225,437,135

of gold and silver amounted to (13,920.844, and is ni

d En these figures.

CTJBAK EXPORTS CUBING AMERICAN OCCUPATION.

Exported to—

AnimalH,

Including

products.

Asphal-

Caran.

<».«.

8110 768

(82.701
8,437

4,741 | 31,903

18,171, 142,671

91,138

W*,H„

Tlntarron.

drags, and

Fibers, vegetable.

All other.

Hemp.

Alcoflber.

Yarey.

(2.039
82,576

24^770

136,219
8,(09

122,200
184,548

84,615

30,4«1

44,828

206,748

280

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

('ulxin exports during American occupation — Continued.

Exported to

Fibers, vegetable.

Fruits.

Sisal grass.

United States

All other countries.

Total

$27,578
20,016

47,594

Manufac-
tures of.

All other.

Bananas.

Oranges

$564
161

$11,958 « $1,165,987
76,694 I 20

725

88,652 1,166,007

an
lemons.

$3,730

3,730

Exported to—

Fruits.

[Pineapples.

United States

All other countries.

Total

$471,835
270

472, 105

All other.

$389,391
895

390,286

Exported to

Glass and
glassware.

Hides and
skins.

Nuts.

Cocoanuts.

Copra, j All other.

$494,325
2,643

$22,079 45

496,968

22,079 , 45

Iron and steel.

United States

All other countries.

Total

$12, 242
250

$310,089
536,941

12,492 j 847,030

Honey

$177, 726
416,838

594,564

Iron ore.

$1,993,631
70,608

Manganese
ore.

$594,084

2,064,239

594,084

Export ed to

United States

All other countries.

Total

Iron and steel.

Leather
and manu-
factures of.

Metal and metal com-
positions.

Scrap iron.

Manufac-
tures of.

$95,000
39,498

Copper and
manufac-
tures of.

All other.

$32,501
1,299

$9,921
943

$83,164
10,028

$4,706
3,978

33,800

134,498

10,864

93,192

8,684

Exported to —

Oils.

Paraffin,
stearine,
and wax.

Seeds.

Shells.

Tortoise.

All other.

United States

$114,683

$172, 359
642,269

$752
645

$4,323
92,456

$5
90

All other countries.

Total

114,683

814,628

1,397

96,779

Distilled spirits.

Exported to-

United States

All other countries.

Total

Sponges.

$346,290
565,111

911,401

Rum.

$86,102
527,843

All other.

Sugar and molasses.

Sugar, raw.

$6,466
200,584

613,945

207,050

$75,077,645
12,299

75,089,944

Sugar, re-

iigar, i
fined.

$11,006

11,006

Sugar and molasses.

Tobacco.

Exported to —

Molasses Candy and

and K I confec- Leaf'

ana sirup. tionery_ ,

Other un-
manufac-
tured.

United States $2, 540, 474

All other countries 8, 978

$30,700 $31,547,426
18,539 | 8,883,521

$30,380
286,731

Cigars.

$13,636,649
27,263,789

Total 2, 549, 452

49, 239 40, 430, 947

316, 111

40,900,438

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

281

Cuban exports during American occupation — Continued.

Exported to

Tobacco.

Cigarettes. All other.

Vegetables.

United States 9109,572

All other countries 914,272

976,644
249,131 ;

9190,400
87,194

Total i 1,023,844 ■

325,775

277,594

Exported to-

United States

All other countries.

Total

Woods.

Mahogany.

Sapan.

9488,401
362,063

931,195
43,002

850,464

74,197

Woods.

Reexportation.

Other un-
manufac-
tured.

Manufac-
tures of.

1 Miscellanc-
\ ous.

Provisions. All other.

91,232,855
861.451

916,858
2,917

2,094,306

19,775

91,577,420
2,021,649 I

3,599,069

966,286
12,886

79, 172

9703,770
258,986

962, 762

RECAPITULATION.

Articles exported.

Tobacco and manufactures.

Sugar and molasses

Wood, unmanufactured

Iron and manganese ore . ..

Fruits and nuts

All other articles

Total

United States. Percent, ^untile* Percent.

945,400,671
77,648,819
1,752,451
2,587,715
2,547,392
5,479,092

135,416,140

Total.

55 937, 596, 444 45 982, 997, 1 1 f>

100 50,822 | 77.699.W1

58 ' 1,206,516 42 . 3.018,967

97 i 70,608 3 I 2.658,323

100
47

3,828
6,204,709

....I 2,551,220
53 « 11, 683, S01

75 , 45,192,927

180,609,067

a The exportation of gold and silver amounted to 910,379,772 and is not included in these figures.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

283

ANNUAL REPORT

OF TIIE

ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

War Department,
Adjutant-General's Office,

Waxhingtoni Norvrnlxr /, 1902.

Sir: The following returns of the Army for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1902, are respectfully submitted:

A. — Strength of the Regular Army of the United States, June 30,

1901, and June 30, 1902, with losses from all causes between those
dates.

B. — Strength of the Army bv divisions, departments, etc., between
July, 1901, and June, 1902.

C. — Statement showing the monthly strength and losses from all
causes in the armies of the United States between Julv 1. 1901, and
June 30, 1902.

D. — Deaths in the armies of the United States between Julv, 1901,
and June 30, 1902.

E. — Dates of sailing, and troops sent to the Philippine Islands.

F. — Retirements, resignations, deaths, etc., among officers between
October 1, 1901, and October 1, 1902.

THE ARMY.

Under the act of February 2, 1901, to increase the efficiency of the
permanent militanr establishment of the United States, the enlisted
maximum strength of the Army (including the corps of Philippine
scouts, which was limited to 12,000 in number) was not to exceed
100,000 men, and in Mav of that vear the President authorized the
organization of the Army on a basis of 77,287 enlisted men. July 1,

1902, the maximum strength was reduced to 66,711, and October 24,
1902, it was further reduced to 59,866; and to carry out the orders to
reduce the army to the strength prescribed bv General Orders, No.
108, A. G. O., October 25, 1902 (59,866), the 'following instructions
have been given by cable to the commanding general, Division of the
Philippines:

To reduce the enlisted strength of the cavalrv and infantry of his
command by December 1 next by transferring tneref rom to coast and
field artillery and engineers men who are tit and willing, so as to bring
the artillery and engineer company organizations to the strength

285

286 BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

authorized. Of the enlisted force of cavalry and infantry remaining,
2,000 to be discharged, in the following order of precedence:

First. Those discharged for the goc^d of the service, particularly such
as are serving long sentences of general court-martial. Of this latter
class, discretionary authority has been given to discharge without
honor all whose service, as determined under A. R. 162, has not been
honest and faithful, without requiring proceedings of boards to be
sent to the Secretary of War.

Second. Those wno by illness or climatic influence are run down
and out of condition. Discharge to be given on account of services
being no longer required or on surgeon's certificate, as justice to men
and interests of the Government demand; and if necessary, then

Third. Those serving in last year of enlistment who do not intend
to reenlist. Discharges to be on account of services being no longer
required.

Fourth. Deserving men not in last year of service who desire dis-
charge for cogent reasons. Discharge to be on account of services
being no longer required.

He has been further informed that the reduction of the enlisted
strength of cavalry and infantry of his command should continue by
ordinary expirations, etc., until strength of 65 enlisted men per com-
pany organization is reached.

Instructions have also been given to the several department com-
manders in the United States that all organizations of infantry and
cavalry in their respective commands shall be reduced to 65 per com-
pany, in a very short time, by transfers, and through discharges in
the order of precedence indicated in cablegram to tne commanding
general, Division of the Philippines.

In this reduction exception nas been made in favor of the organiza-
tions stationed at Forts Leavenworth and Riley, Pekin, and in Alaska.

The effect of these instructions will be to make the enlisted strength
of the Army at an early date, exclusive of the Hospital Corps, Philip-
pine scouts, and Porto Rico regiment, as follows:

In Philippines 13,480

Coast artillery in United States, Cuba, and Hawaii 13, 298

Field artillery in United States 3,320

Nine bands and sergeants-major 300 t

Cavalry in United States (including bands, regimental, and squadron

noncommissioned staff) 8, 460

Infantry in United States (including bands, regimental and battalion

noncommissioned staff) 16, 646

Infantry in Pekin 150

Infantry in Alaska 624

Engineers in United States ( including band ) 866

57, 143

STAFF DEPARTMENTS.

U. S. Military Academy 342

Signal Corps 810

Oranance Department ( including ordnance-sergeants) 700

Post commissary-sergeants 200

Post quartermaster-sergeants 150

Electrician-sergeants 100

Indian scouts 75

Recruiting parties and recruits 500

2,877

Total 60,020

REPORT OK THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

287

The excess of 154 over the total of 59,866 authorized in G. O. No.
108 is explained as follows:

6 companies in Alaska allowed to retain temporarily 39 extra men, each 234

Deduct 4 troops of cavalry at Fort Riley, not yet at station, at 20 extra, each . 80

154

Under restrictions imposed upon the recruiting1 service by General
Orders, 108, and the additional contraction thereof resulting from the
policy of reduction as directed by telegrams and circular letters to
recruiting officers, the enlistments during the month of November will
be no more than necessary to keep the artillery and engineers at the
proposed strength. As soon as the excess in the Philippines is
absorbed and all company organizations of cavalry and infantry there
stationed are brought down to 65, it will be necessary to continue the
recruiting service as organized just prior to this reduction, since
experience shows that the results thereof, owing to the system of care-
ful selection of recruits, will only be to produce the number necessary
to keep up the Army to the enlisted strength authorized (5J>,X66).

The actual strength of the Army on October 15, 11)02, was 3,586
officers and 66,003 enlisted men, as shown by the following table, which,
in detail, gives the strength of the several corps, departments, regi-
ments, etc. :

Department, corps, or regiment.

General officer*

Adjutant-General's Department

Inspector-General's Department

Judge- Advocate Oeneral's Depa rt men t

Quartermaster's Department

Subsistence Department

Medical Department

Fay Department

Corps of Engineers

Ordnance Department

Signal Corps

Record and Pension Office

Chaplains

Electrician sergeants

First Cavalry

Second Cavalry

Third Cavalry

Fourth Cavalry

Fifth Cavalry

Sixth Cavalry

Seventh Cavalry

Eighth Cavalry

Ninth Cavalry

Tenth Cavalry

Eleventh Cavalry

Twelfth Cavalry

Thirteenth Cavalry. . .
Fourteenth Cavalry . .
fifteenth Cavalry....

Total cavalry.

Artillery Corps:

30 field batteries

126 companies coast artillery.

Sergeant-majors

10 bands

Total artillery.

First Infantry....
8econd Infantry..
Third Infantry...
Fourth Infantry. .
Fifth Infantry....

112 '
527 i

47
47
46
46
47

Officers.

' Enlisted '
mon. '

Total.

149

213

200

2(1

271

», 098

3,869

149

1,167 ■

1,316

662

720

697 .

732

•■>

•

899

948

911

960

808

850

775

823

881

931

856

9(H)

876

921

782

829

1,074

1,121

935

982

1,019

1,068

860

909

850

906

890

940

1,0«5

1,135

733

13, 502

14,235

3. 599

13,011

253

3,711

13,538

253

639 I 16,911

17,650

1,449

1,496

1.348

1,395

751

797

809

856

1,167

1,214

288

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Department, corps, or regiment.

Sixth Infantry

Seventh Infantry

Eighth Infantry

Ninth Infantry

Tenth Infantry

Eleventh Infantry

Twelfth Infantry

Thirteenth Infantry

Fourteenth Infantry

Fifteenth Infantry

Sixteenth Infantry

Seventeenth Infantry

Eighteenth Infantry

Nineteenth Infantry

Twentieth Infantry

Twenty-first Infantry

Twenty-second Infantry .
Twenty-third Infantry . . .
Twenty-fourth Infantry. .

Twenty-fifth Infantry

Twenty-sixth Infantry . . .
Twenty-seventh Infantry
Twenty-eighth Infantry..
Twenty-ninth Infantry. . .
Thirtieth Infantry

Total infantrv

West Point detachment —

Recruits, etc

Discharge camp, California
Indian scouts

Officers.

44
46
44
45
50
47
44
44
44
46
47
45
44
48
49
44
46
43
44
43
45
48
47
49
48

Enlisted
men.

Total.

780

824

909

955

879

923

834

879

1,284

1,334

1,444

1,491

814

858

756

800

908

952

967

1,013

863

910

823

868

912

430

478

765

814

707

751

872

918

714

757

1,126

1,170

1,187

1,230

1,157

1,202

1,412

1,460

1,278

1,325

1,499

1,548

1,257

1,305

1,377 | 30,057 i ol,434

409 |

409

,899 •

1,899

225

Total

2,594

066,003

2,594

Grand total

3. 586

69,589

« Enlisted men of the Hospital Corps not included in the grand total.

In addition, there are in the service the following:

Enlisted men of the Hospital Corps, not included as part of the enlisted force of the Army under

the provisions of the act of March 1, 1887 (3,598 men) 3,598

Porto Rico regiment (29 officers, 840 men) 869

Philippine scouts QOO officers, 4.978 men ) 5, 078

Medical officers, volunteers (182 officers) 182

Total (311 officers, 9,416 men) 9, 727

Distribution of the Army, October IS, 1902.

Country.

United States

Philippine Islands

Cuba

Porto Rico

Hawaiian Islands.

China

Alaska

Total

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

Hospital
Corps.

Total.

2,476

44,163

1.868

48,507

1,039

19,800

1,694

22,433

819

884

228

276

198

222

131

138

664

727

3,586

66,003

3,596

73,187

In addition to the above there are serving —

In United States, 24 medical officers, volunteers. All volunteer
medical officers are under orders for honorable discharge on account
of service being no longer required. This will be accomplished as
fast as they reach the United States.

In Porto Rico, 29 officers and 840 enlisted men, Porto Rico regi-
ment.

In Philippine Islands, 158 medical officers, volunteers; 100 officers
and 4,978 enlisted men, Philippine scouts.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

289

The total numl>er of the losses in the Army during the year ended
June 30, 190:2, was 47,727, as follows:

Officers:

Killed in action, died of wounds or disease, etc

Resigned, etc

Retired

:iri

Enlisted men:

Killed in action, died of wounds or disease, etc 1, 227

Discharged upon expiration of term of service 35, S0f>

Discharged for disability, bv sentence of court-martial, and bv order 5, (>9H

ed ." .* 4,W>7

124

Deserted
Missing.
Retired.

Total

Seventeen officers and 172 men were wounded.

47, 603
47, 727

The partial increase of the Annv in 1N1*8 by reason of the breaking
out of hostilities with Spain and its reorganization with increased
numbers on the disbandment of the large Volunteer Army called into
service during the Spanish- American war necessitated the appointment
of a large number of officers. Of the 1,740 appointments made since
January 1, 1898, as shown by the following table, 276 were of gradu-
ates of the Military Academy, 376 were of enlisted men of the Army,
477 from civil life, and 615 from ex-officers and enlisted men of volun-
teers. All appointments were made to the grade of second lieutenants,
except 216 of those made from ex-officers and enlisted men of volun-
teers, which were to the grade of first lieutenant — 65 in the cavalry,
82 in the artillerv, and 69 in the infantrv.

Whence made.

Year ending December 31, 1898:

Military Academy

Enlisted men, 17. S. Army .
Civil life

Total

Year ending December 31, 1X99:

Military Academy

Enlisted men, U. S. Arm v. . .
Civil life

Total

Year ending December 81. 1900:

Military Academy

Enlisted men, U. H. Army .
Civil life

Total.

Year ending December 31. 1901:

Military Academy

Enlisted men. U. S. Army

Volunteer officers and enlisted men
Civil life

Total.

Six months ending June 30, 1902:

Military Academy

Enlisted men, IT. 8. Army

Volunteer officers and enlisted men
Civil life

Total

(trand total

WAB 1902— VOL 1

Cavalry. "Artillery. Infantry. Total.

12
10

22 I

2 i.

102
7

209

12
12
50

IT
1

135

2X ,
135

202 .

24
4

17
3

13
•>

397

410

148

203

39
44

152

330

204

2*3

1X0

235

300

10
59
17

49
ft>
19

13-1

121

199

215
490

X01

119

222

933 1,740

290 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

The probable number of enlisted men in the Army during the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1904, who will be entitled to increased pay under
the acts of August 4, 1854, and May 15, 1872, is as follows:

Under act of August 4, 1854. ,'

5 years* continuous service ($2 per month) 5, 618

10 years' continuous service ( $3 per month ) 2, 068

15 years' continuous service ($4 per month) 1, 387

20 years' continuous service ($5 per month) 851

25 years' continuous service ($6 per month) 333

30 years* continuous service ($7 per month ) 43

Under act of May 15, 1872.

$1 per month for third year of service 15, 570

$2 per month for fourth year of service 7, 320

$3 per month for fifth year of service 6, 260

Showing the presence in the ranks of 19,181 men who have served
more than three years and 4,682 men who have a continuous service
of five years and upward.

The probable number of men who will be entitled to discharge by
reason of expiration of term of service is 14.119.

CHINA.

Companv B, Ninth Infantry, has been retained in China as guard to
the Unitecf States legation, to be governed in all except strictly pro-
fessional and administrative matters by the wishes and desires of the
United States minister. The instructions to the commanding officer
of the guard state that his force will be used to repel attacks made
on the American legation or its own position, and, it necessary to do
so, may fire upon the assailants, but must not be used aggressively
unless in defense of the American legation or of persons or property
of American citizens in its immediate vicinity. The guard may coop-
erate with other foreign troops for defense of the legations in event
of attack being made on same.

CUBA.

On the withdrawal of the army from Cuba, May 20, 1902, a small
force, consisting of eight companies of the coast artillery, remained
on the island for temporary purposes. Four companies are stationed
at Habana, two at Cienf uegos, and two at Santiago. The total strength
there now is 26 officers and 858 enlisted" men.

PORTO RICO.

In addition to the Porto Rico native regiment which, October 15,
1902, numbered 29 officers and 840 enlisted men, there were on duty
in that island two companies of coast artillery, 11 officers and 265
enlisted men.

THE PHILIPPINES.

Under the provisions of the act of July 1, 1902, " temporarily to

Provide for the administration of affairs of civil government in the
hilippine Islands," the commanding general of the Division of the

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 291

Philippines was relieved from the further performance of the duties
of military governor of the archipelago and that office discontinued.

July 1, 1902, 201 stations in the islands were occupied by the troops,
and 50 companies of Philippine scouts were in service.

The following troops are now serving in the Philippines:

Officers iEl,li»twl

Second battalion, United State* Engineers 27

248
12

412
4,740

358

First, Fifth, Sixth, Eleventh, and Fifteenth regiment*, cavalry .

Fourteenth. Fifteenth, and Twenty-fifth batteries, field artillery

Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-first, and Thirty-sixth companies, coast

artillery 15 ! 423

First, Second, Fifth. Tenth, Eleventh. Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty- ■ j

eighth. Twenty-ninth, and Thirtieth regiments, infantry 175 13, 295

General and staff officers, en 1 feted men, Signal Coqw, Hospital Corps, noncom- i

missioned staff, band, etc 262 ' 2,166

1 i

Total 1.039 j 21,394

The total number of troops that served in the Philippine Islands

between June 30, 1898 (date of first arrival of troops), and July 4,
1902, the ending of the insurrection, was:

Regulars...
Volunteers.

Total.

Officers. ' K"J!rned
men.

1,882 ! 74,634
2, 1X5 j 47, 867

4.067 | 122,401

Of this number about 1,135 officers and 28,000 men served there more
than once.

The maximum strength there at an v one time was in December,
1000, 69,420 officers and men.

The average monthly strength was approximately 40,ooo.

The casualties during this period were as follows:

l Regulars. Volunteers. Total.

1 <\m,..,~ Enlisted r\<n™~, Enlisted f%mnt%WHl Enlisted
i Officers. men> , Officers. men> Officers. mc|1>

Killed 32 353 ' 22 ■ 388

Died of— I

Wounds 10 96 7 129

54 741

1 7 225

Disease 26 1.673 21 , 1,028 47 2,701

Accident.

Drowning.

Buicide.

2 96 4 3X 6 134

2 202 4 , 61 6 263

3 58 6 15 9 73
Murder or homicide 1 69 28 l 97

Total deaths
Wounded

76 2.547 64 1 6X7 140 ' 4.234

71 . 1.165 133 1,653 20-1 2.818

In this are included 18 enlisted men killed; 1 officer and 14 enlisted
men died of wounds; 2 officers and 174 enlisted men died of disease,
etc., and 11 officers and 100 enlisted men wounded during the war with
Spain, or up to February 4, 1899.

The total contacts with the enemv between Februarv 4, 1899, and
July 4, 1902, were 2,811. The larger proportion of these tights were
attacks from ambush on the American troops. In almost no case in

292 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

these engagements did American troops surrender or retreat or leave
their dead and wounded in the possession of the enemy, notwithstand-
ing that in many cases the percentage of loss was high.

The number of killed of the enemy was in many cases estimated.
As a rule no estimate was made in reports of the enemy's wounded.
His wounded, and often his dead, were carried off before the Ameri-
cans occupied the hostile positions. The killed of the enemy being, as
a rule, overestimated, and the wounded not reported, by the Americans,
gave rise to an erroneous impression that the wounded were dis-
patched, which never happened.

List of Principal Combats during the Philippine Insurrection, Febriary 4,

1899, to July 4, 1902.

Engagements around Manila, 1899.

Feb. 4, 5, 1899 Battle of Manila. Thirteen regiments engaged, Maj. Gen. E. S.

Otis, commanding. United States loss, 238 — 44 killed, 194
wounded; insurgent loss, 700 killed, many wounded. Occa-
sion, insurgent attack on our lines. Includes combats at
Chinese Hospital, La Loma Church, Pasay, San Juan Hill,
Santa Mesa, Singalon, Pumping Station, Santa Ana, and San
Pedro Macati.

Feb. 10, 1899 Battleof Caloocan. Seven regiments engaged, Maj. Gen. Arthur

MacArthur, commanding. United States loss, 50 — 5 killed, 45
wounded; insurgent loss, 200 killed, 800 wounded. Occasion,
rectification of United States lines around Manila.

Feb. 23, 1899 Battle of Tondo. Seven regiments engaged, Maj. Gen. Arthur

MacArthur, commanding. United States loss, 39 — 5 killed, 34
wounded; insurgent loss, 500 killed and wounded. Occasion,
uprising in barrio of Tondo, Manila, in rear of our lines, parti-
cipated in by insurgent army. Fighting extended to Caloo-
can. This includes actions at Tondo and Caloocan.

Mar. 13, 1899 Battle of Guadaloupe Church. Five regiments engaged, Brig.

Gen. L. Wheaton, commanding. United States loss, 28 — 3
killed, 25 wounded; insurgent loss, 200 killed and wounded.
Occasion, rectification of United States lines around Manila.

Mar. 15, 1899 Battle of Pasig. Three regiments engaged, Brig. Gen. L. Whea-
ton, commanding. United States loss, 4—1 killed, 3 wounded;
insurgent loss, 1,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners. Occa-
sion, capture of city of Pasig.

Mar. 18, 1899 Battle of Taguig. One battalion Twenty-second infantry,

engaged, Brig. Gen. L. Wheaton, commanding. United States
loss, 20 — 3 killed, 17 wounded; insurgent loss not reported.

Mar. 31, 1899 Combat of Nanca River (near Mariquina). Two regiments

engaged, Brig. Gen. R. H. Hall, commanding. United States
loss, 18 — 1 killed, 17 wounded; insurgent loss not reported.
Occasion, abortive advance toward San Mateo.

Apr. 9, 1899 Combat of Santa Cruz. Twenty companies engaged, Maj. Gen.

H. W. Lawton, commanding. United States loss, 7 wounded;
insurgent loss, 93 killed, many wounded. Occasion, expedi-
tion to Santa Cruz, on Laguna de Bay.

June 13, 1899 Zapote River. Four regiments engaged, Maj. Gen. H. W. Law-
ton, commanding. United States loss, 45—8 killed, 37
wounded; insurgent loss, 150 killed, 375 wounded.

Aug. 12, 1 899 ( 'ombat of San Mateo. Seven companies engaged, Capt. James

Parker, Fourth Cavalry, commanding. United States loss,
20 — 4 killed, 16 wounded; insurgent loss, 24 killed, wounded
not reported. Occasion, capture of town of San Mateo.
Town evacuated by United States forces next day.

Dec. 19,1899 Combat of San Mateo. Two regiments engaged. Mai. Gen.

II. W. I^awton, commanding. United States loss, 14 — I killed,
13 wounded. General Lawton killed. Insurgent loss, 40
killed , 1 25 wounded . Occasion, capture of town of San Mateo.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 2t>3

Advance u> Malolos, Maj, Gen, Arthur Mac Arthur, commanding.

General MacArthur estimates 1,000 insurgents kilted and many
wounded in thin advance.

Mar. 25, 26, 1899 Battle of Tuliahan River. Ten regiments engaged. United

States lose, 29 killed, 200 wounded, including Col. II. C.
Egbert, Twentv-second Infantry, U. S. A. Insurgent loss not
reported. Includes attack of entrenchments at Caloocan and
San Francisco del Monte, March 25, and assault of entrenched
defenses of town of Melinto and action at Meycauayan,
March 26.

Mar. 27, 1899 Battle of Marilao River. Seven regiments engaged. United

States loss, 79 — 14 killed, 65 wounded; insurgent loss not
reported. Main action, crossing Marilao River under fire ami
assault of intrenchments on other side of river.

Mar. 29-30, 1899 Battle of Malolos. Eight regiments engaged. United States

loss, il3 — 8 killed, 105 wounded; insurgent loss not reported.
Main actions, the crossing under fire of the Bocaue River and
of the Guiguinto River, and engagements in front of Malolos
and at Melinto.

Advance to San Fernando, Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur, commanding.

Apr. 23-27, 1895) Battle of Calumpit. Eight regiments engaged. United States

loss, 149—22 killed, 127 wounded. Col. J. M. Stotsenburg,
• First Nebraska, killed; insurgent loss, 200 killed, many
wounded. Main actions, crossing under fire of Bagbag River,
April 23 and 24; crossing under fire of Rio Grande, April 27;
includes actions at Buingua, Norzagary, Pulilan, Angat, and
Apalit. Notable exploits, Col. F. Funston's passage by
swimming of Bagbag River under fire April 25; forcing pass-
age of Rio Grande under fire April 27.

May 4,1899 Combat of Santo Tomas. Five regiments engaged. United

States loss, 32 — 5 killed, 27 wounded; insurgent loss not
reported.

Advance to Tarlac, October and Xoremfjer, 1899, Maj. (leu. Arthur MacArthur, com-
manding.

Oct. 16, 1899 Combat of Angeles. Three regiments engaged. United States

loss, 10* — 1 killed, 9 wounded; insurgent loss not reported.

Nov. 11, 1899 Combat of Bamban. Four regiments engaged. United States

loss, 2 — 2 wounded ; insurgent loss not reported.

General Wheaton'* expedition to Dagvpan, 1899.

Nov. 11,1899 Combat of San Jacinto. Thirty-third Infantry engaged.

United States loss, 22 — 7 killed, 15 wounded. Insurgent loss,
134 killed; wounded not reported. Maj. J. A. Logan killed.

General Young's raid to the north, November and December, 1899.

Nov. 14, 1899 Combat of Manoag. Three troops Third Cavalry engaged.

Brig. Gen. S. B. M. Young, commanding. United States
loss, none; insurgent loss not known. Occasion, charge of
cavalry, totally dispersing 1,300 men of Aguinaldo's army.

Nov. 19, 1899 Combat of Santa Tomas. Two troops Third Cavalry engaged.

Maj. S. M. Swigert, commanding. United States loss, 8 — 1
killed, 7 wounded; insurgent loss, 9 killed.

Dec. 2,1899 Combat of Tila Pass. One battalion, Thirty-third Infantry,

engaged, Maj. P. C. March, commanding. United States
loss, 11 — 2 killed, 9 wounded; insurgent loss, 52 killed and
wounded.

Dec. 4, 1899 Combat of Tangadan Mountain. Two lmttalions, Thirty-third

and Thirty-fourth Infantry, engaged, Brig. Gen. S. B. M.
Young, commanding. United States loss, 13; insurgent loss,
115—35 killed, 80 wounded.

294 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Dec. 4, 1899 Combat of Vigan. One company and detachment, Thirty-third

Infantry, engaged, Lieut. Col. J. Parker, commanding.
United States loss, 11 — 8 killed, 3 wounded; insurgent loss,
100 killed. Attacked in barracks at night by superior force.

Occupation of southern provinces of Luzon, January and February, 1900.

PRINCIPAL COMBATS.

Jan. 6,1900 Binang. Brig. Gen. Theodore Schwan's expedition. United

States loss, 2 — 1 killed, 1 wounded; insurgent loss, 46 killed,
wounded, and missing.

Jan. 7, 1900 Imus. Thirty-eighth Volunteers, Col. W. E. Birkhimer, com-
manding. United States loss, 8 — 8 wounded; insurgent loss,
245 killed and wounded.

Jan. 19, 1900 Taal. Battalion Thirty-eighth Infantry, Maj. E. M. Johnston,

jr., commanding. United States loss, 6 wounded; insurgent
loss, 15 killed and wounded.

Jan. 21, 1900 San Pablo. Brig. Gen. Theodore Schwan's expedition. United

States loss, 14 — 1 killed, 13 wounded; insurgent loss, 37 killed;
wounded unknown.

Jan. 23,1900 Legaspi, Province of Albay. Forty-seventh Infantry, Brig.

Gen. W. A. Kobbe\ commanding. United States loss, 7
wounded; insurgent loss, 50 killed and wounded.

Feb. 20, 1900 Libmanan, Province of Camarines. Fortieth Infantry, Col.

E. A. Godwin, commanding. United States loss, 9 killed
and wounded; insurgent loss, 85 killed, wounded, and
prisoners.

Isolated engagements, 1900.

Mar. 26, 1900 Near Antimonan, Tayabas. Battalion Thirtieth Infantry, Mai.

J. F. Hartigan, commanding. Loss of insurgents, 133*killed,
wounded, and prisoners.

Apr. 7, 1900 Cagayan. Garrisoned by battalion Fortieth Infantry, Col. E. A.

Goclwin, commanding. Attacked by large body of insur-
gents. United States loss, 4 killed, 9 wounded; insurgent
loss, 38 killed; wounded not known.

Apr. 15,1900 Catubig, Samar. Detachment Forty-third Infantry, besieged

by large force of insurgents. United States loss, 23—-19 killed,
4 wounded; insurgent loss, 200 killed.

Apr. 15, 1900 Jaro, Leyte. Detachment company, Forty-third Infantry,

Lieut. C. C. Estes, commanding. Attacked in barracks by
insurgents. United States loss, none; insurgent loss, 125
killed.

Apr. 15,1900 Cullambang, Ilocos. Troop F, Third Cavalry, Capt. G. A.

Dodd, commanding, attacks insurgents' stronghold. United
States loss, none; insurgent loss, 97 — 53 killed, 44 captured.

Apr. 16, 1900 Batac, near Laoag, Ilocos. Company G, Thirty-fourth Infan-
try, Capt. C. J. Rollis, commanding, attacked in barracks.
United States loss, 5 — 2 killed, 3 wounded; insurgent loss,
265 killed, wounded, and prisoners.

Apr. 17, 1900 Laoag, Ilocos. Companies F, G, and H, Thirty-fourth Infantry,

Lieut. Col. R. L. Howze, commanding. United States loss,
none; insurgent loss, 152 killed, wounded, and prisoners.

Apr. 30, 1900 Catarman, Samar. Company F, Forty-third Infantry, attacked

in station by insurgents. United States loss, 2 wounded;
insurgent loss, 154 killed, many wounded.

May 1 4, 1900 Misamis, Mindanao. Detachment 25 men, Company C, Fortieth

Infantry, Capt. W. McK. Lambdin, commanding. Attacked
by 200 insurgents. United States loss, 12 killed and wounded;
insurgent loss, 77 killed and wounded.

May 28, 1900 Labo, province of Camarines. Detachment Forty-fifth Infantry

ambushed. Capt. A. Stein hauser, commanding. United States
loss, 9 — 3 killed, 6 wounded; insurgent loss, not reported.

July 4,1900 Ponoranda, Gapan, and Maniclin, Luzon. Garrisoned by

detachments of Twenty-fourth and Thirty-fourth Infantry.
Attacked by insurgents. United States loss, 4 — 1 killed, 3
wounded; insurgent loss, over 100 killed and wounded.

BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 295

July 12, 1900 Oroquieta, Mindanao. Company I, Fortieth Infantry, Lieut.

K. C. Masteller, commanding. Garrison attacked oy insur-
gents. United States lose, 3—2 killed, 1 wounded; insurgent
loss, 101 killed and wounded.

Sept 14, 1900 Torrijos, Mindoro. Company F, Twenty-ninth Infantry,

engaged. Capt. Devereux Shields, commanding. United
States loss, 6Cf— 4 killed, 6 wounded, and 50 captured; insur-
gent loss, not known.

Sept 16, 1900 Navitac, Laguna Province. Company L, Fifteenth Infantry,

Company L, Thirty-seventh Infantrv, Company K, Fifteenth
Infantry. Cant. D. D. Mitchell, fifteenth Infantry, com-
manding. United States loss, killed and wounded in ambush,
57; insurgent loss, 10 killed, 20 wounded.

Oct 14,1900 Ormoc, Leyte. Troops engaged, Company- 1), Forty-fourth

Infantry, Lieut. R.W . Buchanan commanding. United States
loss, none; insurgent loss, 116 killed, wounded not reported.

Oct 21, 1900 Looc, Batangas. Itetachment 20 men, Twenty-eighth Infantry,

Capt. George W. Biegler commanding, defeated 400 insurgents.
United States loss, 6 killed and wounded; insurgent loss, 75
killed and wounded.

Oct 24, 1900 Barrio Casucos, I locos. Detachments Thirty-third Infantry and

Third Cavalry, First Lieut. George L. Febiger commanding,
ambushed by 400 riflemen. United States loss, Lieutenant
Febiger and 4 men killed, 9 wounded, 5 missing; insurgent
loss, 150 killed and wounded.

Oct 30,1900 Bugasan, Panay. Garrisoned by Company E, Nineteenth

Infantry, Capt. F. H. French, Nineteenth Infantry, command-
ing, attacked by insurgents. United States loss, 4 killed and
irounded; insurgent loss, 54 killed, 21 wounded, 21 captured.

Isolated engagement*, 1901.

June 10, 1901 Near Lipa. Company D, Forty-fifth Infantry, ambushed by

500 insurgents. Capt. \V. II. wilhelm, commanding. Lieut.
A. M. Springer, Twenty-first Infantry, and L»eut. W. II. Lee,
Corps of Engineers, killed. United States loss, 6 killed and
wounded; insurgent loss, unknown.

Sept. 28, 1901 Balangiga, Samar. Company C, Ninth Infantry, Capt. Thomas

W. Connell, commanding. Attacked by 400 natives. United
States loss, 3 officers, 32 men killed, 24 wounded, 8 missing;
officers killed, Captain Connell, Lieut. E. A. Bumpus, and
Maj .R. S. Griswold, surgeon. Insurgent loss, 140 killed and
wounded.

Oct 16,1901 Gandara River. Detachment Company B, Ninth Infantry,

ambushed. United States loss, 10 killed, <> wounded. Insur-
gent loss, 83 killed.

Isolated engagements, 11*02.

May 2, 1902 Bayan, Mindanao. Twenty-seventh Infantry, Col. F. D. Bald-
win, commanding. United States loss, 51 ; 8 killed, 48
wounded. Moro loss, several hundred killed.

List op Officers Killed and Died of Wounds or Disease, etc, in the Philip-
pine Islands, to October 1, 1902.

killed (54).

Adams, Frank rL, first lieutenant, First South Dakota Volunteer Infantrv, in
action at Marilao, March 27, 1899.

Alford, Alfred C, second lieutenant, Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, in
action near Caloocan, February 7, 1899.

Bean, Robert R., second lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, in action at Mount Malary,
October 8, 1901.

Boutelle, Henry M., second lieutenant, Third Artillery, in action near Aliaga,
November 2, 1899.

Brown, William, captain, Forty-fifth Infantry, United States Volunteers, in action
at Guidiang, August 17, 1900.

296 REPOKT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Bumpus, Edward A., first lieutenant, Ninth Jnfantrv, in action at Balangiga, Sep-
tember 28, 1901.

Cheney, Ward, first lieutenant, Fourth Infantry, in action at Puente Julien,
January 7, 1900.

Connell, Thomas W., captain, Ninth Infantrv, in action at Balangiga, September
28, 1901.

Cooper, George A., second lieutenant, Fifteenth Infantry, in action at Mavitac,
September 17, 1900.

Crockett, Allen T., second lieutenant, Twenty-first Infantry, in action at Candela-
ria, September 24, 1901.

Davis, Julian L., second lieutenant, Thirty -sixth Infantry, United State* Volun-
teers, in action at Bamban, November 11, 1899.

Downes, Edward E., first lieutenant, First Infantry, in action near Salcedo, June
23, 1901.

Drew, Alfred W., first lieutenant, Twelfth Infantrv, inaction near Angeles, August
19, 1899.

Egbert, Harrv C, colonel, Twentv-second Infantrv, in action at Melinto, March
26, 1899.

Eldridge, Bogardus, captain, Fourteenth Infantry, in action near Bacoor, October
2, 1899.

Elliot, David S., captain, Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantrv, in action at C'aloo-
can, February 28, 1899.

Evens, John II., first lieutenant, Forty-third Infantry, United States Volunteers,
in action near Matignac, May 11, 1900.

Febiger, George L., first lieutenant, Thirty-third Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, in action near Narbacan, October 24, 1900.

Fortson, George H., captain, First Washington Volunteer Infantrv, in action at
Pasig, March 26, 1899.

French, Eugene, second lieutenant, First Montana Volunteer Infantrv, in action
at Caloocan, February 23, 1899.

Godfrey, George J., captain, Twentv-second Infantrv, in action at Bulacan Moun-
tain, June 3, 1900.

Gregg, John C, captain, Fourth Infantrv, in action in Mariguina Valley, March
31, 1899.

Griswold, Richard, major., surgeon, United States Volunteers, in action at Balan-
giga, September 28, 1901.

Grubbs, Hayden Y., first lieutenant, Sixth Infantry, in action near Tabuan, Octo-
ber 1, 1899.

Hartshorne, Benjamin M. J., captain, Seventh Infantry, in action near Lanang,
January 2, 1902.

Hincken, Elias J., second lieutenant, Forty -fourth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, in action near Santa Lucia, January 29, 1901.

Howard, Guv, major, quartermaster, United States Volunteers (captain, quarter-
master, U. S. Army), in action at Rio Grande, October 22, 1899.

Keyes, Maxwell, second lieutenant, Third Infantry, in action at San Ildefonso,
November 24, 1899.

Koehler, Edgar F., first lieutenant, Ninth Infantrv, in action at Barrio Tinuba,
March 4, 1900.

Koontz, Howard M., first lieutenant, Forty-fourth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, in action at Bugason, October 30, 1900.

Krayenbuhl, Maurice G., captain, commissary of subsistence, United States Volun-
teers (first lieutenant, Third Artillery), in action at Maycanayan, March 26, 1899.

Lawton, Henry W., major-general, United States Volunteers (colonel, Inspector-
General's Department), in action at San Mateo, December 19, 1899.

Ledvard, Augustus C., first lieutenant, Sixth Infantrv, in action at La Granja,
Decembers, 1899.

Lee, Walter II., second lieutenant, Engineer Corps, inaction near Li pa, June 10, 1901.

Lien, Jonas S., first lieutenant, First South Dakota Volunteer Infantry, in action
at Marilao, March 27, 1899.

Logan, John A., major, Thirty-third Infantry, United States Volunteers, in action
at San Jacinto, November 11, 1899.

McConville, Edward, major, First Idaho Volunteer Infantry, in action at San Pedro
Macati, February 5, 1899.

McTaggart, William A., second lieutenant, Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantry,
in action at Santo Tomas, May 4, 1899. •

Mitchell, David D., captain, Fifteenth Infantrv, in action at Mavitac, September
17, 1900.

Morrison, John, jr., first lieutenant, Fourth Cavalrv, in action Rio Corona, Janu-
ary 18, 1901.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 297

Morrison, Sidney E., second lieutenant, Second South Dakota Volunteer Infantry,
in action at Marilao, March 27, 1899.

Murphy, William L., captain, Thirty-ninth Infantry, United States Volunteer
(first lieutenant, Twenty-fourth Infantry), in action at Barrio Natatas, August 14,
1900.

Pasco, William D., second lieutenant, Eighteenth Infantry, in action near Cuar-
tero, October 29, 1900.

Saffold, Marion B., captain, Thirteenth Infantrv, in action at Novaleta, Octobers,
1899.

Schenck, William T., first lieutenant, Twenty-iifth Infantry, in action near Cae-
tellejos, January 29, 1900.

Sisson, Lester E., second lieutenant, First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry, in action
at Quingua, April 23, 1899.

Springer, Anton, captain, First Infantry, in action near Lipa, June 10, 1901.

Stewart, John S., captain, First Colorado Volunteer Infantry, in action at Mari-
quina road, March 24, 1899.

Stotsenburg, John M., colonel First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry (captain, Sixth
Cavalry), in action at Quingua, April 23, 1899.

Tilly, George H., captain, signal officer, United States Volunteers, in action at
Escalante, May 27, 1899.

Vicars, Thomas A., first lieutenant, Twenty-seventh Infantrv, in action at Kay an,
Mav 2, 1902.

Wagner, Max, second lieutenant, Twenty-sixth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, in action near Pavia, October 1, 1900. *

Warrick, Oliver B., captain, Eighteenth Infantrv, in action at Passi, November 26,
1899.

Way, Henry N., second lieutenant, Fourth Infantrv, in action at Villavieia,
August 28, 1900.

DIED OK WOUNDS (17).

Bentley, George H., captain, Forty-seventh Infantry, United States Volunteers,
August 28, 1900, wounded at Cotinan," August 21, 1900.

Crenshaw, Frank F.,« captain, Twenty-eighth Infantry, United States Volunteers,
August 28, 1900; wounded at Papaya June 5, 1900.

Higgles, Arthur M., captain, Thirteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, May 26,
1899; wounded at Maasin May 8, 1899.

Forby, Lee, captain, First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry, March 28, 1899; wounded
at San Francisco del Monte March 25, 1899.

French, Charles, captain, Thirty-sixth Infantrv, United States Volunteers, October
31, 1899; wounded at Lubac October 29, 1899.

Galleher, John B., first lieutenant, Fortieth Infantry, United States Volunteers,
February 23, 1900; wounded at Libmanan February 20", 1900.

Geary, Woodbridge, captain, Thirteenth Infantry, October 11, 1899; wounded at
San Francisco de Malabon October 10, 1899.

Jossman, Albert L., second lieutenant, Twenty-seventh Infantry, July 28, 1902;
wounded at Bayan May 2, 1902.

McGrath, Hugh J., captain, Fourth Cavalry, November 7, 1899; wounded at
Noveleta October 8, 1899.

Mitchell, James, first lieutenant, Fourteenth Infantry, February 6, 1899; wounded
at Pasay February 5, 1899.

Ramsay, Charles R., first lieutenant, Twenty-first Infantry, July 13, 1901; wounded
near Lipa June 10, 1901.

Richter, Reinhold, * captain, First California Volunteer Infantry, August 4, 1898;
wounded near Manila August 1, 1898.

Smith, Charles M., second lieutenant, Eighteenth Infantry, Novemt)er 22, 1899;
wounded near I lava November 21, 1899.

Smith, Edmund D., captain, Nineteenth Infantrv, February 5, 1900; wounded at
Fort Amia February 4, 1900.

Wallace, Robert B.,« colonel Thirty-seventh Infantry, United States Volunteers
(lieutenant-colonel First Montana Volunteer Infantry; first lieutenant, Second Cav-
alry), March 13. 1900; wounded at Caloocan February 10, 1899.

Wilhelm, William H., captain, Twenty-first Infantry, June 12, 1901; wounded
near Lipa June 10, 1901.

Williams, W'illiam H.,« first lieutenant, Twelfth Infantry, November 25, 1899;
wounded at Angeles August 16, 1899.

o Died in the United States.

&Died of wounds during the war with Spain.

298 BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

DIED OP DISEASE, ETC. (74). •

Anderson, Robert H., captain, Ninth Infantry, November 7, 1901.

Armstrong, Frank C, major, nurgeon, Thirty-second Infantry, United States Vol-
unteers, December 4, 1899.

Belknap, Hugh R., major, Pay Department, November 12, 1901.

Blakeman, Robert, first lieutenant, Forty-ninth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, October 3, 1900.

Bowman, Daniel T., first lieutenant, Thirty-seventh Infantry, United States Vol-
unteers, January 9, 1900.

Brereton, John J., lieutenant-colonel Thirty-third Infantry, United States Volun-
teers (captain, Twenty-fourth Infantry), December 2, 1899.

Carpenter, Charles E., second lieutenant, Eighth Infantry, February 9, 1902.

Cilley, Jonathan, first lieutenant, Forty-third Infantry, United States Volunteers,
June 13, 1900.

Collins, Charles L., captain, Twenty-third Infantry, September 7, 1899.

Crawford, Robert T., first lieutenant, First Infantry, October 30, 1901.

Danner, James D., second lieutenant, Twenty -eighth Infantry, United States Vol-
unteers, September 27, 1900.

Davis, John G., major, surgeon, United States Volunteers, November 1, 1900.

Draper, Paul, second lieutenant, Twenty-second Infantry, June 28, 1900.

Drennan, James W., major, First 'Montana Volunteer Infantry, June 23, 1899.

Edmonston, Raphael A., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon Thirty-fourth Infantrv,
United States Volunteers, June 2, 1900.

Fernald, Roy L., second lieutenant, Twenty -sixth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, September 1, 1900.

Fiscus, William \V., jr., first lieutenant, Nineteenth Infantry, January 12, 1902.

Foster, Pierce C, second lieutenant, Third Infantry, May 22, 1899.

Geiger, William C., captain, Philippine Cavalrv (first lieutenant, Fourteenth Infan-
try), July 2, 1900.

Grandy, Luther B., major, surgeon, United States Volunteers, April 12, 1902.

Gurowits, Odon, captain, Eleventh Infantry, January 14, 1902.

Hall, William R., major, surgeon, U. S. Army, April 2, 1901.

Harting, Edwin A., first lieutenant, First South Dakota Volunteer Infantry, Feb-
ruary 14, 1899.

Hassaurek, Frank, second lieutenant, Seventeenth Infantry, May 19, 1899.

Higley, Brainard S., jr., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon, U. S. Armv, February
3, 1900.

Hollis, Magnus O., captain, Fourth Infantry, November 15, 1899.

Huston, Robert B., captain, Forty-seventh Infantry, United States Volunteers,
July 6, 1900.

Jackson, Frederick C, captain, assistant surgeon, United States Volunteers, Sep-
tember 30, 1902.

Jackson, George L., second lieutenant, Fortv-seventh Infantrv, United States
Volunteers, May 21, 1900.

Kennedy, John, second lieutenant, signal officer, United States Volunteers, Novem-
ber 24, 1900.

Langworthy, Samuel R., captain, Thirty-fifth Infantrv, United States Volunteers,
February 21, 1900.

Lee, Orison P., captain, Forty-fifth Infantry, United States Volunteers, June 10,
1900.

Leland, Lewis J., chaplain, First Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, February 26, 1899.

Luna, Maximiliano, first lieutenant, Thirty-fourth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, November 15, 1899.

McClure, Charles, jr., first lieutenant, Thirtieth Infantry, July 1, 1901.

McKinnon, William D., chaplain, U. S. Army, September 25, 1902.

McQuiston, Charles, captain, Fourth Infantry, September 15, 1900.

McVay, Harlan E., captain, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, January 4, 1899.

Meade, Francis K., first lieutenant, Twenty-first Infantry, September 22, 1900.

Merchant, Bert H., captain, Fifteenth Infantry, April 2, 1902.

Milev, John D., lieutenant-colonel, inspector-general, United States Volunteers
(first lieutenant, Second Artillery), September 19, 1899.

Monaghan, William, major, quartermaster, United States Volunteers, April 13, 1901.

Monday, Oscar C, second lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, July 14, 1902.

Moore, John L., first lieutenant, Fifty-first Iowa Volunteer Infantry, July 19, 1899.

Morley, Frank A.," first lieutenant, Thirteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry,
August 30, 1898.

" Died during the war with Spain.

RKPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 299

Morse, Joseph B., second lieutenant, Ninth Infantry, August 15, 1899.

Mullay, William H., captain, infantry, unassigned, March 23, 1901.

Orr, John C, captain, assistant surgeon, United States Volunteers, September 1 2, 1901.

Parker, Montgomery D., captain, Eighth Infantry, I)eceml>er 17, 1900.

Pearce, Fred A., second lieutenant, Sixth Artillery, June 6, 1899.

Pope, Benjamin F., colonel, Assistant Surgeon-General, U. S. Aniiv, February 14,
1902.

Rafferty, William A., colonel Fifth Cavalry, September 13, 1902.

Reader^ Odus J., second lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, Decern ber 23, 1901.

Russell, Charles E., captain, Eighth Infantry, May 26, 1902.

Ryan, Thomas, second lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, June 16, 1902.

Shollenberger, John H., captain, Tenth Infantry, July 4, 1902.

Slack, Walter T., first lieutenant, Forty-seventh Infantrv, United States Volun-
teers, December 25, 1900.

Smith, Louis P., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon, IT. S. Army, January 8, 1901.

Smith, William C, colonel, First Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, February f>, 1899.

Spurgin, David G., first lieutenant, Twenty-first Infantry, July 29, 1900.

Stuart, Stanley MacC., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon, Eleventh Cavalrv, United
States Volunteers. November 6, 1900.

Taylor, Edward, first lieutenant, Twelfth Infantry, December 26, 1899.

Thompson, John P., chaplain, First Washington Volunteer Infantry, February

Toncray, James P., first lieutenant, Thirtieth Infantrv, United States Volunteers,
February 7, 1900.

Waugn, John R., second lieutenant, Thirtv-nintb Infantrv, United States Volun-
teers, February 27, 1900.

Weber, Louis P., second lieutenant, Fortv-second Infantrv, United States Volun-
teers, March 9, 1900.

Webster, Horace, first lieutenant, Fortv-seroiKl Infantrv, United States Volun-
teers, July 7, 1900.

Westnedge, Richard B., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, June 10,
1899.

White, Grant A., first lieutenant, Thirtv-third Infantrv, United States Volunteers,
April 10, 1900.

Whiteley, Rowland, first lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, June 21, 1902.

Whitney, Folliot A., major, Sixth Infantry, August 11, 1900.

Williams, James C, second lieutenant, Twelfth Infantry, October 13, 1901.

Wing, Eugene G., second lieutenant, Thirty-sixth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, January 24, 1900.

Wood, Palmer G., second lieutenant, Twelfth Infantry, November 16, 1900.

MOVEMENT OF TROOPS.

The following is a summary of the movements of troops from and to extra-
territorial stations since September 18, 1901 :

Cuba.
1902.

January 18. — Headquarters and Second Squadron, Second Cavalry, sailed from
Havana for New York.

February 25. — Headquarters and Thin! Squadron, Eighth Cavalry, sailed from
Nuevitas, en route to Fort Riley, Kans.

March 6. — Third Squadron, Eighth Cavalry, arrived at Fort Riley from Cuba.

April IS. — Troop C, Seventh Cavalry, sailed from Cuba for the United States.

AprU 17. — Troop D, Seventh Cavalry, sailed from Cuba for the United States.

April 19. — Troops A and B, Seventh Cavalry, and Third Field Battery, sailed
from Cuba for the United States.

April 28. — Troops A, C, L, and M, Tenth Cavalry, sailed from Culm for the United
States.

April 24' — Headquarters and First Squadron, Second Cavalry, sailed from Cuba
for the United States.

April 26. — Troops F and G, Eighth Cavalrv, sailed from Cuba for the United
States.

April SO. — Third Squadron, Second Cavalrv, sailed from Cul>a for the United
States.

300 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

May f>. — Troops B, D, I, and K, Tenth Cavalry, sailed from Cuba for the United
States.

May 20. — General Wood and staff, headquarters, and Second and Third Squad-
rons, Seventh Cavalry, and Troops E and H, Eighth Cavalry, sailed from Cuba for
the United States.

Porto Rico.

1902.

April 4- — Steamer Maricibo sailed from San Juan, P. R., with Second Battalion,
Eleventh Infantry, and arrived at Newport News, Va., April 8.

Philippine Islands.
1901.

September 26. — Transport Sheridan arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 14
officers.

September 29. — Transport Buford sailed from Zamboanga, P. I., for New York with
headquarters and 8 companies Twenty-third Infantry.

October 1. — Transport Hmicock sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 18 officers
and 142 enlisted men. Maj. R. H. Loughborough, Sixth Infantry, commanding.

October 1. — Transport Meade sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the Six-
tieth, Sixty-first, Sixty-second, Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth, Sixty-fifth, Sixty-eighth,
Seventieth, and Seventy-first Companies, Coast Artillery.

October 10. — Transport Ingalls arrived at Manila from New York with 4 officers
and 26 enlisted men.

October 12. — Transport Kilpatrick arrived at San Francisco from Iloilo with head-
quarters and 8 companies Eighteenth Infantry.

October 14. — Transport Sumner arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 5 officers
and 2 Hospital Corps men.

October 16. — Transport Thomas sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 17 officers
and 19 enlisted men. Capt. W. M. Coulling, quartermaster, U. S. Army, com-
manding.

October 16. — Transport Warren arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 9
officers.

October 16. — Transport Sheridan sailed from Manila for San Francisco with short-
term enlisted men. Vessel disabled and docked for repairs at Nagasaki, Jajwui,
October 22.

October 18. — Transport McClellan sailed from Manila for New York with Companies
B, C, and D, Engineers.

October 25. — Transport Hancock arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 18
officers and 142 enlisted men.

October 26. — Transport Warren sailed from Manila to take the sick from the trans-
port Sheridan at Nagasaki, Japan; disabled and returned to Manila.

October 28. — Transport Meade arrived at San Francisco from Manila with S) com-
panies coast artillery.

November 1. — Transport Kilpatrick sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 15
officers and 139 enlisted men. First Lieut. M. R. llilgard, Sixteenth Infantry, com-
manding.

November 12. — Transport Thomas arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 17
officers and 19 enlisted men.

November 15. — Transport Grant sailed from San Francisco for Manila with head-
quarters, First and Third Battalions, Twenty -eighth Infantry, recruits, etc., 25 offi-
cers and 946 enlisted men. Col. Mott Hooton, Twenty-eighth Infantry, commanding.

November 16. — Transport Rosecrans sailed from Portland, Oreg., lor Manila with
Second Battalion, Twenty-eighth Infantry, and casuals; 10 officers and 460 enlisted
men. Capt. F. E. Bamford, Twenty-eighth Infantry, commanding.

November 16. — Transport Meade sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 8 offi-
cers and 21 enlisted men. Capt. R. McA. Schofield, quartermaster, U. S. Army,
commanding.

November 20. — Transport Thomas sailed from Manila for San Francisco with dis-
charged, sick, and short-term service men.

December 1. — Transport Buford arrived at New York from Manila with head-
quarters and 8 companies, Twenty-third Infantry.

December 2. — Transport Kilpatrick arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 15
officers and 139 enlisted men.

BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 301

Decembers. — Transport Crook sailed from New York for Manila with Second
Squadron, Eleventh Cavalry; Third Battalion, Twenty-seventh Infantry, and casuals;
29 officers and 784 enlisted men. Lieut. Col. A. G. Hennisee, Eleventh Cavalry,
commanding.

December 7. — Transport Sheridan arrived at San Francisco from Manila with short-
term enlisted men.

December 12. — Transport Grant arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 25 offi-
cers and 946 enlisted men.

December 12. — Transport KUpatriek sailed from Manila for San Francisco with dis-
charged and short-term enlisted men.

December 16. — Transport Hancock Failed from San Francisco for Manila with head-
quarters, Second and Third Squadrons, Fifteenth Cavalry, and recruits; 31 officers
and 982 enlisted men. Col. W. M. Wallace, Fifteenth Cavalry, commanding.

December 19. — Transport Meade arrived at Manila from San trancisco with 8 officers
and 21 enlisted men.

December 19. — Transport Thoma* arrived at San Francisco from Manila with dis-
charged, sick, and short-term enlisted men.

J/ecember 22. — Transport Rosecrans arrived at Manila from Portland, Oreg., with
10 officers and 400 enlisted men.

December 23. — Transport McCUUmi arrived at New York from Manila with Com-
panies B, C, and I), Engineers.

December 24- — Transport Grant nailed from Manila for San Francisco with the
Fourth Infantry.

1902.

January 1. — Transport Siieridan sailed from San Francisco for Manila with head-
quarters ami First Squadron, Eleventh Cavalry; headquarters and First Battalion,
Twenty-seventh Infantry, recruits, etc.; 45 officers and 1,502 enlisted men. Col.
F. D. Baldwin, Twenty-seventh Infantry, commanding.

January 9. — Transport Kilfmtrick arrived at San Francisco from Manila with dis-
charged and short-term enlisted men.

January 11. — Transport Hancock arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 31
officers and 982 enlisted men.

January 16. — Transport KUpatriek sailed from San Francisco for Manila with
recruits, etc. Capt. J. A. Penn, Seventh Infantry, commanding.

Jann try 21. — Transport Bn/ord sailed from New York for Manila with headquar-
ters and Third Squadron, Eleventh Cavalry; Second Battalion, Twenty-seventh
Infantry; casuals, 44 officers and 798 men. Col. F. Moore, Eleventh Cavalry, com-
manding.

January 21. — Transport Grant arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the
Fourth Infantry.

January 24' — Transport Rosecranz sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the
Third Battalion, Twenty-second Infantry.

January 26. — Transport Sheridan arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 45
officers and 1,502 enlisted men.

Februttry 1. — Transport Thomas sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 22
officers and 1,513 recruits, etc. Maj. W. Paulding, Third Infantry, commanding.

February 1. — Transport Hancock sailed from Manila for San Francisco with head-
quarters, First and Second Battalions, Twenty-second Infantry.

February S. — Transport Crook arrived at Manila from New York with 29 officers
and 784 enlisted men.

Februarys. — Transport Grant sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 10 officers
and 320 recruits, etc. Lieut. Col. C. II. Noble, Sixteenth Infantry, commanding.

February 16. — Transport Warren sailed from San Francisco for Manila with Second
Battalion, Fifteenth Infantry, and recruits — 13 officers and 783 enlisted men. Capt.
S. W. Dunning, Fifteenth Infantry, commanding.

February 16. — Transport Sheridan sailed from Manila foi San Francisco with head-
quarters, First and Third Battalions, Twentieth Infantry.

February 17. — Transport KUpatriek arrived at Manila from San Francisco with
recruits, etc.

February IS. — Transport Egbert sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Second
Battalion, Twentieth Infantry.

Fefrrtiary 25. — Trans]K>rt Roxeeraiix arrive* 1 at San Francisco from Manila with the
Third Battalion, Twenty -second Infantry.

February 25. — Transport Hancock arrived at San Francisco from Manila with head-
quarters, First and Second Battalions, Twenty-second Infantry.

302 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

March 1. — Transport Meade sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 13 officers
and 794 recruits, etc., but returned to port March 3 on account of sickness aboard.

March 1. — Transport Kilpatrick sailed from Manila for San Francisco with head-
quarters and Second Battalion, Seventeenth Infantry.

March 8. — Transport Thomas arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 22 officers
and l,51o recruits, etc.

March 6. — Transport Crook sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Companies
B, I, K, and M, Seventeenth Infantrv.

March 10. — Transport Grant arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 10 officers
and 320 recruits.

March 18. — Transport Sheridan arrived at San Francisco from Manila with head-
quarters, First and Third Battalions, Twentieth Infantry.

March 15. — Transport Hancock sailed from San Francisco for Manila with head-
quarters and Second Battalion, Tenth Infantry; recruits, etc.; 23 officers and 812
enlisted men. Col. S. H. Lincoln, Tenth Infantry, commanding.

March IS. — Transport Thomas sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the
Twenty-third Infantry.

March 19. — Transport Meade sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 15 officers
and 752 recruits, etc. Lieut. Col. P. H. Ray, Seventh Infantry, commanding.

March 21. — Transport Buford arrived at Manila from New York with headquarters,
Third Squadron, Eleventh Cavalry, and the Second Battalion, Twenty-seventh
Infantrv.

March 27. — Transport Egbert arrived at San Francisco from Manila with Second
Battalion, Twentieth Infantry.

March 31. — Transport Kilpatrick arrived at San Francisco from Manila with head-
quarters and Second Battalion, Seventeenth Infantry.

March 81. — Transport Grant sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the Twelfth
Infantry.

April 1. — Transport Slieridan sailed from San Francisco for Manila with the Twenty-
ninth Infantry, recruits, etc.; 48 officers and 1,652 enlisted men; also 7 officers and
149 men, Marine Corps. Lieut. Col. T. F. Forbes, Twenty-ninth Infantry, com-
manding.

April 2. — Transport Crook arrived at San Francisco from Manila with Companies
B, I, K, and M, Seventeenth Infantrv.

April 2. — Transport Warren arrived at Manila from San Francisco with Second
Battalion, Fifteenth Infantry, recruits, etc.

April 12. — Transport Kilpatrick sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 15 offi-
cers and 1 27 enlisted men. Maj. Z. W . Torrey, Twenty-fourth Infantry, commanding.

April 18. — Transport Hancock arrived at Manila from San Francisco with head-
quarters and Second Battalion, Tenth Infantry.

April 15. — Transport Thomas arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the Third
Infantry.

April 16. — Transport Sherman sailed from San Francisco for Manilawith First Bat-
talion, Second Infantry, recruits, etc. — 51 officers and 514 enlisted men — also 6 offi-
cers and 100 men, Marine Corps; Capt. T. H. Wilson, Second Infantry, commanding.

April 21. — Transport Meade arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 15 officers
and 752 recruits.

April 21. — Transport Crook sailed from San Francisco for Manila with Second Bat-
talion, Eleventh Infantry, recruits, etc. — 22 officers and 454 enlisted men — Maj. J.
B. Jackson, Eleventh Infantry, commanding.

April 22. — Transport Buford sailed from Manila for San Francisco with head-
quarters and Troops E and F, Third Cavalry.

April 26. — Transport Grant arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the Twelfth
Infantry.

May 1. — Transport Sheridan arrived at Manila from San Francisco with the Twenty-
ninth Infantry.

May 1. — Transport Logan sailed from San Francisco for Manilawith 41 officers and
83 enlisted men, First Lieut. H. Olin, Thirtieth Infantry, commanding.

May 6. — Transport Meade sailed from Batangas for San Francisco with the Twenty-
first Infantry.

May 11. — Transport Kilpatrick arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 15 offi-
cers and 127 recruits.

May 12. — Transport Sherman arrived at Manila from San Francisco with the First
Battalion, Second Infantry, recruits, etc.

May 14. — Transport Warren sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Company
I, Ninth Infantry.

May 16. — Transport Tliomas sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 13 officers
and 92 enlisted men, Capt. J. Howard, Nineteenth Infantry, commanding.

BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 303

May 20. — Transport Crook arrived at Manila from San Francisco with the Second
Battalion, Eleventh Infantry, recruits, etc.

May 21. — Transport KUpatrick sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Troojw
G ana H, Third Cavalry, casuals, and marines.

May 23. — Transport Buford arrived at San Francisco from Manila with headquar-
ters and Troops E and F, Third Cavalry.

May 26. — Transport Logan arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 41 officers
and 83 recruits.

May 27. — Transport Hancor k sailed from Manila for San Francis**) with headquarters
and 10 companies, Ninth Infantry.

May 28. — Transport Sherman sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Generals
Wheaton, Snyder, and the Sixth and Nineteenth Infantry.

June 1. — Transport Meade arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the Twenty-
first Infantry.

June 2. — transport Buford sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 13 officers
and 70 recruits, casuals, etc. Capt. E. (\ Carey, Thirtieth Infantry, commanding.

June 9. — Transport Thomas arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 13 officers
and 92 recruits, etc.

June 12. — Transport Warren arrived at San Francisco from Manila with Company
I, Ninth Infantry.

June IS. — Transport Ijogan sailed from Aparri for San Francisco with Companies
C, D, H, and M, Seventh Infantry, and A,C, I), E, F, I, K,and L, Sixteenth Infantry.

June 16. — Transport Meade sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 5 officers and
84 enlisted men. Second Lieut. W. J. O'Loughlin, Second Infantry, commanding.

June 19. — Transport Kiljxttrirk arrived at San Francisco from Manila with Troops
G and H, Third Cavalry, casuals, and marines.

June HO. — Transport Hancock arrived at San Francisco from Manila with 10 com-
panies Ninth Infantry.

June SI. — Transport Sherman arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the Sixth
and Nineteenth Infantry.

June £2. — Transport Sheridan sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the Thir-
teenth Infantry and the First Squadron, Third Cavalry.

June 25. — Transport Sumner sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Companies
A, C, D, and L, Seventeenth Infantry, and Companies C, D, K, and M, Twenty-
fourth. Infantry.

July 1. — Transport KUpatrick sailed from San Francisco for Manila with the Second
8quadron, fifth Cavalry, and men of the Hospital Corps; 17 officers and 350 enlisted
men. Col. C. G. Penney, Twenty-ninth Infantry, commanding.

July 4' — Transport Buford arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 13 officers
and 70 enlisted men.

July 6. — Transport Tliomas sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the Second
Squadron, Tenth Cavalry; headquarters and Companies A, B, E, F, G, H, and I,
Twenty-fourth Infantry, and the First Battalion, Twenty-fifth Infantrv.

July 8. — Transport Logan arrived at San Francisco from Manila with 4 companies
Seventh Infantry and 8 companies Tenth Infantry.

July 11. — Transport Lauion sailed from Aparri for San Francisco with Third Squad-
on, Third Cavalry, and Companies B, G, H, and M, Sixteenth Infantry.

July 16. — Transport Meade arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 5 officers
and 84 enlisted men.

July 16. — Transport Sherman sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 16 officers
and 84 recruits and casuals. Lieut. Col. S. R. Whitall, Twenty-seventh Infantry,
commanding.

July 17.— ^Transport Crook sailed from Manila for San Francisco with headquarters
and Companies E, F, H, I, K, L, and M, Twenty-fifth Infantrv.

July 19. — ^Transport Sheridan arrived at San Francisco from "Manila with the First
Squadron, Third Cavalry, and the Thirteenth Infantry.

July 22. — Transport Sumner arrived at San Francisco from Manila with 4 compa-
nies Seventeenth Infantrv and 4 companies Twenty -fourth Infantry.

July 29. — Transport Ktlpatrirk arrived at Manila from San Francisco with the Sec-
ond Squadron, Firth Cavalry, and Hospital Corps men.

July 29. — Transport Buford sailed from Manila for San Francisco with headquarters
Second and Thira Battalions, Eighth Infantry; Companies E and F, Fifteeuth
Infantry, and Company G, Twenty-fifth Infantry. Col. W. E. Dougherty, Eighth
Infantry, commanding.

August 1. — Transport Thomas arrived at San Francisco from Manila with headquar-
ters and 7 companies Twentv-fourth Infantry, First Battalion, Twenty-fifth Infantry,
and the Second Squadron, f enth Cavalry.

804 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Ainjunt «s\ — Trans|>ort Meade Hailed from Manila for San Francisco with headquar-
ter* and Oon»|>aniea A, B, C, D, G, H, I, K, L, and M, Fifteenth Infantry, 85 officers
and 870 men. Col. H. C. Ward, Fifteenth Infantry, commanding.

Auyutt 12. — Transport lAiuion arrived at San- Francisco from Manila with 4 com-
panies Sixteenth Infantry and Third Squadron, Third Cavalry.

Augurt IS. — Transport trook arrived at San Francisco from Manila with headquar-
ters and 7 companies Twenty-fifth Infantry.

August 17. — Transport Kdpatrick sailed from Manila for San Francisco with 34
officers and 318 enlisted men.

Set*temf*er 1.— Transport Sheridan sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 18 offi-
cers and 61 enlisted men — Hospital Corps, recruits, and casuals.

SefUember ^.—Transport Sherman sailed from Manila for San Francisco with 45
officers and 273 sick, casuals, and discharged, enlisted men; detained at Nagasaki,
Japan, until September 20 on account of sickness aboard.

September 6. — Transport Buford arrived at San Francisco from Manila, with head-
quarters, Second and Thin! Battalions, Eighth Infantry; Companies E and F, Fif-
teenth Infantry, and Company G, Twenty-nfth Infantry.

Sefttember 11. — Transport Meade arrived at San Francisco with headquarters and 10
companies, Fifteenth Infantry.

Se^ember 14. — Transport KUvatrick arrived at San Francisco from Manila with 34
officers and 318 sick, discharged, and short-term, enlisted men.

September 16. — Transport Crook sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 15 offi-
cers and 20 enlisted men.

September 16. — Transport Lopm sailed from Manila for San Francisco with head-
quarters and Troops F, G. H, K, L, and M, Ninth Cavalry — 19 officers and 569 enlisted
men — Brigadier-General Grant and 21 officers, 3 contract surgeons, and 360 Hospital
Corps, sick, etc., enlisted men.

Sefttember JO. — Transport Sherman sailed from Nagasaki. Japan, for San Francisco
^For troops on board, see entry of September 4. )

* ki^urr L — Transpoit Tbmto* sailed from San Francisco for Manila, via Honolulu
and Guam, with lieutenant-General Miles and 24 officers. 1 dental surgeon. 27 Hos-
pital Corps men, 4 Signal Corps men. and 29 casuals.

(\ioher 6. — Transport Sheridan sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Troops
A, B, C, IX E, and 1, Ninth Cavalry— 503 enlisted men — 132 casuaK sick, etc.,
enlisted men.

tktohrr IS. — Transport Logan arrived at San Francisco from Manila with head-
quarters and 6 troops. Ninth Cavalry: Brigadier-General Grant and 21 officers, 3 con-
tract surgeons, and 360 Hospital Corps, sick. etc.. enlisted men.

The insular service of all the organizations of the Army in Cuba,
Porto Rieo, and the Philippines, from June, l*i*S, to October 1, 15**i
with dates of departure from, and return to, the United States, is
shown in the following table:

Onc*ttU*:;o*

7tW«TV

Ottb*. FVrt*» Rk*»». PttilzpfiUtoKk Total

Ivp*rturv. K«r«;irr. IVptirturv. K^turtr. tVp*rtur*.

Inx. JT.

ii»ttti*ia> V J'uurJfc.** Aug. fcS.4t $ 2

vVmp*uv fc. Jtiiy i^» £*«. :&« 2 s

Oiu^avv *-:rrv*.i.^ Aug >.'>■ V'Ht !.<» *> 1 T

vVmp*Xiv L> » Feb. 3k<K «i» It

Si •>•/*»/ tktCbti'

-5>;/»>t».'-

■»

K.\*mp*&y E '-.n* :*..•* A-uc >..«»• Junv .£><#t I «

Cwrtp*av F. . >h» i 3

^\huj.«a3y *.; . *&/ I t

l\Hti{Mav H <*> I S

t>\'%»f)> A h* ... .{«' . . -b*

nc * .. «*

v »>r :.\

K»

.....b».

fc>

. . . •!*• .

;♦'

!«♦

. .*»• .

Viwp B -*»> •**• - -to

r?v*.»f> v" j«' -I** 'i*p —

r*x>t>l» h* h> 'A>

l>A»t*K . .-h*. «i»» .l«. Hit

« «>r«*a^w»i in Ptulippm*? !sum%h^ March. 1*J»L

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

305

Organization.

Fir ft CYimlru — Ton.

Cuba.

Porto Rico.

Philippines.

i Total

— ; . ; t ■- insular

Departure. Return. Departure. Return, i Departure. Return, j service.

Troop F.
TroopG.
Troop II
Troop I .
Troop K
Troop L.
Troop M

I Aug. 16.02

June 14, 98 j Aug. 16, 98 , do

I do....

June 14,98
do

Aug. 15,98, Aug. 7,00

do ' do

....do....

Second (Jarulry.

Headquarters Feb. 16, 99 ! Apr. 28, 02

TroopA June 14,98 Aug. 28,98-

Feb. 3,99, Apr. 28,02
Troop B , Feb. 16, 99 '. . . . .do

.do

Vrs. M.

2
•>

Troop C June 14,98

Feb. 3,99

Troop D June 14,98

Feb. 3,99

Troop E
Troop F

TroopG
Troop H
Troop I

Feb. 16,99
June 14,98
Feb. 3,99

Feb. 16,99
do

Troop K ! do....

Troop L ' do

Troop M Feb. 3, 99

Third Cavalru.

Headquarters !une 14,98

Troop A

Troop B j .1 line 14, 98

Troop C do

Troop D

Troop E | June 14,98

Troop F do

Troop G do

TnwpH do

Troop I do

Troop K do

Troop L

Troop M

Aug. 28,98
Apr. 28,02
Aug. 28,98'
Apr. 28,02
Jan. 22,02
Aug. 28, 98
Jan. 22,02

do....

May 9,02

do....

July 21,98 Dee. 1,98

Aug. 14,98 Aug. 25,99

Aug. 13,98 Aug. 1,00

Aug. 14,98 Aug. 25,99

. ..^.do

do....

Aug. 1,00

do....

Aug. 25, 99

do....

Aug. 14,98 1

Aug. 13, 98 i

do .

Aug. 14,98 i.

Fourth CartUnj.

Headquarters

Troop A

Troop B

Troop C

rroop D

Troop E

Troop F

Troop G

Troop H

Troop I

Troop K

Troop L

Troop M

Fifth Onralry

Headquarters

Troop A

Troop B

TroopC

Troop D

Troop E

Troop F

Troop G

Troop H

Troop I

TroopK

Troop 1/

Troop M

SiMh (tamlry.

Headquarters

Troop A

TroopB

May 23,02
July 19,02

May 23,02

June 19,02

Aug. 12,02

Nov. 9,98
July 25,98
Nov. 9,98
Feb. 1,99
Nov. 9,98

Feb. 1,99
Nov. 9,98
Feb. 1,99

Nov. 9,98

do....

Feb. 1,99

Aug. 11,00
Mar. 29,00

do....

Dec. 4,00
Dec. 21,00
Dec. 4,00
Dec. 21,00
Aug. 11,00

do....

June 28, 99
June 24, 99
June 28, 99
July 15,98
July 13,99
July 15,98
June 24, 99
July 15,98
July 13,99
July 15,98

do....

June 28, 99

Mar. 18,01

do....

July 1,02

do....

Mar. 18,01

do....

June 14,98

do....

Aug. 13,98

do....

July 3,00

do....

Aug. 28,

do .

Sept. 18.
Aug. 28,

do.

2
2
2
2

3
3

2
2
3
3
3

•j

3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
3

2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3

2
5

7
5

3 5

2 11

3 2

3 0

2 11

3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3

2 11

2 11
•> •>

3 1
2 11
2 11
2 11
2 1

2
o

2
2
3

•>

1
2
1
2
1
1
1

3 4

3 2

2 11

2 8

11
4
2
4
2
1
4
4
1

2 5
2 5
2 6

WAR 1902— VOL 1

REPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

<*»,»,»

...do'...

In.

Porto Rim.
Departure. Ri'lurn

Phiiir

plow 1 ToUl
Rclurri, ' «ervlrp.

in. M

Sixth fibm/. j,-f.io

TroopF. .

. .do...

*■

. ..do...

j £

Troop M ... .

Headquaru-n- ....
Troop D

Jon. 13.99
....do...

....do....
.do...

""do!"!

"'do!!!'

Alia! 18.1*

May 32.09
a;.: .-j.ih

Apr IJ.fH

*!■' "■'>.««

July at.SM

".!!!d«!!!

1 K

2 i

... 9 i

2 t>

1 i

::::::::::::::::::::::::

s a

8 1

:::::::::::: 1 !

■ -■■ ;■---

8 t

....do....

8 I

troop K

Trot.;. V

Troop r'
Headiii

Troop I*

'-- - JJ2

v ,...d..

» do

::::::::::::!::::::::::::

Nov.l3.9S d....

16 OU

do. ..

do....

....do....

...do ..

3 4

' 2 4

9 4

«9 4

2 a

June 14. Ml Aug -ai.w

....do.. . . . .do. .

....do ...

.. ..do....
Apr If.. 01

2 1

June 14 —

May . —
■lunt- 1 1 ■..»
Mat i: ■-■
June ii -
Miiy . -f

May ■ :r
• uoo : -

j'irip 1 1 ■■

51 -y

AUR. 20. 8S

a;t til r«
Aie .■" «.
n.f Ml ...■

A -.,< .-: i-
M»> 1.' If.'

\-.t .■< —

Apr .«! "-■

At:j t. -~

M». U ".■

V „■ i ■.»

\ ■< X -I-

i'i|t X ■."
'n:. 10.1KI

do....

8 2

wiuft

AU*. i.iH

Apr. 14, Ot
Apr. is! 01
Apr. lfc.01

•» a

i o

srl.r-~r.ilK.cMI. K. I., and M. Ninth <*„

flic remaining *ix irtioiwtit IricreKlnien

xpecled to arrive there about November 1

or Haii KnrjclacoOcIo-

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

307

Organization.

Tenth Cavalry—
Continued.

Troop I

Cuba.

Departure. I Return.

June 14, 98
May 17,99

May 1,99

Troop K

Troop L

Troop M i do

Eleventh (Cavalry. !

Aug. 20,98
May 12,02

Apr. 30,02
do....

Headquarters

Troop A

Troop B

Troop C

Troop D

Troop E

Troop F

Troop G

Troop H

Troop I

Troop K

Troop L

Troop M

Fifteenth Cavalry .

Headquarters

Troop A

Troop B

Troop C

Troop D

Troop E

TroopP

TroopO

Troop H

TroopI

Troop K

Troop L

Troop M

Artillery (fcrpii.
Field Batteries.

1st Battery i June 14, 98

2d Battery do....

8d Battery

4th Batter>-

do....

Jan. 21,99
June 14, 98
Jan. 21,99

5th Battery

6th Battery

7th Battery

8th Battery i July 3,98

9th Batter>-

10th Battery | July 3,98

12th Battery

18th Batten* i

14th Batter>*

15th Battery

25th Battery n....

AriUtery Corp*,
Coast.

13th Company Dec. 29,98

14th Company do

15th Company
16th Company

17th Company

18th Company

19th Company

20th Company

21st Company

22d Company

23d Company

24th Company

25th Company

27th Company *

29th Company

30th Company

81st Company

Jan. 21,99
Deo. 29,98
Jan. 21,99
Jan. 11,99

do....

Dec. 29,98

do....

Oct 22,99
do

Porto Rico.
Departure. Return.

Philippines.
Departure. ■ Return.

Jan. 21,02
Jan. 1,02
....do....

i do....

1 ....do....
Dec. 5,01
....do....
....do....
....do....
Jan. 21,02
....do....
....do....
....do....

Aug. 25, 98
Aug. 30,98

Apr. 22,02
Aug. 23, 98
Aug. 12,00

Aug. 30,98
Aug." 30, 98

Dec. 10,01
Mar. 18,01

do....

Apr. 1.01

, do

i Dec. Hi, 01

do....

j Apr. 5, 01
! Dec. 16, 01

I do....

i do....

I do....

Apr. 18,99! July 16.01

July 3,98 1 Dec. 1,98

do do

July 3,98, Dec. 1,98

July 23,98 June 27, 99
do do

Apr. 20,99

Apr. 20,99
July 14,98
July 20,98
Sept. 3,00

Sept. 26, 01

June 29, 01
Sept. 18, 01
do

Oct. 18,99

do....

Total
insular
service.

Yr*. M:
3 2

July 29,00
do

June 27, 98
June 29, 98
July 29,00

July 16,01
do ...

3 0
3 0
3 0

• 8

10
1 6
1 6

July 28,01 . 2

2
3
3
3
3
1

3
3
3
3
3
3
2

2
3
3
2

6
6
10
10
6
'0
10
10
10
10

2 ■>
3

3 6

5
5
5
5
5
1
2
2
0
0
0

10
9

10
8
9
9
9
9
9

2 11
2 2

1
•>

a Organized in Philippine Islands.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

(irganintion.

nil*. Potto Rim. Philippines. | Tola!

I'l-pMrliin-.

Rewm.

Di'iwrllirc.

Return .

Departure. Return, nervier.

Artillery Curpf,
Qw*— tkwit'rl.

29.98 -Jut) i- :■:

Jr. M

,,:, 29.00

Aug. 1.V9*

AUR. 9.98

901 29.99

IX-i 2c 01
do ..

....do....

do...

V f

S,- 29.99
Apt 'J0.W9

... : to

1 ,- , i ID
lh-t. *.U1

fitrit InjiHtry
JIi-ni-i--.il--- .. June 14.98

Ana -X98
A mi IV •»
-ml- .-.■*■

-1 1 1 ! M

Auk v- ■>-
isrpi :■'-.')
auk v> ■*■
s.-l i : ■ ■/>
\.gt - ■'-
>. |.i I '. n
«n !■■ ■--

toa M M

A:i/ 1.' ill
Aitr J- ■«-

A-.l,- IV. HI
Mi,; 1.. ■■■
An* ■/•.■.-
v.. K IV l>l
V*. > ■-'■
A>j(t. IV mi
-. n .. .«■

AIIH- '.HI

AUB. IS.*
.Inly VIM.
v..- Ifi .-

-■ill* .1 HI

*-.» r- -jf

.1,1 1. vi. Of,

\ „■ 1 . -
w 1- -

l-.Sl i ..
Ann I..1*

-.1.1 .-. -.
S.-pl .-. •■

Alls IS "H
S.'p: .'■ ■■■
A'Jit 1 ■ ^
Kept V —
July .'i im

tlept 1,00

Company". June 14.90

• ■ 1 TO

Company C June 14.08

Jan 8.99

Cuniixiiy 1) . June 14. 98
Ilee. 10.98

Coropm.y r. May 10,9b

June 14.93
Jan 8.99

Company! June 14.98

Dec. S0.9K

li.n i. . >• . 10.98

!'.."•: ■ ■ .1 . .',.■;■'..
t'ei- 29.08

Company 1 do

Company K Jan. 8,09

CnmpanyL Der. 80.08

CompanyM I>ec 29,98

JIi'ii :..■■■ ■■ June 14.98

Company A June 14.98

A>*. 13.99

Company B ... . 'infli c-
A;.r. 1199

-., 1.00
Hept. 1.00

Sept 1.00

-1 l.ttJ

HcpV 1.00

S 10

Hept 1.00

Apr 18.01
Apr M!

\yi 16.01'
Sept 1.00

> 2

t I

Apr 16.02

Apr. 16.02

1 11

Apr 16.02

J-l-14 -
\-< 1..—
J -IT II.—

Vr l/.M

,'-., a ■■'

»fV i; "

An: .i.ft
Mm K*

Apr 16.02
AUM. 21,00

....._..

Company F

Aii« 91,00

i , 21. au

1 9

Company 11

Aug m.ou

cslft 1.00

3 9

do....
Ffh 8.09

Apr 1MB

Third ly-inn*

....do...

t I

Company B

■--do 2°

... do....

do....

S 8
t S

1 8

s s

""do

.....lo....

....do....

a sine* April 12, 1899.

BKPOKT OK THK A1MUTANT-0ENKRAL.

UUU*.

Orf»nf«».Uon. 1- ■ —

DepWttm. Return.

l'..rto Kli-o.

fliillupliiui.

Tow]

Departure.

Jtcmrr^

Dvpartiirc.

Renin

Tktrd AtAwtry- |
Continued- (

1V-. M.

.!■•
. .do

dn
. ■!■■

limrtk I1J10I;,

June u >

; ' !

AOK. 19.*. Jan. 19.99 Jan. a

i 3

Of..... do.... do

rt> do do

£ ; £•-■. *J

Fifth Ittfttalr*

An*. II. «

July svoo1 sepi. lf.au

Aug *.«»

. . i svoo
juS ».tw

.. , an'.iw

!..« 9.00

. . . .do . . .
.. .do...
do...

At*. l.U

Compau f F

....do...

1 6

A«K £1.00

Sixth Jn/..«rru

May H.W

Company <" ■■>

■- ' *>-■■■

S 3

.:::::::::::::::::::::::

Seventh l-/..i'':

JaMM.M

Aog.27.w-

■. |

Mar 36.01

Mar. 2S.0I

July x.02

July K.Ot 11
Sept. *,0* 8 1

Eighth Infantry.

June 14, 98
Doc. 18, n
JuttH,!
Dor. 18,98
June 14,98
Doc. 18,98

Aog.a).**

auk". "-' ■■
July .. ■■
Ana, 20,98
July * ■■

Swpl 1R.0D

> »

) 10

REPORT OK THK ADJUTANT-GENERA!..

Organ Isn linn.

Cuba.

Porto Rieo.

Philip

plnsL
Return.

Tutsi
ini'tllxr
M>rvii-e.

Deiwrturi'.

June 14, w

J line 11,11
lh:i: is, ft

Remru,

Ik-nurture. . kelum.

Departure.

EigUli Infantry—

AllR. ^l.l.V-
Vis; J.'!-'-

.i.,l: l'i.i"i

Kr» .V.

Company D

*;pl. 111,00

Sept. 6,02

;v;,i'jiit-

July 2-v.*

D.-c. 1.1W

Sept. 18, 00

iit-i't. (i.ii'a

Ilec. IS'.K- " "' .1-

Sept.lMH)

Sept. 6, OS

rjept. 18,00

Sept. fi.W

Company!,-

A.w 1 ■■.

Hep't. t>,(H

Ninth Infantry.

HendqtlSrterB

rompany A„

June U.S.-

Aug. 11,98

Mar. 24,99

June 20, 02

Mar. 28,99

JmiettUH

....do....

M»r!'«;99

do ... .

JlLTLf IK.O'J

June 20, 02
do....

Tenth Infantry.

June ii, «> Aug.ifl.M
Dee. 11, 90 Fi-t.. 2H.01

dop. »!*« m rr.a

June 14, 81 !■ M ?-
Der. 1?.»- M i:.»i

lie. 17,' 1" i.l. ' '.'

IH-C. Jl!l'- 1 ■'" .'-'.

Deo. Ilia K-l.. &a

Ilec. ll|w Feb, 10,01

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